History of the County of Perth : from 1825 to 1902

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HISTORY

OF THE

COUNTY OF PERTH

FR [ 1825 TO 1902.

BY

WILLIAM JOHNSTON,

ST. MARYS,

AUTHOR OF "PIOMKERS OF BI.ANSHAKD."

WITH PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

49031

STRATFORD :

PRINTED BY W. M. O BEIRNE, AT THE BEACON OFFICE.

1903.

flORTH YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

MAIM

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. PAGE.

General Remarks on Pioneer Life 1 1

CHAPTER II.
The Canada Company r &

CHAPTER III.
Early Events 33

CHAPTER IV.
Political Notes 4 6

CHAPTER V.
Education Public Schools 75

CHAPTER VI.
Roads 97

CHAPTER VII.
Judiciary Il2

CHAPTER VIII.
Militia I2 5

CHAPTER IX.
Origin and Names of Post Offices 13

CHAPTER X.

Literature and Art J 43

CHAPTER XL
Agricultural Evolution I 5 I

CHAPTER XII.
Downie *7 6

CHAPTER XIII.
Fullarton J 9 6

IV - CONTENTS

CHAPTER XIV.
Blanshard ........ ...... 2 io

CHAPTER XV.
Hibbert ............ 2 ?n

CHAPTER XVI.
South Easthope .......... 2-7

CHAPTER XVII.
E1I{ ce . . .............. 27 6

CHAPTER XVIII.
North Easthope ......... 2 q8

CHAPTER XIX.

................ 323

CHAPTER XX.

CHAPTER XXI.
Morning-ton ....... -5-

*.!

CHAPTER XXII.
Wallace . ............ 3 8 9

CHAPTER XXIII.
St. Marys .... ........... 4o6

CHAPTER XXIV.
Listowel ......... * ^ 2

I*/

CHAPTER XXV.
Mitchell ............. ... 450

CHAPTER XXVI.
Stratford ............... 4 6 4

CHAPTER XXVII.
Sketches ............... 499

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

COUNTY BUILDINGS, STRATFORD . Frontispiece
HOUSE OF REFUGE

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS . 3 2

COUNTY OFFICIALS . 47
COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE AND ROMEO WARD SCHOOL, STRATFORD 74

COUNTY COURT OFFICIALS . II 3>

OFFICERS DO\VNIE . : 77

it FULLARTON ... : 97

ii BLANSHARD . . . 2I &

ii HlBBERT ..... 2 3&

#

M SOUTH EASTHOPE 2 5^

ii ELLICE . . 2 77

,, NORTH EASTHOPE . . 2 99

,, LOGAN. ... 3 22

,, ELM A . . 343

,, MORNINGTON . . 3^4

i, MlLVERTON . . ._ 375

,, WALLACE ... 38

ST. MARYS ... 47

ROMAN CATHOLIC AND EPISCOPAL CHURCHES, ST. MARYS . 415

MAX\YELL WORKS, ST. MARYS . 4 2 3

OFFICERS LISTOWEL . 433

,, MITCHELL ... 45 1

KNOX CHURCH, MITCHELL . 457

OFFICERS STRATFORD ... 4^5

STRATFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL . .481

CITY HALL ... . 49 8

MEMBERS OF LOCAL AND DOMINION PARLIAMENTS . . 549

PREFACE

It is now seventy years since the story of pioneer life was
begun in Perth County by Sebastian Fryfogle in South Easthope.
During that period such marvellous changes have taken place as
the most sanguine backwoodsman could have had no conception
of. To follow the foot-prints of progress during that three score
and ten years, distinguishing those events which have culminated
in our present conditions, is surely a theme worthy our highest
aspirations. In my efforts at gathering up and describing scenes
and circumstances, which lie along our ever-changing prospect, I
feel impressed with a sense of unworthiness to discharge my
self-imposed duty. The responsibility of dealing with events and
characters of men who have laid as on a sure foundation the
destiny of this county has overwhelmed me with fear that I
might fail in doing justice to all.

A mass of material had to be sought out, scrutinized, and such
evidences (as to historical value) selected and arranged as far as
possible in chronological order, so as to give effect to the whole,
which seemed an almost impossible task. I may be permitted to
say, however, that whatever my shortcomings may be, and they
are many ; whatever my inability as a w r riter may be, and it is
great ; no one, I trust, will ever charge me with insincerity or
unfaithfulness in prosecuting this important work. In that great
realm of history, where men s motives must be judged largely by
their actions, it is a solemn responsibility resting on the single
mind of the historian that no unjust reflections be made on those
whose lips are forever closed in everlasting silence.

In preparing and compiling this work every precaution has been
taken to secure accuracy in its details, as being essential to con-

VIII. PREFACE

fidence in its reliability. Without this quality it could not be
valuable. Wherever dates are given they have been taken from
records. Where oral information only has been obtainable regard
ing events, statements are made in general terms without convey
ing the idea of positive certainty.

I desire to express my sincere thanks to those persons who
have kindly assisted me in obtaining information. To Mr. Steele,
of the Canada Co., London, England; officers of the Crown Lands
and Canada Co., Toronto; Mr. Lane, county clerk of Huron; Mr.
Robson, county clerk of Middlesex; and municipal officers, clergy,
and others of our own county, I am under deep obligations. I
may be permitted here specially to thank Mr. John Idington,
county attorney, of Stratford, for his excellent contribution in his
chapter on the county judiciary. I desire, also, specially to thank
Mr. R. R. Lang, city clerk, Stratford, for a chapter on the militia
and volunteer corps of this county.

In conclusion, I may say that every exertion has been made to
establish truth regarding all of whom I have had occasion to
write. I have given honour where honour is due, and in my
humble way rescued from oblivion the names of many who did a
great work in this county. That I will please all I have no hope,
and if censure should fall on my efforts I shall be still proudly
conscious that where I fail I will fail as a martyr.

WILLIAM JOHNSTON.

St. Marys, December 3ist, 1902.

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HISTORY

OF THE

COUNTY OF PERTH

CHAPTER 1.

GENERAL REMARKS ON PIONEER LIFE

I propose to write a history of the County of Perth, in order
that those whom futurity will bring may know the story of
pioneer life in this portion of Canada. The passing- years glide
silently onwards, now laden with memories of those old settlers
who transformed the dreary wilderness of the Huron Tract into
smiling fields and happy homes. The love of an aged pioneer for
his old farm was a sacred feeling, and in his bosom ranked next to
that of his family, or even to life itself. Here he came in his
youth, with high aspirations and a determination to make a home
for himself, in spite of adverse circumstances and almost insur
mountable difficulties. Here his children grew up around him,
here he fought life s battle, endured the struggle with penury, often
with the stern spectre of want at his door, and here also was the
scene of his ultimate triumph. The names of many are now lost,
but their work remains. The fertile acres they hewed from the
forest have, we regret to say, in too many instances passed into
other hands. The old homestead, with all its hallowed associ
ations, is now held by the stranger. There are still a few remain
ing, however, of this old band, now worn and grey, bending low
beneath the weight of years, and from these must be gathered the
story of the early settlement of this County.

12 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

It should be the work of the historian, therefore, among these
old veterans to search out from old memories, threads of past cir
cumstances and events, weaving- them into a web which will show
the trials, the hardships, and the patient enduring toil of the
humble backwoods-man. To these brave adventurers this County
of Perth owes her beautiful farms, her wealth, and her advanced
place in the great march of civilization. The old pioneers were as
a class fearless and intrepid men. To a moderate degree of com
fort in the Old Land, with, in many cases, an immoderate degree
-of servility, they preferred a voluntary exile in the Huron Tract,
far away from friends, and remote from neighbors which gave
them independence. Their huts or dwelling places were of the
rudest description. Roads there were none nothing to point the
way except a blaze on the tall trees, leading on and on, further
away from the outside world, deeper and deeper into what seemed
to be an illimitable wilderness. In these primitive cabins there
was little comfort. Yet, in spite of their scanty fare, in spite ot
cheerless surroundings, there was much happiness. It is a dis
tinguishing mark of the goodness of God that happiness may be
found anywhere.

The heart s aye the part, aye,

That makes us right or wrong.

In these log cabins, rude though they were, there was joy. Be
neath the trough covered roof there were loving hearts, and where-
ever there is love, there, too, is happiness. When the old minister,
a gray-haired wanderer of the woods, came at long intervals to
break the bread of life to his far-scattered flock, there was joy.
When the day s toil was over, and a great fire roared up the clat
and clay chimney, a heap of wood lying on the dog irons in front
of a blazing back log, the winter storms might spend their fury
on the groaning forest ; there was joy in the rude shanty. When
the walls of the log barn had been raised, and the kind neighbors
had retired to the hut, when the dance soon grew fast and furious,
there was joy.

To say that the old pioneers were, as a class, people of learning
or refinement, as we understand these things to-day, would convey

PIONEER LIFE 13

-v

an erroneous impression. To say that a few of them were, would
undoubtedly be true. Some had seen better days, and hoped to
do so again. A large number of them were men of decided char
acter, of strong natural proclivities, with great energy and deter
mination. At long intervals, an old settler with some book
learning might be found. Many could not read ; many more could
not write. By far the largest number, however, had what was
practically more useful than book learning. They had the educa
tion obtained from coming in contact with their fellows. A con
stant appeal also to their decision and judgment rendered more
incisive their shrewdness and penetration. In backwoods life new
difficulties were constantly springing up, which had to be met un
aided by the pioneer. These necessities arising from his vocation
kept constantly in action the inventive qualities of his mind. They
were all poor, and nearly all accepted those hardships and incon
veniences inseparable from pioneer life, with the fullest confidence
that a fertile soil and the bright sunshine of Canada would yield an
ample reward for their toil. It could only be for a few years, at
most, that the struggle would continue. Hope was ever present
with them, pointing away to that time when success would bring
competence as a reward for their self-denial and perseverance.

By far the greatest number of those who entered the woods
were young men. Age, with its wise saws and modern instan
ces," was of little use in the bush. Indeed, pioneer life furnished
the clearest evidence of Darwin s theory of the "survival of the
fittest." The great essential to a backwoods-man, above all others,
was muscle. Without this life would be a failure. Constant labor
soon undermined those constitutions whose ground work was not
as strong as steel. Wealth, as a rule, he had none, whereby he
might have to some extent relieved himself from his daily task.
His sole implements of fortune were a fertile soil, an axe, and
industry. The County of Perth supplied him with the first, the
second he could obtain for a dollar, and the third was the gift of
heaven. Thus equipped the hero of the woods entered the lists
with fortune, but with almost every assurance that ultimately he
would be triumphant.

14 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Pioneer life in Canada may now be said to be a thing of the past.
It is true, there are immense tracts of unbroken forest yet to be
conquered and made fit for the abode of man. Those conditions
which obtained in the early history of this county retarding- the
operations of settlement, and causing- much of the hardship pecu
liar to the lot of the early settler, now no longer exist.

Canada has during the last fifty years become a great and
wealthy country. Wherever a new settler plants his foot now
there trade and commerce, those hand-maids of agriculture, are at
his heels, listening for the first sound of his axe. Indeed, he is
often preceded by many of those conveniences peculiar to the suc
cessful prosecution of his calling. Railways are built, roads are
constructed by the Government, telegraphs put in operation, mail
routes opened up ; in short, almost everything is done to keep him
in touch with a civilization of which he is the advance guard. The
necessaries of life for the pioneer of to-day are easily obtainable,
and his enjoyments of its comforts will be limited only by his
ability to purchase them. There is no isolation now, as was the
case in the early days of this county, and the present position of a
new settler is as if the great centres of our population were putting
forth an arm to make new conquests from the wilderness. Every
effort of the backwoods-man is now supported, and is the outcome
of an energy from the throbbing heart of civilization, following
close on his train, and urging him on.

During the settlement of this county there were no such condi
tions. Upper Canada, as Ontario was called at that period, was
not a wealthy province. Its vast resources were yet undeveloped ;
indeed, were practically unknown, even in her most favored places.
There were no centres of population near to the settlements in the
Huron Tract. That splendid section of Ontario in which this
county has a conspicuous place had yet to be made. The wilder
ness had to be transformed by the pioneer. There were no roads,
no railways, no mail privileges, no means of communication with
the outside. The settler in the early days of Perth County had
nothing to aid him but a fertile soil, where it could be made avail
able. The little produce he was able in course of time to place on

PIONEER LIFE 15

the market could not be disposed of except at great trouble and
expense.

In the old days long 1 strings of ox-teams from Downie, Fullarton,
and the East Hopes, yoked to an ox-cart or a sled, toiled on, day
after day over most horrible roads, through dismal, dreary swamps
on their way to Gait, and even as far as Hamilton, with a few
bags of wheat, for the purpose of obtaining as much money as
would pay their taxes, and procure some of the ordinary neces
saries of life for their families. A whole week would be consumed
in their journey, and when the cost of the trip was deducted, there
was but little left for the poor pioneer. Nearly all the first settlers
in Perth County were immigrants from the Old Land, and unac
quainted with pioneer life. This intensified their difficulties to a still
greater degree. They were all, or nearly all, without money, and
without experience in a new country. Of the manner of clearing
land, they knew nothing ; everything \vas strange to them. In
the woods they were like old Cyclopes, blindly groping around his
cave. But necessity compelled them to action, and how they did
then work the splendid aggregation of municipalities that compose
this county are evidence.

It is an indication of awakening interest in pioneer life amongst
our people that Historical Societies are being formed in many
sections of this Province. Men and women of education and high
literary merit delight in telling the story of these old days. Some of
these writers, with a degree of poetic fervor, have thrown an atmos
phere of romance around backwoods life, which is most honorable
to their heart. They are giving prominence in Canadian literature
to the efforts of a class, the former neglect of which is surely to be
deplored. It is certainly a sacred trust imposed on this generation
to treasure up their humble record, from which such great results
have accrued to the people of our county. The importance of this
literary work which is now being performed may not meet with
such appreciation as it ought to receive, considering the sacred
duty it endeavors to discharge. Let those who are engaged in it,
have no fear, however ; the time will assuredly come when such
records will be held as worthy of the highest consideration among
the treasures of the past.

1 6 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH.

Although we are not yet far removed from the days of the
shanty, and the old log school on the corner (around whose
rude walls tender feelings of many Canadians still linger) distance
is even now lending enchantment to the view. The memories of
those pioneers in the pathless woods are fast being invested with
that nobility of character which alone is attributed to heroes. Men
who do their duty well under favorable conditions are entitled to
praise. Men who do their duty well under most unfavorable con
ditions must certainly be actuated by those motives which inspire
the hero. If sincerity, as Carlyle avers, is the mainspring of heroic
action, the old pioneers were sincere. They were sincere in the
work they had undertaken to accomplish. They were sincere in
the performance of all the requirements of good citizenship.
They were sincere in the promotion of a continuous cumulative
progress, which still grows and expands into these advanced
conditions which now give beautiful homes, comfortable surround
ings, and those many conveniences which characterize the County
of Perth.

Those difficulties inseparable from the every day life of a back
woods man, his endless toil, his poverty, and his endurance we
may compute, but that weariness of heart and soul sickness of the
pioneer mother never shall nor can be known. Her self-denial,
her patience, her lonely life in those eternal woods, which shut out
the light of God s heaven from her eyes, would have destroyed
everything earthly but the devotion of an affectionate woman. To
labour with her husband in the logging fallow, to minister to the
wants of a helpless family, were of themselves sufficient to render
her lot one of extreme hardship. These were only physical trials,
however, and bore no comparison to those longings of the mind,
which wore out many a young life. In that lonely shanty, all alone at
the dark hour of night, her husband far away, it may be with his
oxen, endeavoring to procure food for their daily use, she trimmed
the light on that old cracked saucer, sitting by the window as a
beacon, glimmering through the dark woods to guide him home.
It may be for weeks she has heard no human voice but her own.
With a beating heart she keeps up her lonely vigil, listening for

PIONEER LIFE 17

the sound of the chains on the sled, for the forest echoes are now
awakened by a long yelping- howl, which she knows too well is
ominous of danger.

It is little wonder then if the affinities of the pioneer and his
wife became strong, a most beautiful description of which we
quote from the "Days of the Canada Company," by the Misses
Lizars. " Our foremothers were the true backbone of the
country. How often does the searcher after any kind of history
find himself with such an answer : I could have told that if my
wife were living, but I lost track of things when she died. Or,
O, yes, I kept a diary for many years, but when my wife died I
gave it up. Or, I could tell you that and much more if I had
my memory rightly, but I ve minded little since my wife died.
The refrain is always my wife, my wife. Many a man of fifty will
tell you to-day, that father lost heart, but mother kept us to
gether. And those gentle mothers of two generations gone, who
came to the west when the tap of the woodpecker, in the silence
of the summer bush, was as a hammer on the brain, and the hum
of insect life a torment not to be borne, do we not hear the
piteous tales of them in their days of insupportable homesickness?
Ah, yes, those women who thirsted for air, light and space were
driven half mad by the gloom of the forest and the difficulties of
clearing, by the sound of the wind as it soughed or roared
through the trees."

Let us therefore all join in the sentiment expressed in the beau
tiful lines of the Rev. Le Roy Hooker, of Detroit, when he says :

And when you pray for Canada,
Implore kind heaven, that like a leaven
The hero blood which there was given
May quicken in her veins each day ;
So shall she win a spotless fame,
And, like the sun, her honored name
Shall shine to latest years the same.

CHAPTER II.

THE CANADA COMPANY

It is necessary, in order that we may comprehend much of our
early history, that we g-lance at that great organization, The Canada
Company, who were first owners of the Huron Tract, and under
whose auspices was settled the greater portion of this county. It
is important also from this fact : that the conduct of the Company
towards those whom they had induced to settle on their lands was
for many years subject to severe condemnation, not only by those
settlers who located, but also by many who affected an interest
in their success. Nearly all of this adverse criticism arose out
of what was called the leasehold system, a plan adopted by the
Company in disposing- of their property. This agitation was kept
up to some extent by interested parties who did not understand
very clearly the questions at issue, and perhaps did not care. As
mig-ht be expected an affair of such consequence, affecting- a very
large number of electors, soon attracted the attention of politi
cians, and was finally broug-ht before parliament. Mr. Robert
McFarlane, then member for Perth County, applied for and obtained
a committee to investig-ate certain causes of complaint alleg-ed by
the settlers. Those old pioneers who were holding- their land by
lease were rejoiced that they had found so able a champion of their
cause, and now at least their wrong s would be rig-hted. The hour
and the man had come when their grievances would be redressed.
The claims put forward by the settlers may be stated as : First,
Patents issued by the Company were illegal, the Commissioners in
Toronto had no authority to sig-n patents for land. Second, The
Company had not carried out those agreements laid down in their

THE CANADA COMPANY 1 9

Charter, in not having- made certain improvements such as open
ing- roads, building mills, etc. Third, The leasing system was
illegal and unjust, since it enabled the Company to resume all
lands on expiration of a lease and resell at enhanced prices. These
higher prices were obtained not from improvements made by the
Company, but were largely resultant from labour expended by
settlers on adjoining lands. Fourth, An extra charge of 2*4 per
cent, on ten year leases, and i^ on five year leases, being added
to the original cash price if not paid till the expiration of the lease,
was considered as simply an extortion. This extra levy was
known as the " Sharing Money." These grievances arose out of
the leasing- system, which was quite within the Company s rig-hts,
and not inimical to the settler, as will be shown elsewhere.

The Parliamentary Committee proceeded to business by ordering
all books and papers in possession of the Company to be laid be
fore it for investigation. As might be expected the Company paid
no attention. The Committee did not press its demand, and the
affair was allowed to drop. As a matter of fact there was really
no just ground of complaint. The motion passed in the House was
not considered as serious, but as a political manoeuvre that found a
ready support from both parties.

The Canada Company was organized in 1825, although its first
inception as a financial corporation took place in 1824. John Gait,
who was its promoter, associated with himself a number of g-entle-
men in Great Britain. Its object was to settle certain lands in
Upper Canada, a grant of which from the British Parliament was
to be obtained for a nominal sum. Mr. Gait was appointed first
agent and came to Canada for the purpose of carrying- out its
projects towards a speedy settlement of their territory. With
him was associated another person whose name is historical in the
Huron Tract. This man was Dr. Dunlop. It may be proper to
state here, however, that the settlement of the Huron Tract
formed no part of that great enterprise eng-aging the Company s
attention. Neither did it relate in any way to those provisions
made in the Charter recently granted to it by Great Britain. Since
that vast country known as British America had been acquired, a

2O HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

policy of Union of Church, a state as existing- in old England had
been persistently maintained in this country. In .pursuance of
this plan, therefore, and in order to place the Church in a greater
degree of independence to the fast growing- democratic element,
which was strongly pervading the masses at that particular period,
large grants of public land had been made for its support in Upper
Canada. Those land grants were known as Clergy Reserves, and
were located in several sections of this Province. The Canada
Company was organized to dispose of those lands and open them
up for settlement. In the original map of this territory, adjoining
what was afterwards known as the Huron Tract, a large portion
of Waterloo, Grey and Wellington Counties are marked as Clergy
Reserve lands.

The first Act passed by the British Parliament, regarding the
Company, was assented to by the King on June 27, 1825. This
Act granted the Canada Company certain lands in Upper Canada,
known as Clergy Reserves. While it gave a charter for the sale
and disposal of these Reserves, it set forth in Clause No. 3 that
" His Majesty may resume the domains hereby granted and sub
stitute other lands therefor." This Act further empowered the
Company to grant deeds under certain forms which are annexed
to the Act itself all such conveyances to be valid in la\v. So far
these arrangements were quite suitable to all parties. When this
legislation became known in Upper Canada (for the whole arrange
ments were completed in London), as if no Government existed in
Canada, a very different order of things obtained. The Church
took umbrage, and gathered together her forces to oppose the
alienation of her property. An able and indefatigable defender of
the rights of Episcopacy came forward in Bishop Strachan. This
man was a Scotchman by birth, and brought into opposition all
that fervor and doggedness characteristic of his country. He
protested against the agreements made with the Canada Company.
Those lands which had been set apart and granted to the Church
for her support ought to be controlled and disposed of by the
Church. Of the granting of these lands to this body there could
be no doubt ; and such being the case, there could be as little
doubt that the Church should control them.

THE CANADA COMPANY 21

As a matter of course at that period any protestations from the
Church in Canada could have little or no effect on the British
Government. But she took stronger grounds. In her extremity
she appealed to the Mother Institution in England, who came
promptly to her assistance. Such was her power and influence in
the Old Land, that His Majesty availed himself of the proviso laid
down in clause three of the Act of 1825, resumed those lands set
forth in the original grant, substituting therefor one million acres
afterwards known as the Huron Tract.

On July 15, 1828, was passed another Act of the British Parlia
ment, entitled an Act to amend an Act, enabling His Majesty to
grant certain lands to the Canada Company. In accordance with
the provisions of this Act, letters patent was granted on the igth
day of August, in the seventh year of His Majesty s reign, to the
undernamed gentlemen who composed the first board of directors
of the Company, viz; Charles Bosanquet, Esq., William Williams,
Esq., Robert Biddulph, Esq., Richard Blanchard, Esq., Robert
Downie, Esq., John Easthope Esq., Edward Ellice, Esq., James
William Freshfield, Esq., John Fullarton, Esq., John Gait, Esq.,
Charles David Gordon, Esq. , William Hibbert, Esq. , John Hodgson,
Esq., John Hullet, Esq., Hart Logan, Esq., Simeon McGilvray,
Esq., James McKillop, Esq., John Masterman, Esq., Martin
Tucker Smith, Esq., and Henry Usborne, Esq. The letters patent
granted to those gentlemen one million acres of land in Upper
Canada, for which they had agreed to pay one shilling and three
pence per acre. It was further enacted by the King s Most Excellent
Majesty, by and with the advice of the Lords spiritual and temporal
and the Commons, that two persons may be appointed by the
Company to make conveyances, all of which should be valid in
law. His Majesty appears to have acted like a wise king in the
matter of legislation, for he still reserves the right to alter or amend.
During 1827 negotiations were still in progress regarding the
acceptance by the Company of the Huron Tract. On the 2gth
day of November, 1827, an ordinance was passed by the directors,
approving an acceptance of one million acres in the London and
Western district, recently bought from the Indians. There is also

22 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

a proviso setting- forth that " when lakes, sand hills, rock, or
swamp were prevelant, a further grant equivalent to all such
waste or swamp land should be given by the Government out of
other lands bought from the Indians, in order that the original
one million acres should remain intact. In lieu of a great swamp,
known to exist near the eastern portion of this territory, it w r as
decided to accept a strip of land between Wilmot and the adjoining
township to the south, also a strip of land north of Wilmot,
which portions, according- to an old map, were not yet surveyed.
Another ordinance passed by the Company ordered that a new
town be laid out on Lake Huron, on the River Meneg-tung-, to be
called Goderich, in honor of Lord Goderich. All these agreements
were accepted and ratified by an Act passed in the British Parlia
ment and assented to by the King on July 15, 1828. Thus the
Canada Company became owners of that territory known as the
Huron Tract, or County of Huron, a portion of which was after
wards organized into Perth County.

Mr. Gait had, a year or two prior to these later events, founded
Guelph, from which point he and his associates directed their
operations towards settling- that great tract of country recently
acquired. They caused surveys to be made, roads to be opened,
and such other improvements as would facilitate this work. Be-
g-inning- in the east, at the western limit of Waterloo, the Huron
road was opened through what is now Stratford, extending in a
straight line westward to Lake Huron, where Goderich had been
surveyed. Along both sides of this road surveys were proceeded
with, extending from the westerly limits of Wilmot to Lake Huron.
The manner of making these surveys was certainly indicative of a
strong want of confidence on the part of the Company in the early
settlement of its large estate. So much was this the case, that
along this highway, which passes through in its entire length one
of the most fertile sections in this Dominion of Canada, the town
ships were surveyed in blocks of one concession at a time. When
the boundaries of a municipality had thus been defined, it was
named after a director of the Company. By a reference, therefore,
to the names of the first board, given on a former page of this

THE CANADA COMPANY 23

work, an explanation will be found of the names given, not only
to several townships in Perth County, but to others of the Huron
Tract.

It may fairly be said that a man s want of success in his business
affairs will in almost all cases be attributed to every known or
conceivable cause except the correct one.

In his endeavor to satisfy his feelings he will never accuse him
self as being the cause of his own misfortunes. The vagaries of
luck, combinations of circumstances, perfidious friends, commercial
exig-encies, duplicity of those with whom he has business relations,
are the spirits of evil that have crossed his path, but never himself,
who may be the worst spirit of them all. A man who has been un
successful will always strike back at whatever he conceives to have
been the cause of his failure. It is an inherent principle obtaining
to a greater or lesser extent in us all to destroy, or attempt to
destroy, by every available means whatever has obstructed us in
the realization of our desires or projects of our ambitions.

From a lively exercise of this principle arose much of that dis
content regarding those methods adopted by the Company for
settling their lands. The great mass of those old pioneers of
Perth County were courageous and industrious men. To say that
all were of that character would be incorrect. With thousands
that left Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany to make homes for
themselves in this new land, many, aye, far too many, came who
were entirely unfitted both by nature and early environment to bear
the strain of pioneer life. These were, as a rule, unsuccessful.
Their incapacity may have arisen from a lack of physical endur
ance, or from a want of that unconquerable spirit which meets
and surmounts all difficulties, a phase of character most essential
to pioneer life.

Whatever may have been the cause of failure there was no
doubt as to their subsequent conduct, regarding this new country
and its possibilities. In communication with their friends they
told most doleful tales. Harrowing scenes of distress and hard
ship endured by those who had entered the woods, recited in
piteous language, excited in those unaquainted with the conditions

24 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

of a new country, deep feelings of sympathy and commiseration.
Above all, those methods to which the Canada Company had re
course in disposing of their land afforded no opportunity but a
vain and hopeless struggle for a bare existence.

To those unsuccessful ones may be attributed, in a great measure,
that want of harmony which too often existed between the settler
and the Company. Yet, notwithstanding these adverse criticisms
there was a constant rush into the new territory. The disappoint
ed croaking of a few did not deter others. The stream still
flowed on. Like patriarchs of old, men came and spied the land
for themselves, and, satisfied regarding its fertility, took up the
burden of pioneer life.

In considering any plan to facilitate settlement, that method
which would be most suitable to the financial condition of those
by whom it was to be effected, while it afforded a fair measure of
security for the Company, would certainly be best. To place one
million acres of land in the hands of thousands of men without a
dollar being paid on it, was rather a hazardous undertaking. No
security could be gotten from the ordinary settler ; he had none to
give. People of substance did not then locate in new places,
neither do they now. Strong and energetic men are more apt to
become backwoods-men, from this fact, that pioneer life affords a
surer and more profitable investment for the poor man s capital,
which is his labour alone, than any other at his disposal.

There was one consideration with the Company which out
weighed all others the principle of quick settlement. The more
speedily land could be taken up the better for the Company, and
better for the settler. For furthering this object offices were
opened in Goderich, and in what is now Stratford, to accom
modate intending purchasers. While the best land could be
bought for $1.50 or $2.50 per acre, very little of it was taken in
that way. Very few of those making a selection had money with
which to pay even the small price asked. If no other method had
been adopted to dispose of land, we venture to assert that this
county would not have been as progressive as its subsequent
history proves it to have been.

THE CANADA COMPANY 25

The system adopted, therefore, as being most suitable and
affording reasonable security to both contracting parties, was
known as the leasing system. By many, indeed by far the
greatest number, this method was considered wholly bad. My
own opinion as an old lessee settler of the Company is that it was
wholly good. For a settler to buy and pay for a farm, even at the
low price at which it was offered, would require an expenditure
of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars.
Not one-fourth of the pioneers in Perth County could pay that
amount. The greater number of them could pay nothing at all.
To have sold these lands, and both contracting parties entering
into bonds for carrying out their agreement, would have been use
less. A bond implies a penalty for non-fulfillment of its conditions.
Such penalty would and could have been made operative against
the Company, but what redress could the Company get against a
poor occupant of a bush farm ? The goods of one whose whole
store consisted of a bedstead, a rickety table, with a few rude
benches, all made with the axe, afforded but little security. A
pioneer, who with his family had subsisted for weeks on potatoes
and cow cabbage in his battle for supremacy over the forest, was
a hopeless mark to satisfy a writ.

Nearly all the land was, therefore, taken as leasehold. This
enabled the Company to avail itself of the only capital a settler
was possessed of his labour. It also enabled a pioneer to invest
his strength and his energy in a bank which paid high interest and
was prompt in its returns. Every tree that he cut down, every
acre that he cleared, increased his account, thus improving his
condition, and making the Company more secure. These leases
were usually granted for ten years, and bound the lessee to clear
four acres each year. This was not a very hard condition, as
any old pioneer will admit. The lessee paid taxes and performed
statute labour. At the end of ten years he could make application
for his patent at the original cost price, with two and one-half per
cent, added. If a five years lease had been accepted, then one
and one-fourth per cent, was added. During the term of his lease
a lessee paid an annual rental computed at a rate of six per cent.

26 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

on the cash price. Thus, one hundred acres of land valued at one
dollar per acre would pay a yearly rental of six dollars. A farm
leased at two dollars per acre, cash, would pay a yearly rental of
$12. If, during such period so demised and leased, a settler was
able to pay any portion of the purchase price of his land, such
sum was received by the Company, and interest allowed at the
same rate they charged the settler. This arrangement was cer
tainly a most equitable one. If, at the expiration of ten years a
lessee had been thrifty and industrious, he would have saved a
sufficient sum to secure his patent. If not, his land would have
become, because of those improvements he had made, enhanced
in value, and be ample security for a loan or mortgage, or other
wise of sufficient amount to discharge all his obligations to the
Company. Another plan was open to him which was certainly
more advantageous than the preceding, but which, strange to say,
was not very frequently adopted. He could re-lease his farm
again for another ten years at the same price as was charged for
the land at the expiring of his former agreement. These fair and
honorable provisions, however, did not serve to mitigate the
indignation expressed at an increased price of two and one-half
per cent, being demanded. At every gathering loud and deep were
the denunciations of the Company, for, as was claimed, their most
unfair conduct towards the settler in these matters. If the land
had increased in value, its condition had been brought about by
his labour. The Company was, therefore, enriching itself at the
expense of his hardship and toil. This reasoning on the part of
the settlers, while it was partly correct, was not wholly fair.

I am not writing a defence of the Canada Company, but
endeavouring to give a statement of the facts that came under my
own observation. I do not know whether it carried out its agree
ment with the British Government as provided in its charter. I
do know, however, that many an old settler could use, and did
use, the Company s money, for which they paid six per cent.,
when it could not be obtained from capitalists on good security for
less than from twelve to fifteen per cent. , and even much higher
rates in many instances were charged. Many of these first settlers

THE CANADA COMPANY 27

lost their farms by borrowing money from capitalists at such rates
to pay for these patents, who could have saved themselves from
ruin by re-leasing their land for a second term,
inconsiderately, indeed, and in a way which ended in disaster to
themselves. They never considered whether they had discharged
their obligations honestly and fairly to the Company, or if the
Company had discharged its obligations fairly towards them.
The great point was to get clear of the Company, and so end all
their troubles. With that idea they rushed to the speculator, and
with a madness equalled only by their stupidity, incurred obliga
tions which ate out their substance, ate out their hopes, ate out
their lives, and were never discharged till they were discharged by
the sheriff under the auctioneer s hammer.

This county was singularly fortunate in that it was almost
entirely free from any of the pests that frequently infest new settle
ments. Speculators or land grabbers were an incubus that rarely
affected the operations of the Perth pioneer. A land grabber was
a person who bought up certain sections, making no improvements
and residing (away) in some more favored spot than the backwoods.
These lands he held locked up until the labour of those on ad
joining properties had made them valuable. He did nothing
towards chopping or clearing roads, nothing in any way to improve
the settlement. When the surrounding country had been cleared,
and land became valuable, then he disposed of his property at
enormous profit. The ease with which a person might possess
himself of a farm in those old days gave rise to another class,
known as "squatters," who if they were not so inimical to pro
gress as the speculator, at least retarded to some extent the ad
vancement of any section in which they located. A squatter was a
pioneer who simply took possession of any vacant farm that suited
him, and began operations without notifying the company, or
having any right whatever to it. He would bund a shanty, clear a
few acres, use, or sell any valuable timber that he could dispose
of. When opportunity offered he sold his improvements to a
stranger with a little capital, who was desirous of obtaining a
homestead with some clearing. Having thus increased his fortune

28 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

by a few dollars, he moved into another new section and began
life again. Others with perhaps a little more honour, but without
ambition, would lease a lot from the Company, pay one payment,
hold it for a few years till land had become more valuable, then
sell on the same principle as the squatter.

These explanations regarding- the conduct and methods adopted
by the Company are the results of my own experience, extending
over a period of 20 years. It will be noted, therefore, that the
first grievance set up by the settler against the company as to
granting patents is effectually disposed of by the Act of Parliament
passed on July 15, 1828.

As to the second, who is to say whether they were culpable or
not in discharging their obligations ? As demanded by terms of
their charter, they did open and build leading roads through the
territory ; they made liberal grants towards erecting mills and
houses of public entertainment for the accommodation of settlers ;
they gave grants of land for churches and cemeteries, and in
other ways opened up the country for settlement.

In regard to the third grievapce, namely, that the leasing system
was introduced to enable them to resume their lands, and sell at
enhanced prices, pioneer labor having made them valuable, this
grievance has no foundation in fact. Assuming for the sake of
argument that such was the case, squatters and a number of lessee
settlers taught the Company many an object lesson in disposing of
property. It was no uncommon occurrence for a squatter to
retain possession of a lot for ten years, then sell his improvements
to a stranger for a price nearly as great as the Company actually
wanted for the land. Wherever a speculator held a farm he had
no compunction in availing himself of the increased values arising
from other men s labor, by selling his land at a higher rate. To
the credit of the Company I believe no single case of harshness to
any squatter or lessee settler can be pointed out. Indeed, so
remote was their conduct from any measure of this kind, that no
proposal would be entertained for the purchase of land held by a
squatter until evidence was produced that he had been satisfied as
to the value of his improvements. Mistakes may have occurred,

THE CANADA COMPANY 29

and doubtless did occur, which were a hardship in certain cases,
but the heartless conduct attributed to the Company by a certain
class of writers cannot be shown as having at any period actuated
this old institution.

In support of these statements we may be permitted to quote
from "In the Days of The Canada Company" an assertion by
one who knew well whereof he spoke, when he says, "As for
squatters, they are a law unto themselves and any

one who had tried to root out an Irishman or a German from
his land, or unroof his house, or quench his hearth, would find it
a tough job. I never yet heard of a single lessee in the Huron
Tract being dispossessed. The storekeeper with a pile of over
due bills was the real terror of the settler." And he goes on
further to say, "I never heard of any poor man being sold up
by the Company under a distress warrant for rent, unless it was
done at his own request, when, also at his request, the Company
became the purchaser of the goods seized, the man and his goods
both remaining on the land to cultivate it, and finally paid the
debt at his own convenience." " On one occasion," this person
goes on to say, " I was called on to bear a part in a transaction
of this kind as a witness. When the matter was closed and the
Company s agent had left, after handing over all the stock, crop,
etc., into the settler s hand to carry on his farm as usual, he gave
a shout, Hooray, boys, who s afraid ? Sure I expected that
dirty villain, the bailiff, here to-morrow morning with an execution
from that blackguard storekeeper on account of a debt he has
against me. Faix, he can go back as he came. Then addressing
his cows and his pigs, And all of you are safe, me darlings ; get
into yer straw wid ye."

As to the fourth grievance alleged against them regarding
" shaving money," they did nothing more than every settler in the
Huron Tract did every } ear of his life. If a pioneer wanted to buy
a yoke of oxen, his neighbor would sell at a certain price for cash.
If a year s credit was desired, then a higher price was asked, with
so much per cent, interest added for the time specified. What
was a correct principle, therefore, in one case could certainly not
be wrong in the other.

30 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

It must be remembered, also, that good land only was taken up
by a settler, a large portion being left on the Company s hands,
for which they had paid, that no one at that period would have
scarcely accepted as a gift. That this waste land has now become
valuable is owing to a large expenditure of money for drainage
and other improvements an equitable share being paid by the
Company which, if it has increased its wealth, has also enriched
the municipalities to a great degree.

Those methods of that olden time are now long since passed
away. The generation which now lives in comfort on those mag
nificent farms in this county know nothing of squatters, nor those
difficulties which almost overwhelmed their fathers in hewing out
the old homestead from the dreary forest. In the southern portion,
at all events, those alleged short-comings of the Company are for
gotten. Even its existence, or knowledge of its having been
founded in London nearly four score years ago, is unknown to the
young, and seems like a dream to those few remaining pioneers.

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, 1902.

1. C. H. Merryflcld, Warden. 2. John Schacfer. 3. VV. V. Sanderson. 4. James
Torrance. 5. Joseph Mountain. 6. Robt. Armstrong. 7. It. T. Kemp. 8. Andrew
Falk. 9. James Dickson. 10. Thos. K. Hay. 11. Thos. Ryan. 12. William White.

CHAPTER III.

EARLY EVENTS DISTRICT AND PROVISIONAL COUNCILS, 1829 TO 1853.

History begins in this county in 1828, when John Gait and his
band of explorers blazed a path through the trackless woods to
that spot where Goderich now stands. This event was an insignia
of a new dominion, and a new force, pregnant with energy, and an
inherent power to conquer and subdue. From the solitude of this
illimitable forest came forth, as if by magic, beautiful fields, com
modious schools, marts of commerce, splendid temples and com
fortable places of abode.

In the autumn of 1828 Mr. Gait says : "Of one thing I am
proud, I do not hesitate to say I was proud and with good reason,
I caused a road to be opened through the forest of Huron tract
nearly a hundred miles long ; the first overland communication
between the great lakes, carried into effect by Mr. Prior, all the
woodmen that could be assembled from the settlers were employed;
an explorer of the line to go ahead, then the surveyors with their
compasses, after them a band of blazers, or men to mark the trees
in the line. Then the slashers and the waggons with provisions
and other necessaries, thus they proceeded to the Lake Huron and
turned back to clear off the fallen timber." Thus began the great
work of improvement on the Huron Road in this county, which has
been going on continuously ever since. The reference made by
Mr. Gait, in his letter, to the employment of woodmen, "as
sembled from the settlers," and taking with them " the waggons
with provisions and other necessaries," evidently refers to the
expedition leaving his headquarters at Guelph, for at that period
this county did not contain within its borders a solitary white
man.

34 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH.

In connection with the work of this party we have also field
notes by John McDonald, Esq., P. L. S., from which we make the
following- extract : " Survey notes of a rang-e of lots laid out on
both sides of the Huron road from the township of Wilmot to the
township of Goderich agreeable to the order of John Gait, Esq.,
Superintendent of the Canada Company, dated at Guelph, i2th
Dec. 1828, and under instructions from the Hon. Thomas Ridout,
Surveyor-General, dated at York, 2gth Nov., 1828, by John Mc
Donald, Deputy Surveyor, between the :6th day of Dec., 1828, and
the i yth day of January, 1829." Mr. McDonald goes on to say :

On Dec. 16, engaged in the forepart of the day arranging- some
matters at Guelph previous to my starting- off to execute a survey
of a rang-e of lots on both sides of the Huron road from Wilmot to
the mouth of the Maitland river. By the order of John Gait, Esq.,
and Hon. Thomas Ridout, Surveyor-General, left Guelph about 12
o clock, noon, with the following persons for a party : Alexander
Rose, Alexander McDonald, Duncan McPhee, Ewen Kennedy,
Angus Campbell, John Kennedy, Roderick Reid and Robt, Elder.
All of these were immigrants, except the last named, and were en
gaged for the work by Mr. Crion.

" Dec. 16, 1828, g-ot as far as VanEgrnond s in Waterloo, a dis
tance of 14 miles, where we passed the night, showers of rain
falling-.

Dec. 17, left VanEg-mond s at daybreak and continued on to
Blain s mills where we halted for breakfast, and to get provisions,
with other necessaries, to bring along with us. Here I took the
opportunity of proving the measure of my chain, it having been
newly repaired. Pushed on to Mr. Springer s in Blenheim to din
ner, made our arrangements with him to furnish us with provisions,
which he agreed to send after us the next day. Left his place
after dinner, taking- provisions enoug-h for the nig-ht and the next
day. Tarried over nig-ht in a new unoccupied house, built by one
Stevens about ^ mile east of River Nith in Wilmot. Here I
administered the oath to Alexander Rose and Alexander McDonald
to qualify them as chain bearers."

January 17, 1829, he reached the site of the City of Stratford,

EARLY EVENTS 35

which he thus describes : " Travelled to the 3^ mile town,
viewed the 17 miles stream of the second branch of the Thames for
some distance above and below the road, good mill site from ^2
to 3/ miles above. Spring- about i chain below on the east side of
the stream, which is very much frequented by deer." Such was
the City of Stratford in 1829. Mr. McDonald s work was not
completed till the autumn of that year, when his plans and field
notes were filed with the Company. His reference to 3}^ mile
tavern simply means that he had reached one of those shanties
built by Mr. Gait s party, who during the previous summer had
located the Huron road.

As a stream of water welling from a spring on the mountain
side increases in volume as it pursues its onward way, so does this
history of Perth County begin in December of 1829 at that lonely
shanty of Sebastian Fryfogle in South Easthope. All history is
associated with human life, and is but a record of its work, the
operations of human thought and human passion stored up by the
historian, that future generations may profit by the experience of
those who have gone retaining what is good, and eliminating
what is evil. In this German we have the keynote or starting
point of our history. He it was who bore the banner of our
civilization aloft into the forest, and was a veritable voice crying
in the wilderness, " prepare ye the way, the conqueror is close at
hand." So the conquerors did come, and, like that streamlet
flowing onward in its course, has increased in volume until that
mighty work they accomplished is known and acknowledged afar
off, while a record of some of the events marking their progress
is recorded in this book.

During that period, extending from the advent of the first settler
till 1842 progress made in filling up this new territory was in
considerable indeed. For twelve years the prospects of the Canada
Company were not encouraging. This, no doubt, arose to some
extent from certain conditions of political feeling prevailing in
Canada and Great Britain at that time. A system of Government
based on democratic principles was not yet understood, and a
great struggle was in progress between the people and their rulers.

36 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

That extreme principle of liberality whose outcome was Radicalism
and Chartism had gained its first victory in repealing the Corn
Laws, had absorbed men s energies for years, to the exclusion of
other interests. In Canada this turmoil ended in 1837, by a large
section of the people rising in rebellion. The arts of peace during
those years were apparently relegated to obscurity, while those
great questions which would give a full measure of liberty to
Canadians and make life better worth living were being settled.
Those in authority were slow to realize the important truth that a
ruler should be an instrument by the will of the people, and the
people should not be a power by the will of the ruler. Power to
be great and of lasting good must ascend from the people up,
and not from the magistrate down. It was not till those questions
had been settled, and Responsible Government secured, with full
control of our local affairs that development in this county moved
onward with rapidity.

From the earliest period of settlement till 1835 the whole
western district, which comprised all that portion of Ontario west
of the Grand River and a line drawn westward to Lake Huron,
was under a local government by magistrates, who assembled
usually in London. In such an immense territory, much of it yet
in a state of nature, it was impossible that such attention could be
given to local matters as their importance demanded. The people
had no interest in the management of township matters, their
rulers being appointed by the Crown. This destroyed all ambition
in those whom nature had designed as public men, dwarfing their
aspirations for distinction amongst their fellows, which is a high
and noble incentive to unselfish and honorable conduct in great

minds.

Prior to 1834 the magistrates in session managed all local
matters as they pleased. Being appointed by the Crown they, of
course, were not responsible to the people. In that year an Act
was passed providing "that the inhabitant householders, at an
annual township meeting, should appoint not less than three, nor
more than eighteen persons to be fence viewers. This was an
important concession at that time and was like the point of a

EARLY EVENTS 37

wedge, which was a few years later driven home, in a complete
separation from government control of local affairs and appoint
ment of municipal offices. At these meeting s they were also
authorized to determine what would be considered a lawful fence.
This Act also provided for the opening up of ditches and water
courses, as the fence viewers might decide.

In 1835 an important change was again made ; several Acts
previously passed respecting town meetings were repealed, and it
was provided, " that the township clerk should assemble the in
habitants of the township, being householders and freeholders at a
place agreed upon at a previous yearly meeting." This meeting
was empowered to choose the following officers : A clerk, three
commissioners, assessor, collector, and any number of persons
they thought proper to serve as overseers of highways, roads and
bridges, and as pound keepers. Collectors gave bonds to district
treasurers, to whom were paid the proceeds of rates levied, and the
township clerk gave bonds to the commissioners. The most im
portant change in this Act was appointing commissioners, to whom
were now transferred many of those powers respecting repairing
bridges and roads previously held and exercised by the Justices in
Quarter Sessions.

This board was required to meet three times at the place in
which their first meeting was held, and were authorized to hold
as many other meetings as they thought best at any place they
chose. They were to receive from the district treasurer five
shillings per day for their services. The Quarter Sessions, how
ever, still held the authority they formerly had in reference to the
administration of justice, location of highways, and other matters
general to the district. In 1839 those commissioners provided for
in the Act of 1835 were named town wardens. This system was
continued up till 1841, when the Legislature of the United
Provinces endeavored to create a municipal law that would meet
all the requirements of Upper Canada. It will be noted that
previous to this the authority of the Governor was nearly supreme,
he having power to determine the number of councillors and
appoint the warden.

38 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

The most ordinary observer may trace in these enactments the
basis of Canada s greatest piece of legislation, the sweeping away
of those rotten remains of an old feudal system which had been
transplanted into this country In Canada this old principle of
autocracy was held before our people like a dried mummy by the
Family Compact, a set of men who apparently were great in
nothing but their greed for office and personal aggrandizement.
It was the desire of Canadians, who disliked paternal government
and were anxious to shake of the incubus that rested on their
liberties, to elect their warden and other officers. This feeling
promoted and furnished the basis of the Act of 1841.

In pursuance of an Act of the first session of the first Parliament
of the United Canadas, passed 1841, in the fourth and fifth years of
our Sovereign Lady Victoria, " to provide for the better govern
ment of the part formerly known as Upper Canada, by the estab
lishing of local authorities therein," William Dunlop, Esq., who
was commissioned by the Governor as first warden of the new
district, then known as the united counties of Perth, Huron and
Bruce, called the council elected under the new Act together at
Goderich on the 8th day of February, 1842. Daniel Lizars read
the commission appointing Mr. Dunlop warden, also his own
appointment as acting clerk. There were present at that meeting
Messrs. Chalk, Daly, Dickson, Gait, Geary, Gordon, Helmer,
Holmes, R. Hodgins, I. Hodgins, Hawkins, Mclntosh, McConnell,
L. Sebring. The clerk reported the qualifications of all correct,
also their declaration of office and oath of allegiance. He also
communicated to the council a message from the warden of his
arrival, but being greatly fatigued, requested the council to ad
journ till next day. The council, like careful gentlemen, decided to
adjourn, if no extra expense would be incurred. This being satis
factory, at the meeting next day a resolution was passed fixing
their indemnity at 7/6 per diem and 6c per mile attending meetings.
It w r as also carried unanimously that a seat be provided inside the
bar for magistrates and officers of the district, also the ladies.
The following rules were adopted : That any person being elected
a district councillor and refusing to serve be fined 2, IDS. That

EARLY EVENTS 39

the council meet at 10 o clock. That all petitions be presented

the first day. That any person interrupting the council be fined

not less than IDS. nor more than ^5. Mr. Hawkins further

moved, and Mr. Holmes seconded, that the council do not receive

a certain letter sent by a Mr. Scott to the magistrates in session,

or any such letter containing a libel on any person. After due

consideration it was moved that the letter be thrown under the

table by the warden. The warden threw the letter under the

table accordingly. A terrible retribution on Mr. Scott, surely.

At this meeting an account was presented from one Hillary

Horton which tells a strange story to the citizens of Perth to-day.

To going to Hamilton for stores, 8 days journey, 6 o o

To hire of team, Hamilton to Gait 100

700

The salaries of local township clerks were fixed at ^,6 per
annum, excepting the Goderich clerk, who was to receive 8, IDS.
William Haldane w r as appointed auditor by the warden and Mr.
Kidd by the council. Four candidates appeared for clerk, John
Haldane, George Fraser, David Don, and Daniel Lizars, the
acting clerk. Mr. Don was elected.

From this period up till 1848 there is no record of the district
council proceedings, the whole being lost. I have been able- to
ascertain the names of members from other sources, however, and
who were as follows : In 1843, James Cairns, William Chalk,
W. W. Connor, J. C. W. Daly, M. T. Gallagher, M. Haw, John
Hawkins, I. Hodgins, R. Hodgins, John Holmes, David McConnell,
D. M. Mclntosh, Constant Van Egmond, and Alexander Young.
In 1844, Dr - Chalk, David Clark, W. W. Connor, J. C. W. Daly, A.
Dickson, John Hicks, Robert Hodgins, John Holmes, John Long-
worth, William May, D. McConnell, D. M. Mclntosh, Andrew
Sebach and C. Van Egmond. In 1845 we have the names of
Messrs. Chalk, Clark, Connor, Dickson, Hawkins, Helmer, Hicks,
J. Hodgins, R. Hodgins, Holmes, Junck, McCullough, Mclntosh,
and Van Egmond. In 1846 the members were Messrs. Chalk,
Clark, Hawkins, Hicks, Holmes, Hodgins, Hyde, Junck, Long-

40 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

worth, Murray, McCullough, Ritchie, McPherson, and Simpson.
In 1847, Messrs. Barbour, Chalk, Clark, Donkin, Girvin, Hays,
Hawkins, Helmer, Hicks, Jas. Hodgins, George Hodgins, George
Hyde, Junck, Lamb, Longworth, McCullough, Piper, Rankin,
Simpson, Sparling and Van Egmond.

In 1847 the Municipal Act was further amended by empowering
councils to choose their own warden, and conferring certain other
privileges on local authorities, enabling them to elect several of
their own offibers. Under this Act the council met February ist,
1848, and elected Wm. Chalk, who was the first warden ever
elected by the people. There were present on that occasion
from the municipalities, Messrs. Van Egmond, Hamilton, Rankin,
McPherson, Lamb, Balkwell, Hays, Sparling, Hicks, Thompson,
Hodgins, Fryfogle, Carter, Donkin, Piper, Girvin, Ritchie,
Holmes, Murray, Daly, Gibbons, Hawkins and Mclntyre. Mr.
Don, who was still clerk, with a desire for brevity in his reports,
which is sometimes commendable, but carried too far in this
instance, during his period of office as district clerk never reported
the given names or the place represented by any member of the
board.

In 1849 the council was composed of Messrs. Carter, Chalk,
Christie, Daly, Donkin, Fryfogle, Gibbons, Girvin, Hamilton,
Hays, Hawkins, Hicks, I. Hodgins, R. Hodgins, Holmes, Lamb,
Mclntyre, McPherson, Piper, Rankin, Ritchie, Shoebottom and
Thompson.

In 1850 was introduced the present Municipal Act, and under its
provisions arrangements were made withdrawing Perth from the
united counties of Huron, Perth and Bruce. Each township was
now represented by its Reeve, the members from Perth being T.
M. Daly, North Easthope ; Robert Donkin, Hibbert; Arundel Hill,
Blanshard ; Andrew Helmer, South Easthope ; James Hill, Ful-
larton ; John Hicks, united townships of Logan, Elma and Wal
lace ; Robert Henry, united townships of Ellice and Mornington,
and William Smith of Downie. These gentlemen and their
successors in office composed the provisional council for Perth
County until its complete organization in 1853.

EARLY EVENTS 41

By authority of the Municipal Act of 1850, which with a few
unimportant amendments is still in force, the provisional council of
Perth met " at the Union Hotel, in the village of Stratford, on
Tuesday, the i5th day of April, 1851, by virtue of a warrant from
John McDonald, sheriff of the united counties, and pursuant to
the Statute 12 Victoria, Chap. 38." The councillors present were :
Sebastian Fryfogle, S. Easthope ; Alexander Hamilton, N. East-
hope ; William Smith, reeve of Downie ; who acted as chairman ;
Andrew Monteith, deputy reeve, Downie ; Alexander Gourlay,
Ellice and Mornington ; William Rath, Logan, Elma and Wal
lace ; Robert Donkin, Hibbert ; T. B. Guest, Blanshard ; and
Jas. Hill, Fullarton. Two names were submitted as candidates
for warden: William Smith of Downie, and Sebastian Fryfogle
of S. Easthope. Mr. Fryfogle was elected. Stewart Campbell,
who was clerk of Ellice, was elected county clerk without opposi
tion. J. C. W. Daly was appointed treasurer. A committee was
named to select a site for new county buildings, composed of
Messrs. Fryfogle, Hamilton, Gourlay, Smith, and Monteith. It
was decided to offer a premium of 12, ios., for the most suitable
plans, cost not to exceed ^3,000 ; also to memoralize the govern
ment regarding the township of Mornington, which by Act 12
Vic., Chap. 78, is included in Waterloo, and by 12 Vic., Chap. 96,
is in this county. On the 23rd day of June council again met,
and decided to accept lots 41, 42, 87, north of the Avon, behind
the English church, owned by Mr. McCullough, whereon to erect
a court house and gaol.

It appears the plans submitted by Mr. Clark were accepted, and
a further grant of ^5 was made to him on condition that they
become county property. By a subsequent report, however, it
seems the prize was awarded to Mr. Ferguson on condition that
he prepare working plans. Tenders were also opened for new
buildings and the contract awarded to Mr. William Day of Guelph
for ^5,150. Mr. Day agreed to accept 2,000 in county deben
tures, bearing interest at six per cent, per annum, as part payment
for his work.

The next meeting of the provisional council was held on the

42 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

day of February, in the Union Hotel (Peter Woods ), village
of Stratford. At this meeting there were present : -William
Smith and Andrew Monteith, reeve and deputy of Downie ; Alex
ander Gourlay, Ellice and Mornington ; Alexander Mitchell, S.
Easthope ; Alexander Hamilton, N. Easthope ; J. C. Smith,
Logan, Elma and Wallace ; Thomas McGerry, Hibbert. Fullarton
and Blanshard were apparently unrepresented. William Smith,
Downie, was elected warden ; Stewart Campbell, clerk, and J. C.
W. Daly, treasurer. The business of this council at its various
sessions was wholly that of detail in connection with new county
buildings which were erected during that year. The council
borrowed ^30 to pay current expenses.

Perth County as then organized contained 539,685 acres of land,
comprising the townships of North and South Easthope, Downie,
Blanshard, Fullarton, Hibbert, Logan, Ellice, Mornington, Elma
and Wallace. The last three of these were originally set apart as
clergy reserves and school lands and were sold directly to the
settler by the Crown. The other eight were a portion of the
Huron tract. The topography of this large area ot land may be
said to consist of one great plain, and only in a few sections can
its surface be considered hilly. Rolling land in Perth will always
be found near those large streams that intersect it in various
directions in their course from those marshes or swamps where
they rise. Although this county is level or undulating throughout
there is sufficient drainage for all surplus moisture.

In the townships of Logan, Ellice and Elma, which lie on the
height of land between Lakes Huron and Erie, sections of wet
lands prevailed. From those swamps, which were at one time
considered almost impenetrable, those streams forming the north
branch of the Thames have their source, flowing south-west into
Lake St. Clair. The Maitland river, rising in Elma, flows west
into Lake Huron. The Nith, a large tributary of the Grand river,
flows south-east into Lake Erie. The soil throughout these
various townships is very fertile, producing in abundance all
those products raised in every department of the farm.

The Municipal Act of 1850 was pregnant with change to the

EARLY EVENTS 43

newly organized County of Perth, and was productive of results
during the next five years of greater magnitude in material pro
gress and development than all that had been accomplished since
the Huron road was opened in 1829. While this was undoubtedly
true, it does not neccessarily imply a lack of progressiveness in
those who hitherto had directed affairs in the district. There are
circumstances in connection with a new country which of them
selves to a great extent prevent progress, excepting that of clearing
land. It may seem strange and indicating a want of that energy
and determination attributed to the pioneer that, beyond establish
ing a few school sections, nothing had been done. No effort had
yet been made to introduce any system by which their goods could
be placed on the market with greater economy, both of time and
labour. It must be remembered, however, that the Huron tract
was comparatively sparsely settled, in many sections, even in 1850,
and the struggle of pioneer life was far from being over. Previous
to 1841 the mode of municipal government was entirely at vari
ance with the democratic ideals of the settler, in so far as those
placed in authority over him were not of his choice, but were
favored ones of an arbitrary Government. Subsequent to that
period and up to the introduction of our present municipal system,
while the people had, and were enjoying a certain portion of, self
government, it fell far short of that established in 1850. It must
be borne in mind, also, that representatives from those districts
comprising the united counties had immense territories under
their charge, with great areas of a primitive wilderness lying
between each new settlement, thus preventing that close attention
to the wants of their constituents neccessary to a more rapid
improvement.

But, again, I am constrained to say that while those in authority
at Goderich may have done something (as was their duty) to facili
tate settlement and improve the Huron tract, it cannot be shown
that, with the exception of clearing a road to Goderich to assist
travel in that direction, much had been accomplished. As an
evidence, the early records of this district and the testimony of
those old pioneers yet remaining will be found strongly supporting

44 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

this assertion. There is an old saying that all roads lead to Rome,
and so in the olden time throughout this district all roads led, or
should have led, to Goderich. A few people not more than a half
dozen families, officers of the Canada Company and of the district-
isolated as they were from the centres of trade and civilization, had
founded a little world of their own in this new town on Lake
Huron. The horizon which encircled their commercial ideas ap
pears to have been very circumscribed. While they were engaged
in their little so-called squabbles and formulating plans for the
future greatness of this new centre on the River Menegtung, a
mighty force was even then asserting itself, which swept away all
their dreams and their greatness. " Nae mon can teither time or
tide," says Burns ; neither can man stem the tide of commerce ;
it will find its proper channel even if it wreck the glorious visions
of a few officials in a remote corner of our Canadian woods. As
might be expected, the first railroad through the Huron tract met
with opposition from several of this little coterie ; not that it might
not be useful to the county, but that it would injure Goderich. It
appears from their conduct that long isolation from the outside
world had in some degree warped their judgment and shrivelled up
their ideas, which in some directions with several of them were of
a high order. They were incapable of being impressed with those
marvellous operations of the pioneer woodman now almost every
where seen around them. It is, therefore, not to the enterprise of
those few individuals who held sway in Goderich that we must
look for the marvellous change which occurred between the years
1829 and 1859 in this county. To the pioneer woodman, rude and
uncultured though he was, and to those men whom he raised from
his own ranks by the authority of municipal legislation, which en
abled him to place in power those whose trend of thought was in
accord with the genius of the backwoods and his own aspirations,
the honor is due. To these men, and their legislative enactments
at our council boards, we turn as to the true source of our present
advancement, in those forms which contribute so much to our
comfort and our enjoyment. As Dr. Dunlop, in his own expres
sive way, once beautifully said the greatness of the Huron

EARLY EVENTS 45

tract "we owe to the work and the worth of the people." This is
the hig-hest tribute that can be paid to the pioneer. With an ex
tract from the minutes of the last session of the District Council of
1849 we close these remarks : " Moved by Mr. Christie, seconded
by Mr. Daly, that this being- the last meeting- of the Huron Dis
trict Council, the members do return thanks to our Warden (Dr.
Chalk, who was the first warden elected by the people) for his
uniform kindness to each individual member, and for the very
proper and dignified manner in which he has conducted the pro
ceeding s of this Council. Carried unanimously."

The board then adjourned, never to meet again under its old
time constitution.

CHAPTER IV.

POLITICAL NOTES.

The Huron tract was first designated as Huron County, com
prising all those lands granted to the Canada Company forming- a
portion of that territory in Upper Canada west of the Grand
River and a line drawn northward to the Georgian Bay. London
was founded early in the last century, and the central local
government was located there for this vast section of country. A
separation was effected in 1841 by withdrawing a portion of this
western district and erecting another, with its central govern
ment in Goderich. In that period, between 1841 and 1850, this
section was known as " The United Counties of Huron, Perth and
Bruce." During 1850 another dismemberment took place by
withdrawing Perth, which was erected into a new county, its local
government being located in Stratford. In 1841 this county was
first known as "Perth," receiving that name in honor of Perth
shire, Scotland. From this Shire a large number of the early
settlers came to N. Easthope, which soon became the most popu
lous section in Perth County. They were desirous of naming their
new home in remembrance of that they had left, and largely
through the instrumentality of J. J. E. Linton this county
received its name.

On January 24, 1853, Perth County assumed the responsibilities
of municipal government, granted by the Act of 1850. At twelve
o clock the first assembly of local representatives met in the court
house, now completed. On that memorable day an organization
was effected whose power and influence for good has had a marked
effect on our material development and progress. William Smith,
reeve of Downie, took the chair, and the following gentlemen

COUNTY OFFICIALS, 1902.

1. Wm. Davidson, Clerk. 2. Malcolm MacBeth, Auditor. 3. Fred. Branston,
Caretaker of Court House. 4. Geo. Hamilton, Treasurer. 5. Wm. Irwin, Inspector
of Public Schools. 6. James Jones, Auditor.

POLITICAL NOTES 49

delivered certificates of election from their several municipalities :
Sebastian Fryfogle, South Easthope ; Robert Christie, Logan,
Elma and Wallace ; Andrew Monteith, deputy reeve, Downie ;
Alexander Gourlay, Elma and Mornington ; Arundel Hill, deputy
reeve, Blanshard ; Alexander McLaren, Hibbert ; Thomas Ford,
Fullarton ; Alexander Grant, North Easthope ; Thomas B. Guest,
reeve, Blanshard ; William Smith, reeve of Downie. On motion
of Mr. Gourlay, seconded by Mr. Fryfogle, William Smith, reeve
of Downie, was unanimously elected first warden. There is no
motion for appointing a clerk, but as Stewart Campbell s name
first appears in the minutes as holding that office, it may be inferred
that he was appointed. Three candidates appeared for the office
of treasurer, Alexander McGregor, A. B. Orr, and A. F. Meikle.
This contest was a keen one, and ended by Mr. McGregor being
elected by a majority of three votes ; Mr. James Orr and Samuel
Lloyd Robarts were appointed auditors.

The remuneration allowed those several officers for services
rendered was : Warden, 1$ clerk, ^30 ; treasurer, ^50 ;
auditors, ^3 each, and the reeves six shillings and three pence per
day and three pence per mile. Mr. Rowland was allowed one
pound for inserting by-laws in "Perth County News." Messenger,
five shillings per day for each day s attendance. As indicating our
financial ability, we find estimates for the several departments
amounted to ^1,860, of which 600 was for administration of
justice. Of this sum Blanshard contributed ^304 ; Hibbert,
122 ; Logan, ^123 ; Mornington, 69 ; Ellice, ^234 ; Downie,
^318 ; Fullarton, ^189 ; S. Easthope, ^198 ; N. Easthope, ^300.
These sums include town line grants for that year, amounting to
;ioo. It appears also from another item that James Redford was
appointed superintendent of schools at a salary of ^40 per annum.
At this meeting also appeared the mania for special grants in all its
youthful freshness and glory. The attitude of individual county
councillors towards county funds in the matter of special grants
appeared like a mild type of lunacy, which seemed to break out the
moment they entered the council chamber. It was singularly in
fectious, and an honest, unsophisticated reeve or deputy from the

50 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

swamps of Elma or Ellice would be at once seized with the
contagion, sometimes of an incurable type, displaying an ingenuity
in his manipulation of most wondrous schemes before the board,
which secured very acceptable encomiums from his constituents.
The reeves carried this infection back to their township councils,
where it raged with considerable violence until an antidote was found
in an amendment to the Municipal Act. In our county council yet
may be heard on some occasions a feeble wail, like the last faint
tones of that spirit who presided over special grant legislation, as
if it was taking a sorrowful farewell of that hall where in times
gone by it held high carnival in magnificence and power.

While this conflict was kept up with animation and spirit for
special grants, the council in another direction brought to bear a
spirit of progress, such as had not so far manifested itself, in local
legislation. This was a motion to borrow ^"20,000 for improve
ment of leading roads. When this by-law, framed on a report of
the gravel road committee, was introduced the amount was further
increased to 22,000. An apportionment was made to Stratford
and St. Marys road, ^3,600 ; Huron road, from Wilmot to Carron-
brook, ^10,000 ; Embro road, from Zorra to the junction with the
St. Marys road, 1,000; new Mitchell road, extending south
through Fullarton, ^500; old Mitchell road, ^250; making bridges
across the Thames in Fullarton, ^250 ; centre road of Hibbert,
commencing at Carronbrook, ^700; Logan road, commencing at
Mitchell, 750 ; road through N. Easthope, commencing at Bell s
Corners (Shakespeare), 750 ; road through Ellice, leading to
Mornington, ^1,250 ; gravelling side road between lots 20 and 21,
Downie, and certain other roads in Downie leading to the Mitchell
road, 600 ; four hundred shares in London and Proof Line gravel
road, ^2,000 ; seventy shares in Woodstock and Huron gravel
road, ^350. It may be noticed that in this by-law, which was
passed on the fifth day of June, 1853, no apportionment was made
to Blanshard. That township, however, came to a fair share of the
distribution. In 1852 that municipality had subscribed for four
hundred shares in the London and Proof Line gravel road, amount
ing to ^2,000. This sum was assumed by the county, relieving

POLITICAL NOTES

5 1

Blanshard from her liability. It may be noted also that when the
toll g-ates had been removed in other sections of this county,
Blanshard bought the whole stock in the London and Proof Line
Company in 1870 at a rate of sixty cents on the dollar. The stock
held by the county in this road was assigned back to Blanshard
without consideration, thus investing- that township with all rights,
privileges and franchises of a road company, the only one in
Perth County.

The county council having made provisions for gravelling those
leading roads, formulated arrangements for a liquidation of the
loan in twenty years by erecting toll gates on the Huron and
St. Marys gravel roads. On those two roads six toll gates were
erected, four being placed at various points between Wilmot and
Carronbrook. On the St. Marys road two gates were erected,
one adjoining St. Marys, and the other near Stratford. The rates
collected at these several customs houses were certainly ample to
liquidate the debt contracted in constructing these highways, and,
indeed, with a fair amount of traffic would have been sufficient to
supplement taxation in no small degree. Thus, for every vehicle
drawn by two horses was charged 7>^d., an additional horse 2d.,
vehicle drawn by one animal 4d. , saddle horse 2d., head of cattle
one penny, score of sheep or swine qd. From a report of the toll
gate committee, the rental of all these gates for one year realized a
clearrevenue of ^1,950, and were re-sold the second year for ^2, 194.
Of this sum the largest amount obtained was from No. 4, on the
Huron road, near Stratford, amounting to ^,400, the lowest No. i,
near Wilmot, ^134. On the St. Marys road No. i, near Stratford,
realized ^308, and No. 2, at St. Marys, 215. Spacious and
profitable as the scheme was for obtaining revenue by a system of
toll gates, it was not popular. An old pioneer who had entered the
pathless woods with his axe and made roads anywhere to suit
himself felt the gates to be an imposition. It was an impost
peculiar to that old land he had left, and not suited to progressive
Canada. He was impelled, therefore, by his hatred of a tax on his
personal liberty, to free himself as soon as possible. This antago
nistic feeling towards toll gates gave greater impetus to that

52 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

marvellous improvement in highways between 1860 and 1870. The
ratepayer taxed himself to gravel parallel lines of roads to his
market town. He would no longer submit to an impost for travel
ling his own road, built by his own money. He would not stand
and deliver at the importunity of an impecunious toll keeper. For
several years prior to 1868 the county council experienced some
difficulty with its toll gate keepers. These poor people did not
realize a change going on around them in improvement of roads.
In spite, therefore, of a steadily decreasing traffic they still offered
former rates. As a result they were soon unable to fulfil their
engagements. The council had recourse to their securities, and
cases of great hardship were continually cropping up. In 1868,
therefore, the county council took such steps, upon a report sub
mitted by D. D. Hay, as swept the whole system out of existence.
The last gate to be removed was one on the Base Line, Blanshard,
which remained till 1873, when it also became a thing of the
past.

Meantime, while these improvements involving vast sums of
money were being carried out, the northern portion of this county
had been steadily persevering towards a solid material development.
In 1853 Ellice and Mornington, formerly united for municipal pur
poses, were set apart, each sending its own representatives to the
county board. A motion was passed in 1856 whereby Elma was
separated from Logan and Wallace, for municipal purposes, and
William Morrison appointed to call the first meeting. Another
by-law was passed in 1857 separating Wallace from Logan, and
D. D. Campbell appointed to call the first meeting at lot 24, con. 4.
It was not till 1866, however, that the now important town of
Listowel was set apart and Samuel Davidson appointed as first
returning officer. Some years later the village of Milverton sprung
up, adding one more representative to the county council. At a
meeting in 1856 a bylaw was passed granting a bonus of i each
for wolf scalps. In 1859 applicants under this bylaw were paid
12. It is difficult to realize that when we look at the beautiful
farms and farm buildings everywhere, that only forty years ago
the sum of 12 had been paid in one year for wolf scalps. In 1855

POLITICAL NOTES 53

a further sum of .3,000 was raised for the completion of gravel
roads, together with one thousand pounds for purchasing a site
for a grammar school, in Stratford. Two years later the registry
office was erected at a cost of 400.

The next important event in the political history of this county
was passing two by-laws in 1873 to borrow $120,000 in aid
of constructing a railway from Stratford to Wiarton, north, and
from Stratford to Port Dover, south. To the first of these projects
$80,000 was granted, and to the later $40,000. The denunciations
of this scheme in the southern townships were loud and deep.
Violent speeches were made by county council representatives
when they returned to their constituents for re-election. Rate
payers in Blanshard, Fullarton, and Hibbert felt ruin staring them
in the face. Those old farms they had hewed out of the forest were
to be heavily mortgaged to enrich those greedy northern adventu
rers, chief of which was Mr. D. D. Hay, reeve of Listowel. Mr.
Hay was represented as being a cold, calculating man, with no
other object than that of compelling the southern townships, who
were now becoming rich, to build roads and improve the Ellice
swamp, which for all time to come would only be a place for
wolves. The minute books of these southern municipalities con
tain most marvellous expressions of unanimous votes of their town
ship boards condemning this scheme. Some old settlers will yet
remember how their hearts burned within them as they listened to
these grand outpourings of declamation against the northern
people. Township halls rung with plaudits of an approving elec
torate, as reeves and deputies recounted their heroic efforts in the
cause of honest government. In some secret, deep, dark chamber,
in a certain house of public entertainment in Stratford, the buckets
had been let down into pure wells of political knowledge, from which
was drawn forth such material as had been formulated into a plan
that Mr. Hay and his followers would not be able to circumvent.
In short, the present representatives should be returned again to
power and glorious results would assuredly follow. Mr. Hay and
his followers would then be relegated to that obscurity and con
tempt which, let me say, is, alas ! too often the destiny of noble,

54 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

honest, though unsuccessful effort. Time, which solves all
problems, solved this one also. The by-law was submitted. Its
opponents fought it from stage to stage, and, like the Boers in
South Africa, were no sooner driven from one refuge than they
entrenched themselves behind another. The final vote, after
numerous amendments, was taken on the original sum of $120,000,
which was carried amid great excitement by a majority of one.
All the southern representatives, with the exception of Mr. Thomas
Ballantyne, voted against it. Mr. Ballantyne was then reeve of
Downie, and his vote on this occasion (one of the best he ever
gave), weakened his support when he appealed to the electorate on
other occasions. In Blanshard only one vote was recorded in its
favor. In Hibbert, Fullarton and Downie majorities against it
were decisive. The northern townships, however, with Stratford,
gave overwhelming majorities for it. The by-law was carried and
our county increased its debt $120,000.

Before dismissing this measure, which greatly agitated our
people during its progress, those who opposed it honestly will
acknowledge now that it was a great and useful measure, giving
a feeling of unity to this county that did not previously exist. The
determination of Mr. Hay and that vote of Mr. Ballantyne have
been productive of great results. Portions of Ellice and Elma,
which were said to be fit only for wolves, and whose ratepayers,
led by Mr. Hay, were animated by the same voracious spirit as
their marauders, are now transformed, largely by the agency of
this railroad, into beautiful sections of agricultural country. It
must be gratifying now for those veterans of the olden time, who
had confidence in the splendid material interests awaiting develop
ment in this northern part, to see that fruition of their honest
endeavor which has followed their efforts. In some sections great
level plains extend as far as the eye can reach, supplying dairying
material, whose product manufactured into cheese has made this
county famous everywhere for its proficiency in that branch of
farm industry. Along this line of railway north, which was built
through a swamp, are now fertile fields, fine farm buildings,
homes of an industrious and law-abiding people. The much

POLITICAL NOTES 55

vaunted fertility of the southern part of this county will be soon
eclipsed by a greater richness in many sections of that once de
spised north, and the day is not far distant when it will contribute
as much, nay, more to the finances of this county than will amply
repay all parties for any increased expenditure made in their
behalf.

It was several years subsequent to these grants being- made
before any further increase was made to county liabilities. As
early, however, as 1866, or exactly thirteen years after the first
county buildings had been completed, a motion was introduced to
construct a new jail. A few years later an agitation originated
for erecting- a new court house as well. It seems marvellous that
a building costing over $20,000 should have been so ill suited to
its purpose that in thirteen years a desire should be expressed for
its removal. Many ratepayers of this county will remember that
imposing- old Temple of Justice, crowning- the summit of a low
hill, north of Lake Victoria. Under that grand old portico,
supported by a row of columns in imitation of the Pantheon,
pioneer jurymen, smoking black tobacco in old clay pipes, and clad
in homespun, reclined in oblivious unconcern of all the world, or
remembered only a little clearing- away in the backwoods which
they called home. Within this building the blind goddess had sat
with her wavering- balance for only a few years, when she
demanded a palace of greater splendor, worthy of her ancient
privileges, and commensurate with the dignity of those duties she
was called on to perform. It is true that within its doors those
several cells or dormitories, dignified by the name of county offices,
were dark, miserable little dens. These dens were arranged on
each side of a narrow passage which ran through the centre of the
building, denominated corridors, and were like rat holes in an old
tenement.

During a period of twenty years, from 1865 to 1885, in spite of
grand juries, in spite of judges, in spite of mandamuses and
inspectors, with all the machinery modern civilization has formu
lated to coerce public bodies, the council refused to move for
better accommodation. On several occasions they passed votes

56 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

of censure on grand juries for their presentments regarding- new
buildings. These they regarded as echoes of his Lordship s
charge, who knew little of the people, and, it is presumable, cared
as little. For ten years previous to erecting the present buildings
the minutes present a policy of temporizing, procrastination, of
motions and counter motions, such as would do honor to the
highest court in this land. The municipal ship during those
years was not sailing in smooth waters. Our debt was oppres
sive, councils were pestered by recommendations from grand
juries. In 1873 they had added $120,000 to our already heavy
burdens. They felt that caution was necessary, and it was not
till 1885 that they decided to add another $100,000 to their for
mer obligations, and contracts were let for the present county
buildings to Scrimgeour Bros., of Stratford, at a cost of $95,000.
The last great work undertaken by this county was a house of
refuge, erected at a cost of $15,990, by Mr. Clark, of Toronto. It
is said "the poor ye have always with you," and as early as 1856
a motion was introduced (which was not carried out) making pro
vision for this unfortunate class. Previous to constructing this
home, indigents received small sums from local municipalities,
which were often supplemented by charity from their immediate
neighbors. All such grants were inadequate to supply even the
most ordinary necessaries of life, and seemed only sufficient to
prolong the wretchedness of the recipient, rather than mitigate his
distress. Poor creatures, in many cases, were domiciled in
miserable shanties on roadsides, and whether deserving or not,
they were human and entitled to sympathy and attention. The
house of refuge is a noble charity and worthy of our people. There
is no gratification equal to that arising from help extended to
those who are helpless. Every ratepayer should visit this home,
see the table he has spread, the comfort he has bestowed, and the
provision he has made for many who were old, friendless, and for
saken. To those who are still able to perform a little labor, the
farm in connection affords an opportunity. Many who, by age or
infirmity, are unfit to engage in manual labor, receive care and
attention from attendants. To those visitors who find pleasure in

POLITICAL NOTES 57

the happiness of others, it is pleasing to note, as you pass along
the corridors, apartments with many appointments of home life.
Here is a room occupied by an aged pair, and so strong is the
domestic instinct in woman that even in this place she has dis
played her ingenuity and handiwork in embellishing the walls until
it looks like "Home, sweet home." The regulation that obtained,
I believe, in some houses of refuge in other counties of separating
aged couples was a barbarous one, and is, I hope, discontinued
and a more humane system adopted.

As might be expected, equalizing those assessments upon which
are based all county rates was from the earliest period a matter
of contention. Long and unyielding were those struggles between
champions from the north with those of the more fertile and better
improved south regarding this important function. There was no
question affording more scope for an Ingenious representative,
whether as a manipulator of figures or as a leader of men. The
fairness, however, with which this matter was disposed of for a
period of nearly fifty years is in itself a tribute to the watchfulness
and political sagacity of the council. During the December ses
sions of 1853 the assessors were asked to report regarding this
matter of equalization. A committee was also appointed, composed
of Messrs. Guest, Grant, Ford, Monteith and Christie, who re
ported on this question as follows :

The rolls for North Easthope too high discount five per cent. ;
Logan, correct ; Ellice, correct ; Downie, ditto ; Fullarton, ditto ;
South Easthope, too low, add 20 per cent.; Blanshard, same
deliverance ; Hibbert, same ditto ; Mornington, low, add 5 per
cent. (Signed), ROBERT CHRISTIE, Chairman."

Upon this equalization was based the first rate levied for county
purposes, amounting to ^"1,860 ($7,000.00). In 1874 the ques
tion of equalization was submitted to Judge Lizars, who examined
several parties on oath as to valuations, and formulated a schedule
setting forth values in all the municipalities. This did not remain
long satisfactory, and, indeed, no equalization could long remain
so. Those conditions affecting the value of property were, and
are now, changing so rapidly that what may be a fair and equit-

58 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

able arrangement now in a very short period would be found to be
unjust and oppressive in many sections. During- 1887 an exhaust
ive and systematic valuation was again made. The late John Mc
Millan, Esq., M.P. , with Mr. Long, an ex-warden of Waterloo
county, personally examined every farm in the county. A report
made by those gentlemen, perhaps the best that could be done,
has formed the basis of equalization ever since, but may now be
said to be obsolete and no longer reliable as to values. In that
portion of our county lying south of the Huron road a valuation
of any one township would be applicable to all. There is no
appreciable difference as to local conveniences or marketing facili
ties. In those municipalities north of the Huron road conditions
are different. Their marketing facilities may be equally good,
the soil may be as fertile, and, indeed, a portion of it is considered
much more so than that of the south. Much of the land is equally
well improved. Notwithstanding these co-relations in circum
stances any basis of equalization decided upon without having
due regard to those large expenditures incurred in reclamation of
waste lands would be unfair and unjust. These waste lands were
useless for any purpose until a system of drainage was introduced.
If they are now valuable the county is not to be thanked for it. A
time may not be far distant when they will contribute largely to the
county treasury, but that should not be until the liabilities incurred
in their reclamation are discharged. To equalize these lands at
their present value would be to place a double burden upon those
who reside on them. They would first be taxed for county pur
poses, and second, they would be taxed to pay those loans which
made them worth taxing. It is not a good argument to say that
large quantities of timber realizing goodly sums have been
obtained in process of clearing. That could be argued in regard
to all the townships. But these are questions for the council,
rather than for the historian, to consider.

While these events were transpiring and a steady progress was
being made from old pioneer days to those of comfort and con
venience, Perth county had assumed financial burdens from which
it has not yet been released. That the liabilities incurred by our

POLITICAL NOTES 59

representatives for aiding- and developing our natural resources
were appropriated and disbursed with great economy and skill no
one will deny. That a large portion of the funds so granted has
been a total loss, so far as their recovery in currency is concerned,
is equally true. If, on the other hand, we consider those evolu
tionary methods which gave us gravel roads, railroads, etc., and
consequently an enhanced value of property, although our loss
has been great we are largely indemnified for the outlay.
Since the organization of this county in 1851 there has been
borrowed for original investment upwards of $570,000 in round
numbers. Of this amount $200,000 was allotted to us at our
separation from Huron and Bruce as our share of ^125,000,
borowed to aid in constructing the Brantford, Buffalo & Lake
Huron Railway. When this road was merged with the present
Buffalo & Lake Huron Railway all of this sum was swept
away and lost. Of $88,000 borrowed for building gravel roads
over $60,000 was lost. During those years that tolls were
collected there was received from this source about $2,000
per annum or a gross sum of $30,000. It is true these roads
were given to the municipalities subsequent to removal of
toll-gates, but without any consideration, leaving the county still
liable for the original debt. The old county buildings which cost
$20,000, were at the end of 35 years written off as an asset. The
sum of $120,000, voted in December, 1873, in aid of Stratford and
Port Dover and Stratford and Huron R. R., never could be consid
ered as an asset ; it was a gift and is still to be paid. These,
with $95,000 for new county buildings, $16,000 for the house of
refuge, $30,000 to complete old gravel road disbursements, $7,000
for South Perth registry office, $2,000 for registry office for North
Perth, $4,000 for the old grammar school in Stratford, constitute
the principal sums borrowed by this county since its organization
in 1853.

Subsequent to that period, when our first obligations were incur
red, certain payments in liquidation were made. With regard to
those funds borrowed from the Municipal Loan Fund, amounting to
$288,000, neither principal nor interest was paid for several years

60 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

prior to the distribution by the Government. In 1873, when a
settlement was made, our actual debt amounted to $437,000.
This pressed heavily on our people. Rates levied by the county
were extreme. For more than one year great sums were collected.
Still our debt was increasing and something had to be done.

The Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald on his retiring from the
premiership, left in the treasury of Ontario available funds
amounting to $3,000,000.00. Sir Oliver Mowat, who eventually
became first Minister, proposed to divide this large surplus
amongst those municipalities who had aided railways or in other
directions had contributed to the development of the province.
Perth County was indebted to this fund in the sum of $288,000,
with several years interest accrued. $200,000 of this amount was
a grant to Brantford and Lake Huron Railway, entitling our
county to a share in this distribution. The Government had for
mulated a plan of granting $2,000 per mile where aid had been
given to railways. This seemed fair and equitable. In those years
previous to a settlement being effected, Mr. D. D. Hay presented
reports dealing with county liabilities. In 1873 a delegation com
posed of Robert Jones, Warden, Thomas Ballantyne, and William
Davidson (present county clerk), were appointed to interview the
Government in relation to our share of this fund. With them was
associated the late Andrew Monteith, county treasurer, and
member for North Perth in the Local Legislature, who rendered
valuable service. The whole of this delegation were able men,
and formulated a most ingenious plan of their own for a settlement.
While the Government had decided on granting $2,000 per mile,
the delegation considered such a plan as unfair and that any dis
tribution should be based on the funds lost, and not on the amount
originally loaned. To enable the reader to understand this
ingenious plan, we give an extract from the report : "For
instance, in the Government calculation we found Brantford set
down as assisting the railway to the extent of $500,000 and Strat
ford $100,000, while the former in reality only aided to the amount
of 8139,000, and the latter about $11,000. Brantford, like our
selves, took stock in the same company to the amount of $100,000

POLITICAL NOTES 6 1

and lost the whole. They, however, contracted a second loan of
$400,000, $40,000 of which was left for the payment of interest
and sinking- fund ; the balance was advanced to the Buffalo &
Lake Huron Railway, on the security of its bonds, which they
afterwards sold and realized in cash nearly $322,000, so that they
only lost the amount above stated. Stratford realized $89,000 on
their bonds, and lost only the above amount. We may here state
that the number of miles from Fort Erie to Goderich is 161, which
at $2,000 per mile would be $322,000 for the whole road. Deduct
ing the amount which Brantford and Stratford had realized for
their bonds made $829,000 the total amount lost, and which
amount would be the basis of adjusting the allowance, instead of
$1,278,000 taken by the Government in the calculations referred
to in the foregoing schedules, and which instead of giving- twenty-
five cents on the dollar actually lost would be 39^ cents, or
instead of this county receiving- $50,000 it would be $80,000,
which $30,000 additional, when interest is calculated and com
pounded annually for 19 years would be $70,000 of a difference
between the two calculations, and would further reduce our
indebtedness that amount." The delegation succeeded in securing
the adoption of this plan by the Government, thus liquidating in
this transaction $150,000 of our county debt. We would advise
any of our readers who may be interested in such matters to peruse
this most elaborate and exhaustive report, which will be found in
the council proceedings of 1873, June session, page 19. This is
by far the most ingenious and logical paper ever given to the
council, and well merited a vote of thanks, introduced by Mr.
Trow, for the distinguished services of the delegation. From this
period our liabilities were gradually reduced, notwithstanding
those amounts voted to the Stratford & Huron Railway, and the
cost of county buildings. In 1888, our total debenture debt was
$250,000. During 1892 further liabilities were incurred for erect
ing the house of refuge, which is our last loan obtained for special
improvements.

At present our liabilities are being largely reduced without any
additional taxation being laid on the people. According to the

62 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

last auditors report our debenture debt amounts to $203,400
.Meantime the house of refuge debentures are being- paid annually
as they mature. A sinking- fund amounting to $8,000 yearly
(which now amounts to $35,000) is being set apart to meet county
buildings and railway debentures as they mature. The present
actual debt, therefore, of this county, after deducting those
amounts at credit in the sinking fund, will not exceed $170,000,
or somewhat less than it has ever been since its organization. We
may feel assured, therefore, that the beginning of the end is near,
and in a very short time a final cancellation of our whole indebted
ness will have passed into history.

In 1896 we reached a period in our political life termed by the
warden in an address, "almost revolutionary." By an Act of the
Legislature the constitution of county councils was entirely changed,
and representation by reeves and deputy reeves was abolished.
This Act made provision for constituting a court to divide the
county into districts or small constituencies, for electoral purposes,
two representatives being sent from each as members of the
board. No. i was composed of the township of Wallace and the
town of Listowel ; No. 2, townships of Logan and Elma ; No. 3,
the townships of Hibbert and Fullarton, and the town of Mitchell ;
No. 4, the townships of Blanshard and Downie ; No. 5, the town
ships of North and South Easthope ; No. 6, the townships of
Ellice and Mornington, with the village of Milverton. At the
December session in 1896, Mr. Thomas Ryan, warden, delivered
a farewell address to the last county council of Perth elected
under the old Act of 1850. We submit a synopsis of this address,
as a fair embodiment of the feelings of a certain section of our
people regarding this change. In a paragraph the warden finely
and truthfully says : "To accomplish all this (referring to the
progress of the county) required work and perseverance, and the
success is largely attributable to the sturdy pioneers. The men
comprising the early councils should not be forgotten. They had
difficulties to contend with and obstacles to overcome, and it is
fitting that this, the last meeting of the last council under the
existing law, should contribute to the memories of those who

POLITICAL NOTES 63

have passed away some eulogy in appreciation of their efforts in
early years, and to those who are still living- who served from
thirty to forty years ago, a few of whom we may here mention,
viz., David Cathcart in 1856, D. D. Hay in 1860, P. R. Jarvis
and John McDermott in 1861, Abraham Davidson in 1862, Thomas
Stoney in 1864, George Leversage in 1866, Hon. Thomas Ballan-
tyne in 1867, and the present clerk, William Davidson, in 1868, the
latter having- been present at every meeting for twenty-nine years.
We extend the hope that those who are still remaining- with us,
though in the sere and yellow, may be spared for many years,
though many of them have passed the allotted term of life." To
this band of old municipal veterans the historian will add the name
of Andrew Monteith, who was in harness continually for a period
of over forty years.

The warden says further in another part of his address (indicat
ing- that he is breathing an atmosphere of sad farewells) in
opposition to this measure that : "This council has already
expressed by a unanimous resolution that the chang-e is not a
desirable one, and asking for its repeal as soon as convenient to
have it done. I might be induced to favor a reduction in the
number of representatives, but I cannot but look with disfavor on
the probable disfranchising of a rural municipality, as may be
under the new law, and shall hope before long- to see the statute
so altered that we will be represented here from each municipality
by the head thereof. The plea put forth in favor of the chang-e is
not founded on fact, that of preventing- a system of what is known
as log-rolling ; such of late years has not been known to exist."

While this may be true, it is equally true that as early as 1865
the council expressed a desire by resolution of the board for
reducing- the number of representatives. Such resolutions, re
peated subsequently, indicate that in their opinion fewer
representatives would be sufficient to protect the interests of the
people. There should, therefore, be no fault found in giving effect
to those feelings so unequivocally expressed. As to the method
adopted by government, in their wisdom they considered it rig-ht.
The county council when the period of dissolution came thought it

64 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

was wrong. The government from disinterested motives reduced
the representation. The council from interested motives desired
no interference. The impartial student of municipal history will,
we think, endorse the action of the government. He will do so
for several reasons, ist. Because the Municipal Act contemplates
no other form of taxation under its provisions than a direct tax
on property. 2nd. In that case representation should be based on
taxable substance in proportion to its value and not on population,
the plan that formerly existed. To elect representatives on a
basis of population gave excess of power to the proletariat, giving
them control for municipal expenditure of the property of those
holding larger estates. To illustrate this, a town or village paying
a tax of $2,000 for county purposes may have a population
sufficient to entitle them to three representatives at a county
board. Another municipality, from its greater wealth, may be
asked to contribute $5,000, but because of its smaller population
would be entitled to only two members. It is clear, therefore,
that a municipality with a greater number of ratepayers and
smaller taxable property will control a richer municipality with
smaller population and greater taxable property. This principle
we hold to be antagonistic to the spirit of equal rights character
istic of municipal law, and the present Act removes a long existing
evil by arranging districts so that the taxable substance will
control to a greater extent the hand that marks the ballot.

While this excellent measure may have had, and still has, its
opponents, it might be well for us to consider, in the event of
a further change being made, whether it would not be better
rather than increase the representation, to reduce it still further.
We are inclined to think the latter would be to our advantage.
There is danger under the existing law that in case of an equaliza
tion, two representatives from one district might be found in
opposition to each other. It is hoped, however, that this question
will not be left to county commissioners, but in all cases shall be
decided by a court of practical men residing outside of county
limits. It is argued also by opponents of this measure that the
standard of ability in local councils has been lowered by with-

POLITICAL NOTES 65

drawal of our ablest men to county boards. While this may be
flattering to the commissioners, the statement has no foundation in
fact. Able men are not peculiar to any age or period ; neither are
they all made into county commissioners. Progressive young men
are taking the places of those older Gamaliels at our township
boards, and in this county, thus far, they have no reason to be
ashamed of their records.

In 1835 the first parliamentary election in the district was held,
Captain Dunlop and Col. VanEgmond being candidates. Dunlop
was elected. Although a Tory, he was opposed to the Family
Compact in Toronto. This clique, aided and supported by the
Governor, devoted their energies and their talents to promoting
their own material interests as far as possible at the expense of the
province. This county at that period had half a dozen voters who
walked to Goderich and recorded their votes, one half in direct
opposition to the other, and both, of course, in the interest of good
government. It is said that the hustings for the nomination was
thrown down and burned the evening previous to that event by a
set of jolly boys who were not favorable to, or rather did not care
for, either party. Ah, those were grand old days when a gentleman
could be a gentleman and exercise his prerogative as a free citizen
by burning the hustings or helping out the phrenological develop
ment of a prosy candidate by the application of a stout cudgel !

In 1841 Dr. Dunlop was again a candidate, being opposed by
James McGill Strachan (son of Bishop Strachan), a lawyer in
Goderich. The doctor, as the result of a protest, was declared
elected. In 1844 Dunlop, who had in the meantime been appoint
ed superintendent of canals, was succeeded by William Cayley,
who defeated Mr. Longworth, an old officer of the Canada
Company. In 1851 Mr. Cayley was defeated by Mr. Malcolm
Cameron. This was the last contest in the United Counties.
Previous to the next election in 1854 Perth had become an
independent county, and was now entitled to send a member to
Parliament. On this occasion the candidates were T. M. Daly,
who was inclined to support the Reform side, and Mr. Alexander
Mitchell of Shakespeare, who was defeated. At the general

66 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

election of 1857, Mr. Daly, who was now a very pronounced
Conservative, defeated William McDougall by a large majority.
In 1862 the Hon. Michael Foley was elected, defeating Mr. Daly.
Mr. Foley was also elected for Waterloo at this period, and
chose to sit for that county, when another contest took place for
the vacant seat in Perth. In 1863 Mr. Robert McFarlane, a
partner of the late Judge Lizars, compelled Mr. Daly to retire,
although the majority against him was not large. This was the
last election previous to Confederation in 1867. In accordance
with that change, Perth was divided into north and south ridings,
each returning a member to the House of Commons at Ottawa,
and a member to the Legislature in Toronto. The north riding
was composed of the townships of North Easthope, Mornington,
Wallace, Ellice, Elma, Logan, and the towns of Stratford
and Listowel. The south riding comprised the townships of
Blanshard, Downie, South Easthope, Fullarton and Hibbert, with
the towns of St. Marys and Mitchell. These boundaries have
been changed, however, as party or political exigences demanded,
each party transforming the constituencies to suit its own purpose,
a most iniquitous system and a disgrace to Canadian politics.

At the election of 1867 for the Commons, in the North Mr. Daly
was defeated by Mr. James Redford, while Mr. McFarlane carried
the South against Mr. T. B. Guest of St. Marys. The election
of 1872 again brought Mr. Daly and Mr. Redford into the field for
the North, Mr. Daly on this occasion being elected. In the South,
Mr. Kidd was defeated by Mr. James Trow of Shakespeare. In
consequence of an event known in Canadian politics as the Pacific
scandal, the House was dissolved in 1873. In the new election
Mr. Trow was elected by acclamation for the South, and Mr.
Andrew Monteith defeated Mr. Redford in the North. This elec
tion was protested and declared void, when Mr. Monteith tried
the issue with Mr. James Fisher of Stratford, the former being
again elected. In 1878, memorable as the first contest at the
inception of the National Policy, Mr. James Fisher again contested
the North with Mr. Samuel R. Hesson, the latter being elected.
In the South, after an exciting contest, Mr. Trow defeated Dr.

POLITICAL NOTES 67

Hornibrook of Mitchell. Mr. Hesson was again elected in 1882
against Robert Jones of Logan, and again in 1886 over Dr. John
son of Millbank, but was defeated in 1891 by Mr. James Grieve of
Mornington. At the election of 1896 Mr. Grieve was defeated by
Mr. Alexander F. MacLaren of Stratford, who was again elected
over Mr. George Goetz of Ellice in 1900. In the South, the
election of 1882 found Mr. Trow opposed by Mr. T. B. Guest of
St. Marys, the latter being defeated. In 1886 he was opposed by
Mr. Sharp of St. Marys, the latter being defeated. The election
of 1891 brought Mr. Trow and Mr. Sharp again into the field, the
former being elected. On a protest this election was declared
void. At the by-election Mr. William Pridham of Fullarton, was
Mr. Trow s successful opponent. In 1896 Mr. Pridham was op
posed by Mr. D. W. Erb of Downie. At this contest an
independent candidate was placed in the field, in the person of Mr.
James Donald of Blanshard, Mr. Erb being elected. In 1900 Mr.
Erb was again opposed by Mr. Pridham, the latter being defeated
by a small majority.

The elections for the Legislature of the Province have been
characterized by the same variable results to both parties. At the
first election after Confederation, in 1867, the candidates in the
North riding were Andrew Monteith and D. D. Hay, Mr. Monteith
being elected by a large majority. In the South, Mr. Trow de
feated Mr. Donovan, a Toronto lawyer. In 1871 Mr. Guest de
feated Mr. Trow in the South by a small majority, Mr. Monteith
defeating Mr. Thomas Ballantyne in the North. Mr. Monteith
during this parliament resigned to contest the seat for the
Commons, when another election was held, Mr. Daly defeating
Mr. James Corcoran of Stratford. Mr. Hay and Mr. Daly were
again the candidates in 1875, the former being elected by a good
majority. In the South, Mr. Ballantyne opposed Mr. George
Leversage, the latter being defeated. Mr. Ballantyne held the
seat up till 1894, having in the meantime defeated Mr. Jacob
Brunner, Mr. W. R. Davis on two occasions, and Mr. George
Leversage a second time also. In 1894, however, Mr. Ballantyne
was defeated by Mr. John McNeil, an independent candidate, by a

68 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

small majority. Since this election Mr. Ballantyne has not again
been a candidate. The election of 1898 brought into the field two
new candidates, in the persons of William Caven Moscrip, a law
yer of St. Marys, and Mr. Nelson Monteith, a Downie farmer.
Mr. Monteith was elected by a majority of 14 votes. A scrutiny
was demanded by Mr. Moscrip, on the ground of an irregularity
in printing the ballots, which on a recount before Judge Barren
were declared for Monteith, but whose decision was reversed by a
higher court in Toronto. Mr. Moscrip took the seat. Mr.
Monteith protested the election and the seat was declared vacant.
In the meantime Mr. Moscrip had accepted a position in Stratford,
when Mr. Valentine Stock, a merchant of Tavistock, was brought
out against Mr. Monteith, the former being defeated by a small
majority. In the North, at the election of 1879, Mr. Hay was
opposed by Mr. John McDermott of Wallace, Mr. McDermott
being declared elected. On a recount being demanded by Mr.
Hay a scrutiny of the ballots reversed the decision and Mr. Hay
was declared elected. In the next contest Mr. Hay was defeated
by Mr. George Hess of Listowel, who held the seat till the elec
tion of 1890, when he was defeated by Dr. Ahrens of Stratford.
This election was declared void and another contest took place
between Mr. Thomas Magwood of Mornington and Dr. Ahrens, in
which the former was successful. In 1894 Mr. G. G. McPherson,
Q.C., of Stratford, contested the seat with Mr. Magwood and was
defeated. Mr. Magwood held the seat till 1898, when he was
defeated by Mr. John Brown of Stratford. At the next contest, in
May, 1902, Mr. Stock was elected in the South over Mr. Nelson
Monteith, and Mr. John C. Monteith defeated Mr. Brown in the
North.

Of the gentlemen who have contested or held seats in this county
Messrs. Daly, Andrew Monteith, Hesson, McDermott, Magwood,
MacLaren, Guest, Sharp, Pridham, Davis, Leversage, Dr. Horni-
brook, Kidd, Nelson Monteith, and John C. Monteith were Con
servatives, and Messrs. Ballantyne, Hay, Foley, Fisher, Corcoran,
Moscrip, Trow, Stock, Brown, and McFarlane were Liberals.
Mr. McNeil, who was formerly a Reformer, and Mr. Robert Jones,

POLITICAL NOTES 69

who was a Conservative, ran as Independents. Mr. James
Donald was also a Reformer, now Independent.

The population during- ten years subsequent to 1830 made but
little increase. At the first census in 1852 it had reached 15,545.
In 1870 this had again increased to 46,536, the largest increase
ever made in any one period. In 1889, or twenty years afterwards,
the population reached its highest point in our history, being-
49,184. During the next ten years it had receded, as in 1899 the
total population returned by assessors was 48,544. The census of
1901 gives a result still lower. This decrease has taken place in
the rural municipalities, the City of Stratford having largely in
creased during the last twenty years, with also a slight advance in
several towns and villages. In the chapter on agricultural evolu
tion I have pointed out what in my opinion has been the cause of
the retrograde movement in our rural population.

While every corner of this county may now be said to be densely
populated, material prosperity has kept pace with the progress
made in other directions. According to a report issued by the
Bureau of Industries for Ontario in 1899 real property was assessed
at $26,000,000, and personal property and taxable income at
$600,000 more. These fig-ures are but an approximation, and to
ascertain the actual value of real property in the rural districts at
least 15 per cent, may be added. In the matter of personal
property and taxable income the amounts returned by assessors
afford no indication of its real value whatever. In assessing this
class of farm property abuses arising- from imperfect valuations
and the difficulty of arriving at exact liabilities affecting it led to
an abolition of this tax several years ago. Those amounts set
down as being the value of personal property and taxable income
do not represent stock and appliances used by the agriculturist,
but rather the personality of those callings and occupations closely
connected with agricultural communities. While our population
has receded, taxation per head has slightly increased. In 1899 the
townships for all purposes were taxed $5.31, towns $7.08, villages
$3.63, city of Stratford $9.07. The average taxation in 1899
amounted to $6.39 per head, and in 1889 $5.74.

y O HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Although representatives in this county have been extremely
conservative in their retention of some of the officers, their con
duct in connection with others has been characterized by
inconstance and fickleness. We subjoin the names of those officers
appointed by the county council and their period of service up to the
present time. To obviate repetition, the names of those composing
the council board may be ascertained by reference to local municipal
history, where reeves and deputies are given.

For warden in 1851, the provisional council elected Sebastian
Fryfogle as the first to hold that office in this county. In 1852
William Smith, Downie, provisional council; 1853, William Smith,
Downie ; 1854, William Smith, Downie ; 1855, William Smith,
Downie ; 1856, T. B. Guest, Blanshard ; 1857, Alexander Hamil
ton, North Easthope ; 1858, A. B. Orr, Stratford ; 1859, Alexander
Grant, North Easthope ; 1860, Andrew Monteith, Downie ; 1861,
William Smith, Stratford ; 1862, Andrew Monteith, Downie ;
1863, Andrew Monteith, Downie ; 1864, Andrew Monteith,
Downie ; 1865, Thomas Ford, Fullarton ; 1866, Thomas Ford,
Fullarton ; 1867, Thomas Ford, Fullarton ; 1868, Thomas Stoney,
Stratford ; 1869, Thomas Stoney, Stratford ; 1870, James Trow,
North Easthope ; 1871, Robert Jones, Logan ; 1872, Thomas
King, Hibbert ; 1873, Robert Jones, Logan ; 1874, Robert Jones,
Logan ; 1875, William Davidson, Fullarton ; 1876, William
Davidson, Fullarton ; 1877, William Davidson, Fullarton ; 1878,
William Davidson, Fullarton ; 1879, John McDermott, Wallace ;
1880, Valentine Kertcher, Mornington ; 1881, Jacob Brunner,
Downie ; 1882, William Fletcher Sanderson, Blanshard ; 1883,
Thomas Knox, Elma ; 1884, James Dougherty, Mitchell ; 1885,
Thomas Knox, Elma ; 1886, George Leversage, Fullarton ; 1887,
George Leversage, Fullarton ; 1888, Alexander McLaren, Hibbert;
1889, W. B. Freeborn, Mornington ; 1890, John McMillan, North
Easthope ; 1891, John Schaefer, South Easthope ; 1892, Andrew
Kuhry, Ellice ; 1893, George V. Poole, Wallace ; 1894, John A.
Hacking, Listowel ; 1895, Tom Coveney, Logan ; 1896, Thomas
Ryan, Hibbert ; 1897, Nelson Monteith, Downie ; 1898, James
Torrance, Milverton ; 1899, Thomas E. Hay, Listowel ; 1900,

POLITICAL NOTES Jl

William Fletcher Sanderson, Blanshard ; 1901, James Dickson,
Elma ; 1902, Charles Merryfield, Logan. In 1878 Mr. William
Davidson resigned the office of warden to accept that of county
clerk, and Mr. Robert Keyes of Logan was elected for the balance
of the year as warden.

The county of Perth has had two clerks only during its munici
pal existence of over fifty years. Stewart Campbell was appointed
by the provisional council in 1851, and held office continuously,
excepting one year (when Mr. McDonald was appointed) till 1878.
Mr. Campbell was a careful and efficient officer, and some of the
older local clerks, several of whom are still left, well remember
the jovial, happy-looking man with whom they met in the old
county buildings. In 1878, from old age, Mr. Campbell was
compelled to retire and was succeeded by the present clerk, Mr.
William Davidson, then reeve of Fullarton, who had occupied the
warden s chair for the fourth consecutive year. Mr. Davidson had
a long training for this position and a wide knowledge of munici
pal business perhaps in advance of any other public man in the
county.

Mr. J. C. W. Daly was appointed provisional treasurer, holding
office during the period of that body. On completion of the
county organization he was followed by Mr. Alexander McGregor,
who held office for eleven years. In 1865 Mr. Andrew Monteith,
who had been warden for three previous years, was appointed and
held the position until the time of his death in 1896, a period ex
tending over thirty years. Mr. Monteith was succeeded by Mr.
George Leversage, reeve of Fullarton, who discharged the duties
till his death in 1900. He was succeeded by Mr. George Hamilton
of Sebringville, school teacher, who had taught in the village for
a period of twenty-five years.

The office of school superintendent was first held by the late Dr.
Hyde of Stratford, who succeeded Charles Fletcher, district super
intendent. In 1856 Dr. Hyde tendered his resignation, and was
succeeded by Rev. Thomas McPherson, also of Stratford. Mr.
McPherson held the position till 1859, when the county was
divided into six districts, and local superintendents were appointed

7 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

for each. Rev. Mr. Smith of St. Marys was appointed for district
No. i, being the township of Blanshard ; Rev. Thomas McPherson
for No. 2, composed of North and South Easthope ; Rev. E.
Patterson for No. 3, Downie and Ellice ; Rev. Mr. Hamilton for
No. 4, Logan, Fullarton and Hibbert ; Rev. Alexander Drum-
mond for No. 5, Mornington and Elma ; Rev. Mr. Drinkwater
for No. 6, township of Wallace. The remuneration allowed
inspectors was $5.00 for each school per annum. This system
continued till 1871, when the School Act was amended and one
inspector appointed for the whole county. This new plan has been
attended with good results and productive of much improvement
in our public schools. The late William Alexander, who was first
inspector, discharged the whole duties for this county during a
number of years, when it was divided into two districts of North
and South. Mr. Alexander retained his position for the North,
and John M. Moran, a teacher in Stratford schools, was appointed
in the South. This arrangement continued only for a short time,
however, when both were re-united under the inspectorate of Mr.
Alexander, who held the position most acceptably to all parties
until his death. Subsequent to the death of the old inspector,
Mr. William Irwin, who was a teacher in Listowel, was appointed
for the united ridings. For further remarks on schools see chap
ter on education.

The office of jail surgeon, a place of more dignity than emolument,
has during fifty years been held by many medical gentlemen of
Stratford, and is characterized by a sort of itinerancy, the late Dr.
Shaver retaining the position for a much longer period than any
others honored by this appointment. The present jail surgeon is
Dr. Dunsmore of Stratford. If, however, the position of jail
surgeon has been like a moveable feast on the calendar, the audit
ors, who hold a most responsible position, like the dove sent
out from the ark, can be said hardly to find a resting place for
their feet, every year nearly making a change. Mr. James Jones
of Mitchell is the only auditor who may be said to have had any
permanence in the position, having held the office for a number of
years. Mr. MacBeth of Milverton, appointed in 1901, is the col
league of Mr. Jones on the board.

STRATFORD COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.

ROMEO WARD PUBLIC SCHOOL, STRATFORD.

CHAPTER V.

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

In that struggle which characterized pioneer life at its outset,
when men in the bush fought the battle manfully against want,
they had no sooner mastered the difficulties of their situation than
they began to make provision for educating their children. While
their own dwellings were of the most wretched kind, their daily fare
coarse and unpalatable, when comfort (as we understand it) was
unknown, and pleasure was found largely in a hope of better days,
the measure of their solicitude regarding the education of their
offspring was full to overflowing. Nearly all settlers in this
county were old country people, where facilities for the poor
obtaining even a small modicum of learning could be said hardly
to exist. Humble as their lot had been in the old land, humble as
it was in the woods, they felt that even in their lonely walks of
life a little knowledge of books would have been useful, not only
to enable them to pursue their vocation more intelligently, but it
would also have been a source of pleasure where none other could
be obtained. It is therefore not surprising that we find old records
indicating that the first taxes levied on the ratepayers were largely
for the establishment of schools. For example, in Downie the
first hundred pounds ever collected, under the Act of 1841, was set
apart, sixty per cent, for education and forty per cent, for improve
ment of roads. On referring to the reports of pathmasters in 1842,
where a graphic description is given of the condition of our high
ways, we cannot but admire that pluck and determination of those
old settlers, who, although they were in danger of losing their
oxen on crossways or in mud holes, so resolutely clung to the idea

76 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

that their children must be educated. It is proper to state also
that the first dollar of money ever borrowed by any township in
this county was borrowed for the purpose, not of building- roads,
nor of constructing 1 bridges, nor of carrying out those improve
ments which would enhance the value of property, but largely for
building schools.

It appears to be a matter not of sufficient importance that we
should trace formations, alterations or extensions of the school
sections in this county. Beyond giving an idea of the trend of
settlement it is of little consequence, as a matter of history,
whether a certain lot was added to a section or its limits extended
by any particular council or in any particular year. It is desirable
to know, however, the number and character of buildings provided
for educational purposes at the various stages of development in
Perth County, as indicative of that marvellous progress made
during- the last fifty years. At what time the first school was
erected it would be difficult to say. This certainly occurred pre
vious to 1840, that period being stated by some of our local
historians. In the eastern portion of Downie and that district
comprising- parts of North and South Easthope a number of set
tlers had located previous to 1835. During- that year, if not at an
earlier period, J. J. E. Linton had opened a private school near
Stratford, Mrs. Linton teaching- another in North Easthope, which
were undoubtedly the first schools in this county.

In an excellent paper published by Judge Woods of Stratford,
which contains much important information regarding school
legislation in Upper Canada, of which we are availing ourselves in
this chapter, he has overlooked one or two historical points
regarding the formation of school sections in the district surround
ing Stratford.

At the first meeting of the district council for the counties of
Huron, Perth and Bruce, holden at Goderich, the eighth day of
February, 1842, in pursuance of an Act of the first session of the
first provincial parliament of Canada, passed in the fourth and
fifth year of our Sovereign Lady Victoria, and entitled "An Act to
provide for the better internal government of that part of this

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 77

province which formerly constituted the Province of Upper Canada,
by the establishment of local or municipal authorities therein,"
William Dunlop, Esq., M.P. P. , warden, we find it was :

"Moved by Mr. Daly, seconded by Mr. Helmer, that South
Easthope be divided into two sections as far as lot 36 inclusive
that the first division extend from the Wilmot line to lot 15
inclusive, line of division north, Huron Road, and on the south,
Zorra. The second division is to include lot 16 and lot 36, lines
of division, Huron Road and Zorra." While these divisions may
not seem perfectly clear, they are copies of minutes. At the same
meeting- it was :

"Moved by Mr. Daly, seconded by Mr. Sebring-, that the
townships of Fullarton, Downie and Ellice form a school section,
beginning at lot 6 inclusive of Fullarton ; then east to lot 9
inclusive of Downie ; then from lot 19 inclusive of Ellice to the
line between Logan and Ellice, the north line of the division
to be the unoccupied lands, and the south line to be the township
of Blanshard."

"Moved by Mr. Helmer, seconded by Mr. Gait, that the town
ship of North Easthope be divided into three school sections, as
follows : viz., i st. Commencing at the Wilmot line, west to lot
1 1 on the Huron road, north to the boundary line. 2nd. Com
mencing- from lot 10 to lot 21 on the Huron road, north to the
boundary line. 3rd. Commencing from lot 20 to lot 37 on the
Huron road, north to the boundary line."

"Moved by Mr. Daly, seconded by Mr. Sebring, that lot 7
inclusive to lot 18 inclusive to the unoccupied lands, and that the
first concession of Downie, embracing- lots 7 and 18, be a school
district."

"Moved by Mr. Daly, seconded by Mr. Chalk, that the Gore of
Downie from lot 6 in the third concession to Zorra line be a school
district."

It was further moved by Mr. Daly, seconded by Mr. Chalk, that
from lot No. i to 18 in the second concession of Downie, both
inclusive south to Blanshard, be a school district.

The foregoing school sections were certainly the first to be

78 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

formed in what is now the county of Perth. It is unfortunate
that the records extending- from this meeting- up to 1847 are
lost, and, that except where reference may have been made to
them in subsequent proceeding s of the board, we have no informa
tion reg-arding- their operations. Between 1842 and 1847, however,
a large number of school sections south of the Huron road were
org-anized, and that mass of legislation under the Act of 1841 and
extending- on down under the Act of 1850 in greater or less volume
to our own time, had begun to accumulate. The trend of new
settlements and a continuous advance of the pioneer deeper and
deeper into the forest led to constant changes in boundaries of
those districts as laid down by Mr. Daly and those associated with
him. Whenever a backwoodsman of more adventurous spirit
than others penetrated along a creek or small rivulet, it may have
been miles beyond his nearest neighbor, his location at once be
came the nucleus of a new settlement. Thither came others from
time to time until a number of families were settled near each
other. This little community at once constructed a log school
house in a spot most convenient to all. Where progress was so
rapid as we find it to have been in many parts of this county these
arrangements could only exist for a short period. The limits of
every settlement were constantly extending until the first building
was found to be located in a place entirely unsuitable and incon
venient to the majority. Then a change would have to be made.
As wealth accumulated in the townships, boundaries of old
sections were constantly being circumscribed, and additional school
districts formed out of portions of those already existing. This, of
course, brought the schools much nearer to the children, who were
enabled with less hardship to avail themselves of these provisions
set apart for their education. These changes led to great excite
ment amongst those particularly affected, in their efforts for and
against such movements, and were a source of annoyance and
embarrassment for many years to municipal councils. During
later years certain machinery has been provided by the Public
School Act, constituting a court of enquiry regarding such changes,
and whose recommendations became a basis of alterations in

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 79

boundaries of union sections. This court is a great improvement
on the old system, in so far as it acts independently of any
consequences at next election, which may or may not affect to some
extent the decision of a township councillor in matters of this
kind.

Having- thus outlined the establishment and formation of school
sections on general principles, it will be well to glance at the Act
itself under whose provisions these changes were brought about.

These school districts were organized under and by authority
conferred on the district council by an Act, 5 Victoria, chapter 18,
passed in 1841. All previous Acts relating to education were
repealed, and this Act may be said to be the foundation of our
present school system in this province.

This Act provided for (ist) a permanent fund for common
schools, (2nd) $200,000 to be granted to a common school fund,
(3rd) the appointment of a superintendent of education, (4th)
making the district council a board of education with certain
defined powers, (5th) enabling townships or parishes to elect five
common school commissioners, with duties defined in eleven sub
sections, one of which was to relieve poor persons from pay
ment of teachers. Another is to see to matters generally, and
report. It is specially set forth that the teacher must be a subject
of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization. In accordance with
authority given by section 5, as above, the first commissioners in
Perth were elected in 1842, for Stratford and surrounding district.
This board was composed of the five following gentlemen, who
were chosen at a meeting held in the school house, Stratford, on
the third day of January 1842 : William Smith, James Monteith,
John Gibb, Samuel Robb and Arad Priest. In 1843 the same
commissioners were re-elected.

Section No. 1 1 is a distinct recognition of a principle in school
legislation which has caused much discussion in latter years under
the constitution of separate schools. In this section there is a
clear and indisputable affirmation of that principle where it says :
"Provided always, and be it enacted that whenever any number
of the inhabitants of any township or parish professing a religious

80 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

faith different from that of the majority of the inhabitants of such
township or parish shall dissent from the regulations, arrange
ments or proceedings of the common school commissioners, with
reference to any common school in such township or parish, it
shall be lawful for the inhabitants so dissenting collectively to
signify such dissent in writing to the clerk of district council with
the name or names of one or more persons selected by them as
trustee or trustees for the purpose of this Act, and may establish
and maintain one or more school or schools and receive their pro
portion of the moneys appropriated by law."

In 1846 was enacted 9 Victoria, chapter 17, enabling trustees to
hold school lands as a corporation. By section 6 the council of
every district was empowered (ist) to appoint superintendents,
and (2nd) to divide townships into school sections. This latter
clause, however, was simply an extension of power already granted
by the Act of 1841, by authority of which Downie, North and
South Easthope and Fullarton were divided into school sections
by the council in Goderich. District superintendents were em
powered to prevent "the use of all unauthorized foreign school
books in the English branches of education and to recommend the
use of proper books." A school section being formed, three
trustees are to be elected at the first school section meeting in
January in each year (sec. 28), the landholders and householders
to be electors. Section 32 provides that separate schools may be
established for Protestants and Roman Catholics in any locality.
Subsequent to 1850, when our present Municipal Act was intro
duced, the local boards appointed school superintendents, the first
of whom was Alexander McGregor, for those districts around
Stratford. Previous to 1850 superintendents of schools were
appointed by the district council in Goderich ; and such has been
the predilection of some of the old municipal clerks for concealing
names, that I was unable to discover that of district superintend
ent until I was informed by an old settler. I may state here that
one local clerk, who held the position for at least four years,
never during that period gave the name of a single representative
officer in his municipality. In the county of Perth we find as local

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 8 1

superintendent the names of Alexander McGregor, Rev. Mr.
McPherson and Rev. Mr. Patterson, both of Stratford, one a
Presbyterian and the other an Anglican, and William Rath, Esq.,
P.L.S. of Mitchell. In 1871 the School Act was further amended;
the office of local superintendent was abolished, and the county
council was empowered to appoint a county inspector of schools.
This change was an improvement on the old order of things, in
that it secured greater uniformity in school work. Moreover,
since the inspector devoted his whole time to his official duties
better results could be obtained than were possible under the
former plan, where the inspector s time and attention were divided
between two such diverse duties as preaching and school
supervision.

A few years after this change the county was divided into
North and South Perth, and two inspectors were employed. This
continued only for a short period, however, when the two
inspectorates were again united, and have remained so ever since.
Subsequent to Stratford being separated from the county for
municipal purposes and erected into a city, inspection of the city
schools was withdrawn from that of the county, and an inspector
appointed in their own interest by the city council.

If we examine closely into the principles underlying the public
school system of this country they will be found in many respects to
resemble those of the Scottish parish school, introduced by John
Knox, the Scottish reformer. When he had completed his work
of reformation in the church, by an infusion of democratic vitality
and vigor into the parched and dried body of a dead spiritualism,
he saw that the lifeblood of that system he had inaugurated must
be kept up by the product of the schools. He, therefore, introduced
into his own country what may be said to be the first school
system in the world. He saw, also, that to derive the greatest
amount of good from his new plan it would have to be broadened
out to meet and bring within its limits all classes and conditions of
people. Any system of education which cannot be made available
to all, must necessarily deprive the state of a large portion of

intellect, which, if developed and strengthened in a free school,

6

82 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

might be a great factor in the extension of its power and influence.
Who can say in what strata of society the diamond may be found ?
And for fear that any gem may be lost, the state does well to test
them all ?

The principle upon which Knox proceeded in his educational
methods was based on this idea, that the state represented all the
people, and in its actions should promulgate only such legislation
as would be of interest to all the people. To a full development
of this plan it was necessary, therefore, to establish a school in
every parish. A grant of public money was made for their
maintenance. This was supplemented by a tax on all property in
the parish. Altogether a rate of from ten pence to one shilling
and three pence per month was charged for each pupil. Poor
people could send their children to be educated without money and
without price. The trustees were land owners in the parish, or
their representatives, who superintended the whole, exactly as
trustees in a Canadian school section. There was this difference,
however, that the office of trustee descended by heirship along
with the estate. This trustee board employed the teacher, who
was removed only for breach of trust or bad conduct. It was in
advance of our Canadian system, in that a teacher s .residence was
always provided. Precaution was taken that only properly quali
fied men should be placed in these schools, as every parish school
master had to be a graduate of a university. This parish school
was a combination of what in Canada is the public and grammar
school. It was graded, and the teacher moved his pupil gradually
upward from the first through the intermediate forms to the
classics, where he left off to enter the university. It is true
academies and grammar schools existed in Scotland, but they
were not a part of the national plan of education. Many of those
seats of learning were most valuable, and were established and
conducted by educated men as private schools.

If the system of parish schools set up by Knox in Scotland was
correlated with the genius of that people, it was found also in
accord with the progressive feeling of Canadians. The proletariat
of Scotland are not, and never were, republican, though they are

EDUCATION -PUBLIC SCHOOLS 83

eminently democratic. The political cast of our electorate in this
country is exactly similar. Both people believe in a monarchical
form of government, resting- on a foundation of democracy. In
the parish school was inculcated a sense of equality, regardless of
social, political, or religious influence. In Canada it is the same.
If a boy is too poor to pay a fee for his education, let him come ;
it will cost him nothing. If he is too poor to obtain suitable
garments to wear, let him come ; the parish will clothe him. If
he is too poor to even get food to eat, let him come ; the parish
will feed him. It is to the eternal honor of Knox s plan that the
moment such an one as we have described passed through the
portal of a school room then all social distinction ended, and that
only of the God-given quality of mind began. A poor, ragged
boy, with gaunt form and hungry-looking eye, may be the lion of
his class, and on his shoeless feet stand conscious of his superiority
as Dux. The son and heir of the Laird may have his place as
booby, where he stands conscious of an abiding continuity, in
monumental evidence of the superior flesh-forming qualities
arising from a plenteous ration of whey porridge and braxy.

When Dr. Ryerson, the great architect of Canada s school
system, visited Europe in quest of material for completing his
educational scheme (the influence of which in Canada no man can
ever measure), he found the old parish school was the only method
at all suitable to the views of the Canadian people. It is not
surprising, therefore, that our schools were modelled largely on
the Scottish plan, with such modifications and extensions as those
new conditions obtaining in this country demanded. Those of our
readers who may be desirous of extending their enquiries into the
principles of the two systems will find a striking analogy even in
many of the details.

Before leaving this part of our subject we may be permitted to
point out with what zealous care both countries watch over their
schools. Although the old system of Knox was planted amongst
a people gross, vicious, stubborn, and the most turbulent in
Europe, in a turbulent age, it grew as something indigenous to
the soil. Its roots sank deep, and twined around the affections of

84 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

the nation. When the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, lost
her head, it had become vigorous. During the regency in her
exile, it did not suffer. While England lost one church and
gained another, it was still extending its influence. When Scot
land s King left Holyrood, never to return, it was putting forth
new leaves. In the heat of that terrific persecution, when the
sanctuary of the Auld Kirk was dashed to earth, and the worship
of God was a stolen privilege amidst heath, heather hills, and
misty solitudes, it was still gaining new life. When the blood of
a British King had imbrued British hands, and a stranger was set
on Britain s throne ; when the last of the Stuarts had died an
exile, far from his native land, and a foreigner w T as crowned in
Westminster, the old tree still flourished. It was not, therefore,
till a seed from this ancient stem had been planted in Canada by
Dr. Ryerson for a period of two score years, and amid our
Canadian woods had grown to be a stout sapling, symmetrical
and robust of form, that the venerable parent stem in Scotland
was cut down, and a twig containing the old blood wedded to the
vigour of Canadian youth, was planted in its stead, where, as the
national school system of Great Britain, it is now spreading in a
form worthy of such illustrious parentage.

If the people of Scotland were jealous of their school system,
the Canadians were equally so of theirs. It will be remembered
that in Ontario, a few years ago, the then Minister of Education,
Hon. G. W. Ross (who, by the way, was by far the greatest man
his party had in its ranks), introduced a new school book. This
innovation in itself was trifling, and could have led to no disastrous
consequences. It was met, however, by a perfect storm of
disapproval from a large section of our people, and so far-reaching
were its results that it nearly displaced the Government a few
years subsequently. While those amendments made to the School
Act may have been various during the last fifty years, they have
not affected to any great extent its great general principles.
Changes in school buildings and premises throughout the county,
indicating steady and solid improvement during that time, have
been very marked. Although of late years inspectors have been

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 85

authorized, under certain amendments to the Public Schools Act,
to compel trustees to provide suitable buildings and accommoda
tions in order to secure a more efficient management of our
schools, this power has rarely or never been enforced. It is
creditable to our people that in a majority of cases school buildings
provided by voluntary taxation were, for a considerable period, in
advance of the homes of the pupils who attended them.

The pioneer school house, rude and uninviting as it appeared, was,
as a rule, more comfortable than the trough-roofed shanty that
stood amongst blackened stumps on the concession road, dignified
by the name of a clearing. Those old schools were built of logs.
An area of 18x26 feet would be considered an average size ; the
floor of boards, where they could be obtained, and roofed with oak
clap-boards or soft elm bark. A roof formed of bark was durable
and effective against rain, but in winter afforded little protec
tion from snow. Its walls would be erected by the settlers in one
day and were of that character peculiar to all log buildings, a
description of which will be found elsewhere. The clat and clay
work was done in the most approved style, that is, the finger
marks made in applying soft mud to the openings between the
logs were all in geometrical lines, indicating that it was designed
for educational and not for domestic purposes. There are those
in this county who will remember that when they reached school in
the winter season, before they could make their way in they may
have had to effect an entrance otherwise than by the door, and
clear the snow out. Like the shanty, log-school architecture did
not change, remaining always the same. It was a low building,
whose end elevation (towards that direction where a road would
some day be) invariably contained the door. On each side were
two windows and at the end farthest from the doorway was erected
a chimney. In this part of the room was also a low platform, on
which stood the teacher s desk and chair. From this throne he
could overlook those mischievous boys sent out to school, and
exercise an authority as potent as if he were Emperor of all the
Russias. Arrangements in the interior for the convenience of the
children were simple, and such as might be expected in a seminary

86 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

whose external appearance was not prepossessing-. In its side
walls holes were bored and wooden pins inserted. Across these
pins boards were laid, forming- desks, which were occupied by those
pupils who were more advanced. In front of these desks were
benches made of slabs, supported on pins inserted in aug-er holes
made at each end. Across the building- were other benches placed
parallel. The pins supporting the front rows were short, form
ing low seats for small scholars. Each row was supplied with
longer pins than that in front, thus elevating- the seats one
above another as they extended backward. Along- its walls were
hung a few cards with larg-e alphabetical letters and a lonely map
or two that seemed to have lost their way in the woods and
crawled into this old school for shelter. In a certain section of
Blanshard, after a long- discussion at an annual meeting-, there was
obtained from the department in Toronto a globe about the size of
a croquet ball, which, opening in the centre, displayed the eastern
and western hemispheres. This addition to their school apparatus
was considered a marvellous acquisition, placing that school in
the front rank of our educational system in that township. There
was no well except a hole dug in the woods ; there were no
closets ; there was no school yard, or rather the_ whole section may
have been said to be a school yard, since it all formed a portion
of that illimitable forest.

During summer the boys made sad havoc with those g-eometri-
cal lines in the clay which filled the spaces between the logs, in
order to improve ventilation with the least amount of scientific
application. This mode of securing- fresh breezes (in the warm
period), laden with the aroma of the cedar swamp, had its
disadvantages in winter. What if trustees did visit the premises
in late autumn with a supply of g-lass and putty ; with spade and
shovel to bank up the bottom logs ! What if they did laboriously
close up those apertures "which the boys had with all due diligence
opened in summer and would with all due diligence open again
when next summer came round ! It was usually late in the fall,
and the work was imperfectly done. In winter, when a cold,
biting frost had made strange fretwork on stream and window

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 87

pane, with a temperature far below zero, the children had a
practical illustration of this fact, that what may be a great good
under certain conditions may be a great evil under others. That
ventilation which had been so desirable a few months previous was
now insufferable. Shivering- children would then gather around a
great box stove, which stood near one end of the room, plied with
wood until it was red hot in every part. With hands and feet
outstretched towards its glowing sides they vainly endeavored to
find warmth and comfort, which a chill wind whistling in between
logs and at the sagged windows rendered impossible.

When such were the conditions under which children of our
old pioneers received their mental training-, these circumstances in
connection with their teacher were uncomfortable indeed. He had
one advantage, however, in his profession ; he had variety in his
home life. If variety is the spice of life, then the lives of those
old teachers must indeed have been spicy. In other words he
boarded round amongst the settlers, his period of location with
any one family being in proportion to the number of its pupils
attending school.

The aspirations of these old schoolmasters were of a different
character to those who occupy such responsible positions in our
schools of to-day. While young men and women in this profes
sion now make it a stepping-stone to other positions (not to higher),
the old teacher remained in it until those whom he had trained
came forward with more energy and pushed him aside. Although
the standard of qualification was not so high in those days as it is
now, many of the pioneer schoolmasters were men of culture
and well grounded attainments. Not infrequently well educated
and of good family in the old land, they came to this country, as
many like them did, without any of those qualities which alone
could give them success in a new settlement. Prospects of being
able to obtain a living when everything seemed against them
prompted them to seize with avidity an opportunity of humble
independence in the teaching profession. It was better to be the
recipient of a small stipend and board around, even when the
cuisine was composed of beechnut pork and potatoes, than not to

88 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

board at all. Old teachers in this country, fifty or sixty years
ag-o, were largely of this class, and took up the ferule with profit
to themselves and certainly with advantage to the people. Subse
quent to 1850 their condition was improved, in that they had
regular boarding places and were paid a stated annual salary.

The standard of their certificates, however, remained about the
same until 1865. A new regulation was introduced at that period
recalling all the old certificates. Since the introduction of Dr.
Ryerson s system, education had made considerable progress both
in Canada and the United States. During that period, therefore,
several of those more advanced ideas from across the border had
naturally crept into Canada, and were fast being incorporated into
our own system. It was necessary for a maintenance of
efficiency in our schools that all new masters should be able to
teach on more progressive principles. Examinations were, there
fore held, demanding a different standard of attainment from those
formerly required. This had the effect of removing from the pro
fession a large number of the* old men, and enhancing the
remuneration of those w r ho were able to remain.

For a number of years after this weeding out process, a scarcity
of teachers rapidly enhanced the remuneration paid for their ser
vices. In Blanshard as high as $600 per annum was paid to com
petent men. This order of things continued until 1885, when the
highest point may be said to have been reached. Since that time
salaries have been steadily decreasing until a year or two ago,
when a change took place. At present the compensation paid to
an average teacher is $376 for males and $280 for females.

Since 1865 a higher standard of certificate has been imposed
from time to time not, perhaps, for the purpose of securing
better teachers, since a high class certificate does not neces
sarily imply greater adaptability for teaching, but with a hope
of relieving to some extent the crowded condition of that
profession. This policy of the department appears so far to be
ineffective. Its only perceptible result has been a closer applica
tion by the student, in order that he might overcome the greater
obstacle in his way. So the wheel moves on year after year,

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 89

turning- out in undiminished numbers young- aspirants for this
honorable calling.

It is asserted, and with some degree of truth, I believe, that an
increasing number of females graduating from our high schools,
all proposing to earn a livelihood as teachers, is largely respon
sible for a depreciation of salaries. These young aspirants,
anxious to take up the work, have adopted the execrable principle
that to succeed they must begin by offering their services at lower
rates than those they intend to supplant. This plan of securing
positions is not a desirable one, for the laborer is always worthy
of his hire, and for his time should receive fair and reasonable com
pensation. It establishes a bad precedent as well. According to
this system an aspirant, who has been successful in obtaining- a
situation, will be likely to lose it in the same way at next term by
a young-er applicant. Be this as it may, it is a question now for
our people to consider whether sufficient remuneration is paid to
induce efficient service from those already eng-ag-ed. Will it induce
capable young men and women to enter the profession, or will it
retain those already entered ? If not, then let those who have the
education of the rising g-eneration in charg-e see to it that a great
and irreparable injury is not done to those whom nature has made
dependent upon us, and who cannot in any way help themselves.

Whatever may be our ideas regarding compensation paid or
work done by the teachers of this county, or, indeed, of Canada,
there can be only one opinion of that high moral tone which per
vades the whole profession, from its humblest member to those
who sit in its high places. Among thousands of teachers in this
country, the greater number of whom are passing through a period
of their lives that is considered the most reckless, a case of gross-
ness or improper conduct is rarely known. That these young-
people, drawn from all classes of the community, should preserve
so high a standard of morality is most honorable to themselves,
and their influence for good must have a decided effect in the
schools over which they have been called upon to preside.

Notwithstanding- every effort made by old settlers to provide
school buildings and apparatus for a proper education of the

9O HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

children, a report of the superintendent of schools for 184915 some
what pathetic and doleful in its description of the condition of
things prevailing at that period in Huron, Perth and Bruce. In
this report Mr. Fletcher says : "To attempt to teach geography
without proper maps requires only to be named to men of intelli
gence to be pronounced an impossibility, and yet I do not know
that there is a complete set of large school maps in any common
school in the United Counties, and this is but a specimen of the
destitution of which I speak. In many cases there is not even
tolerable furniture for writing ; and when these evils are joined
with the low standard of qualification of the great majority of the
teachers employed, it must be obvious that the instruction given
to our youth is of a very inferior kind. I have no hope that
proper apparatus will be speedily procured, unless a small rate
be laid on school sections for that purpose, and we cannot obtain
a better class of teachers until better remuneration draws men
of education into the field, and the dread of being paid in district
debentures be removed."

"My chief difficulty has been with the school fund. The balance
of ^58, 138., 2d. of the assessment of 1848 is still due by the
treasurer, and consequently wtih the exception of ^13, iis., 2*^d.,
which I have advanced out of my own private means, that balance
is still due the teachers for that year."

"At the last meeting of the district council it was also decided
that should the Canada Company pay their portion of school
money in debentures, the treasurer be instructed to pay it to the
superintendent in cash, as the teachers had suffered so much
already from their payments having been made in debentures. In
conformity with this decision I called on the treasurer for the
money, who stated the amount of the wild land tax, but said he
had not the cash wherewith to comply with the decision of the
council. In this case I also applied to the warden, and I am con
strained to solicit your best exertions to procure the cash."

"The Government grant for the year 1848 amounted to ^422,
us., 5d. , but it was paid in debentures, the Bank of Upper
Canada charging ^ per cent, discount. The whole of this part

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 9 1

of the fund has been paid except the sum of ^5, ios., yd., appor
tioned to school section No. 2, South Easthope ; the teacher of
that section being- an alien could not receive Government money."

"Respectfully but earnestly requesting- the council to use their
best exertions to put me in possession without delay of the above
mentioned sums, that the teachers may be paid their salaries so
long- due and in the only form that can supply their wants. I have
the honor to be, etc."

In an auditors report for the United Counties for 1844, 1845
and 1846, a balance was left in the hands of the superintendent
amounting to 19, i6s., gd.

According to the detailed statement of 1847, the teachers in
what is now the County of Perth had received the following pay
ments : --James Sheldan, Ellice, ^"3, 55.; James Izard, South
Easthope, 12, ios. ; P. McLellan, North Easthope, 6, i2s. ;
James Trow, 6, 128. ; A. Amoss, 6, 125. ; A. Amoss, $,
ios.; Gordon Meig-han, Blanshard, $, us., 3^d. ; James
Sheldan, Blanshard, 2, i6s. ; W. F. McCullough, Stratford,
17, 35., 3d. ; H. Hamilton, Downie, 12, 75., 7d. ; R. Henley,
Downie, 6, gs., gd. This account is certified to by Georg-e
Eraser and T. B. Woodliff, auditors, and dated Feb y 5, 1848.
The total sum received by the superintendent for 1847 was
1,119, 148., 3^d., of which amount ^307, 98., 4^d., was
provincial grant, and 777, 5s. , 6d. , grant from the district, the
balance coming from other sources. I believe this is the earliest
statement to be found regarding- our schools, the records covering
a period extending from February, 1842, to February, 1848, being
lost, as stated elsewhere. At the latter meeting of the council a
large number of new sections were formed in the southern part of
the United Counties. I have been unable to discover any data
which would indicate the remuneration paid teachers for their
services. The salary of the superintendent, I find, was fixed by
by-law, passed on the nth day of February, 1848, at 100
currency per annum.

In no department is the progress of this county more distinctly
marked than in educational improvement. If the condition of our

92 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

teachers is not all that could be desired, they are certainly far
removed from those circumstances set forth in the quotation we
have made from Mr. Fletcher s report. From that period when
Mr. Daly and his associates in Goderich formed the first sections
in North and South Easthope in -1842, up to 1871 a great change
has taken place. In the latter year, according to the first report
of Mr. William Alexander, school inspector for this county, the
number of sections in Perth was 101, while the total amount
expended for schools was $42,823. Of this amount the teachers
received $30,619, the balance being for buildings and appliances.
The average annual stipend paid to male teachers was $331,
and for female teachers $243. The total number of children
attending school was 11,479. This result would certainly be
gratifying if it were not that in this county at that time 1,012
children of school age did not attend school at all. The highest
average salary paid to a male teacher was in Fullarton, where
it amounted to $374 per annum, while the highest paid to
females was in Ellice, $272 per annum. The number of brick
school buildings was 21, of which 7 were in Blanshard. Build
ings of stone were 7, of which 3 were in Downie. Frame buildings
numbered 46, of which Mornington had 7 ; log buildings 27,
Elma and Wallace having 6 each. We note also that in 1871 this
county had 85 Sabbath schools, with 4,181 scholars and 486
teachers. The report issued by Mr. William Irwin in 1901 shows
marvellous changes to have taken place, particularly in our school
population. From his statement of that year it appears that our
total number of schools has increased to 1 1 1 and expenditure to
$69,157, of which sum the teachers received $38,622, the balance
being expended on buildings and appliances, excepting such small
amounts on hand as were retained by trustees. Male teachers are
now in a minority, numbering 57, with 62 females. The highest
salary is paid in Fullarton, amounting to $500 per annum. The
average salary paid to males is $376, and for females $280 per
annum, without board. Since the old days there is a marked im
provement in school buildings. The log school house is now seen
no more. In our several municipalities there are reported 77 brick

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 93

buildings, 10 of which are in Blanshard and an equal number in
Logan. Of stone there are 5, 3 of which are in Blanshard.
Frame and concrete 29, Mornington and North Easthope having 5
each. The greatest change, however, occurs in school population.
While it is pleasing to note that the number not attending any
school has fallen from 1,012 in 1871 to 18 in 1901, it is a marvel
lous circumstance that children of school ag-e in this county,
notwithstanding- an increase in population during- that period, has
decreased from 11,497 to 6,618. Whatever may be the cause of
this state of affairs, the most ordinary observer will deplore this
fact, that while our advanced education and hig-her civilization
have been productive of great good in raising- our people to a
higher plane, surely it has not been an unmixed g-ood. It appears
to have set human nature at defiance in a decreased birth-rate.
This condition of affairs will destroy home life, in which lies the
safety of the state. It will destroy the fine affections and sym
pathies of our nature in bringing- about an absence of those
objects which are constantly appealing- to them. This is a grave
social matter, which neither religion nor moral philosophy will
ever be able to solve, I fear.

We believe that in a progressive county, such as Perth, these
changes will be constantly operating- until our system of school
sections becomes superseded by one graded school in each muni
cipality. The advantages arising from this plan would be very
great. Economically it would place on an equitable basis all
taxation, and make those privileges which oug-ht to, but do not,
exist, nor cannot exist, under our present method, equal to all.
Our existing- school law, excellent as it is in several of its details,
has outlived many conditions its promoters designed it should
serve. There is no other law on the statute book of Ontario,
held to be an epitome of equal rights, in which there is less
equality than in the School Act. That principle exists in theory
only, not in practice.

When one pupil has to walk two miles to receive exactly the
same mental training that another pupil receives by walking a few
yards, there is certainly no equality. A pupil near a school may

94 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

attend every day ; the pupil at a distance pays for a privilege that
climatic conditions prevent him from making available. There
are, perhaps, no two sections in this county contributing 1 the same
amount in support of this privilege, which should be equal to all.
No ratepayer has a right to pay a higher tax than another rate
payer, where both properties are equally rated in assessment. At
present scarcely any two pay alike, even if rated the same. The
Legislature has recognized this anomalous condition, and enacted
an amendment to the School Act, enabling an equitable rate to be
levied in rural municipalities for school purposes, which to a
limited extent rectifies the evil. In a section where a small village
may have sprung up, the charges on farm lands in support of a
school are often oppressive.

Our present system must be held responsible, to a great extent,
for that continuous exodus of farm boys from agricultural life.
While we have no sympathy with the doleful whine constantly
emanating from many well-intentioned and decent people on this
question of boys leaving the farm, yet a system of education
calculated to retain young, energetic boys and girls on our conces
sion lines would be an advantage. As it is at present, they pass on
from the country schools into the high schools in town. Now, the
family circle is broken. Home influence may linger in their hearts
for a time, but new scenes, new companions, new friendships
grow up like weeds around them, choking out recollections of
home on the old farm. "Old Bob," on whom they rode after the
cows in the morning, is forgotten, or remembered only shame
facedly as a passing thought. The old dog, too, is careless of his
record at the wood-chuck s hole, and lies in a dwame of sleep on
the verandah. The boys are away to the high school, and he is
dowie without his companions. Their environment, their asso
ciates, their aspirations are suddenly changed. Their financial
support is still drawn from the old farm, and they have the advan
tages peculiar to centres of population. The light of their young
life beams on them ; they are too young to know of its shadows.
Town seems to their innocent minds to be the ideal place in this
world, and that quiet spot in the country suffers by comparison.

EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS 95

In all too many instances, when a boy has worn shining shoes on
a granolithic sidewalk, his neck ornamented with a high collar
and a low tie, his hands in kid gloves, and his hair banged a la
mode, whatever may be his success at a high school, the chances
are he will return to the old farm no more.

A graded school in each township would largely, if not entirely,
overcome these difficulties. Boys and girls attending a graded
school, which, of course, would take the place of a high school in
teaching the higher branches, would remain in their own homes
under home influence. While they could meet with a large num
ber of other boys and girls from every corner of the municipality,
the tendency in all communications would be, not to decry farm
life, but rather to foster a desire for it. Where a pupil developed
an inclination or an adaptability for other pursuits than agricul
ture, he could leave his township school for the university. The
tendency would be, however, for him to engage in farm life, as
being the most independent, if not the most exciting, vocation.
The best staff of teachers obtainable would be brought into
requisition. Their remuneration would be such as to retain
them in the profession. One building would suffice in place
of many. Taxation for education would be equal for all.
The privileges of all would be equal. The pupil who was
distant from a school, being taken there in a comfortable
conveyance, could not suffer. Impudence or gross conduct,
profanity or other small vices, of which boys are sometimes
guilty in going to and from school, could not occur. A
small farm could be managed in connection with such an
institution, with an observation plot and an experimental station,
in each municipality, which would be of enormous benefit, not
only to the pupils, but to the farmers themselves. A great saving
would be made to many of the farming community who send their
children to high school, preparatory to their entering the univer
sity. These are only a few advantages underlying this new
system. The whole subject is one well worthy our most searching
investigation and the earnest consideration of educationists in this
country. The time appears close at hand when these changes

96 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

will be a factor in the social lives of our people. We feel, too,
that a system of radial electric railways, of which we have already
spoken in another part of this work, will largely affect the educa
tional system in rural districts, and by affording- easy and cheap
transportation, will solve this great problem at an early day.
Whatever may be the result, it behooves Canada to be on the
alert ; her educationists must keep fully abreast of the times if
this country is ever to be what we hope it will be, and what we
believe nature has designed it should be, a living force in the
march of progress among the nations.

CHAPTER VI.

ROADS.

Under ordinary conditions the highways of a municipality afford
distinctive evidence as to the progressive or unprogressive methods
of its people. As a man s garments indicate his character to some
extent, as the appearance of a farm is the reflex of the thrift and
intelligence of its owner, so are roads in every section of country
an infallible indication of that skill and industry put forward by
those concerned in their construction. In a settlement where
people are idle and unambitious, its highways afford abundant
evidence of that fact. On the other hand, where settlers are
determined to succeed, facilities for transportation occupy their
attention as a means of enhancing their profits, the outcome of
which is soon discoverable in the improvement of roads.

In the history of every municipality there has been a period
when good roads were practically impossible under the conditions
obtaining in all new countries. Such was the case in Perth
County sixty years ago, and for many years subsequent improve
ment was a difficult task, and could only be overcome by constant
perseverance and severe toil. The first attempt at road making
during old pioneer days was in opening the Huron road, extending
from Wilmot to Lake Huron. This highway, surveyed in 1829,
was considered a great achievement.

It was not till 1832, notwithstanding Mr. Gait s efforts, that
this road could be considered passable even under favorable con
ditions, as far west as Stratford. In the winter of 1831 contracts
had been given to several parties for constructing bridges and lay
ing crossways in the great swamps through which it passed.

7

98 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

These cross ways east of Little Lakes were made by two brothers,
named Cody. West of Little Lakes as far as the Avon in Strat
ford, the work was done by a person named Bronson. Cody
brothers were paid $1.50 per rod for their work, and accepted
land in payment at $1.50 per acre. Thus every road of corduroy
in that section cost the Canada Company one acre of land. What
ever may be said as to the value of land, $1.50 obtained for
constructing a rod of crossway was small remuneration indeed.
West of the River Avon, as far as Seebach s hill, this road was
cleared by a person named Hull. From Seebach s westward to
Mitchell a German named Overholt was contractor. A good story
is told of this gentleman and Col. VanEgmond, who had the
contracts for the whole work. It appears a difference of opinion
existed between them as to their agreement, Mr. Overholt demand
ing a larger amount for his labor than VanEgmond was willing
to pay. After vigorous expostulations on both sides, Overholt
threatened an appeal to the law. "Law," replied his opponent,
"there is no law here.". "Dot vas shust righdt," responded the
other, "if dere vas no law, dere vas no condemnashuns," and he
proceeded to demonstrate in a practical way the feasibility of this
new doctrine. Whatever may have been the rank or standing of
this old soldier of the empire, he soon found it better to call a truce
than expose himself to summary jurisdiction by an irate Dutchman
in the forests of Canada.

Subsequent to the survey of this road and a range of lots front
ing it on both sides, a further survey was made of the Gore of
Downie in 1832. Passing through this section is the Embro road,
at that period second in importance in Perth County. For a
description of this leading thoroughfare we refer our readers to a
report of Mr. Monteith, an overseer of highways in 1842. Upon
completion of the survey of Downie in 1835 and 1839, this road
was extended through Blanshard to a point where a few years
later sprung up the village of Little Falls, now St. Marys. Rapid
progress was subsequently made by this new trade centre, creating
a heavy traffic over this highway, and it soon became one of the
most important in the county. The Mitchell road, extending

ROADS 99

through Blanshard to Mitchell, was not opened till 1844, an< ^ tne
Thames road a year later. The northern gravel road, extending
from Stratford through Gadshill to Topping in Mornington, the
Logan road, the centre road in Hibbert, the Mitchell road to
Russeldale, the road extending from Shakespeare to Hampstead,
were opened through priority of settlement rather than from any
plan adopted by the Canada Company or municipal authorities.

The system adopted in pioneer days for opening and making
highways was undoubtedly the best that could have been put in
practice under the circumstances. To have built such roads even
as then existed, by taxes levied, would have been impossible, or at
least would have made progress extremely slow. There was no
money in circulation to pay taxes, and the only medium current in
interchanging commodities was energy and muscle. These quali
ties were at once laid under tribute and made available for tax-
paying purposes, thus discharging a levy which could not have
been met in any other way. This is the underlying principle of
statute labor. It afforded a settler the opportunity of discharging
an important obligation by work, which would have been impos
sible for him to do from his purse. To that part of pioneer
belongings, the old adage was most appropriate : "Ex nihil, nihil
fit." "Out of nothing, nothing comes. "

The plan of forming road divisions or beats adopted by district
councils subsequent to 1841 and modified, changed or extended by
municipalities under authority of the Act of 1850, was at its incep
tion a great success, serving a useful purpose in its adaptability
to conditions. The power vested in an overseer of highways,
passing from one ratepayer to another in turn, added dignity as a
natural sequence of authority, which was always appreciated, if
sometimes abused. There was but little room for a divergence
in opinions regarding such work as could be done in a new coun
try. A track was blazed by the surveyor where the roadbed had to
be, and, unless insurmountable difficulties barred its way, on
this line the highway was constructed. Roadmaking was begun
by chopping and clearing the allowance marked for road purposes,
making crossways through swamps, and building log bridges over

100 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

streams. This work required little skill and no scientific know
ledge. An overseer, or pathmaster, called out his men once in each
year to pay their tax in labor, which consisted in simply chopping
and logging a roadbed. Making crossways was a laborious part
of the system, and even when construction was performed in the
best possible manner it scarcely rendered passable mudholes nearly
impassable before. There was this difference, however, that while
a backwoodsman was in danger of losing himself and oxen in an
unknown depth of mud, he incurred a risk of less degree on the
crossway in destroying only his sled and breaking his limbs and
the limbs of his oxen. Corduroy roads were peculiar to backwoods
life, and, by a merciful intervention of fate, to nothing else. In their
construction, logs from ten to fourteen inches in diameter were
cut into lengths of eighteen feet, hauled into the roadbed by oxen,
and laid close together parallel to each other across the roadway.
A work of this kind was necessary in swamps only, which in early
days were much more frequent, and of greater magnitude than
could be realized by an observer of to-day. When the greatest
care had been observed in placing these timbers as close together
as possible, the interstices between them would be of such a
character as to render dangerous any means of locomotion except
to travellers on foot. After a year or two had passed away earth
from the sides was thrown up as a covering, but soil from a
swamp consisting of vegetable matter did but little to improve this
wretched crossway.

During eight or ten years subsequent to clearing a road allow
ance, no progress could be made and construction may be said to
have been at a standstill. Great stumps yet remained, obstructing
all efforts at improvement. These old relics of the forest seemed
to defy time and tide, still holding the spot where they had
stood mayhap for hundreds of years. A single narrow path
way for sled or ox-cart threaded its course here and there amongst
logs, stumps, over great roots and knolls down into mudholes,
over which a pair of oxen crept at a snail s pace, with a few bags
of wheat to mill, or a trough full of black salts to trade at some
grocery for such necessaries as would keep the wolf from the

ROADS IOI

shanty door. During autumn and in spring- roads were impas
sable. Through this eternal mud, along an intricate passageway,
amidst obstructions which defied almost every attempt at progress,
the patient, overtaxed oxen slowly crawled on their weary way.
At their heads trudged another ox, bending beneath his burden of
unremitting toil. There was only this distinction between the
biped and the quadruped he drove, he who stood erect had hope,
the oxen none. So men are pleased to say. Such were the roads
in pioneer days.

It was not, therefore, till after the stumps had decayed, and they
could be removed, that implements for grading were brought into
requisition. This introduction of grading appliances also intro
duced differences of opinion amongst overseers regarding proper
methods of road construction, which has been a source of conten
tion ever since. A want of regular system in roadmaking has
been productive of great waste of labor, retarding operations
by more effective methods, which might have been introduced
by those whose knowledge was in advance of the ordinary
settler. In looking back over his work during sixty years it
is scarcely fair to the old pathmaster to say, if this is all you
have accomplished your labor must have been largely wasted.
It would be equally fair to say you have been purchasing imple
ments for your farm for a half century, still you have accumulated
no more than is actually necessary, therefore your money has been
wasted. There was a great good in the old system that cleared
roadbeds, made crossways, built bridges, graded and gravelled
roads without any scientific knowledge or particular skill. In this
work of the old pathmaster, inexperienced as he was, we are not
surprised that he did not do more, but rather that he has done so
well. There, doubtless, has been a waste of labor for want of a
uniform system, but not to the extent some would wish us to
believe.

During a period extending onward from our first settlement
for eight or ten years there was no waste of labor. Time was lost
to some extent, perhaps, from this fact that beyond clearing a
roadway no improving could be done. About 1865 a system of

102 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

gravelling- by statute labor was introduced, since which there has not
been a great waste, under these old plans, although far from being
satisfactory. In the interregnum between the removal of stumps
and completion of grading, the greatest waste of labor occurs.
Opinions of pathmasters regarding construction operations were
frequently far apart, much of the work done being of a temporary
character. Culverts and bridges constructed with timber require
frequent attention, and a new method was introduced with each
new roadmaster. One overseer considers a roadway should extend
from fence to fence, a distance of over sixty feet ; every man in
his division is set to work with ploughs and scrapers and a piece
of road is graded wide enough for an esplanade. His successor
next season has entirely different views, and very properly, as he
thinks, sets to work and destroys all that his predecessor had done,
constructing a road well crowned in the centre, of perhaps eighteen
feet in width. A third overseer comes into office who considers
the former pathmaster made the road too high and too narrow,
and he accordingly substitutes his own plan, destroying very
effectively all that had been accomplished during two years pre
vious. Thus time moved on without much apparent improvement.
Proper methods of drainage were not considered of sufficient
importance to demand much attention. Culverts were all made
of logs, and were a constant source of annoyance to the councils.
A small bridge constructed in summer, of timber, frequently did
not survive a winter s frost or a spring flood. When the freshet
had passed away this piece of amateur work would very likely be
lying in a heap, preventing public traffic, and effectively choking
the stream it was intended to convey. Wherever stone could be
obtained results were about the same. In constructing stone
culverts and bridges of moderate width, recourse was had. to a
dry stone wall. This was economical, but not less a failure, the
whole structure, a short time subsequent to its construction, fre
quently falling a complete wreck.

In 1854 a system of gravel roads was introduced by the county
council, on which large sums of money were from time to time
expended. On these roads toll-gates were erected, where certain

ROADS 103

rates were exacted for keeping them in repair and reimbursing the
council for its original outlay. The advantage arising from these
roads soon became apparent to the settlers, who, as soon as
circumstances would permit, adopted the plan of gravelling all
township roads by statute labor. The result of this movement
eventuated in all roads being in equally as good condition as toll
roads, which soon suffered a serious diminution of traffic.

While these progressive measures were being carried out the
inadaptability of statute labor became apparent in another direc
tion, leading to inconvenience as well as waste of time and money.
Nature in her operations had not made deposits of road material
exactly where they should have been made in order to facilitate
road construction on economical lines. Indeed, she had been some
what capricious in this department, storing her gifts in ridges and
pockets frequently far apart. In those divisions, therefore, which
were fortunate in having abundance of gravel easy of access,
improvement in roads was rapid. In other sections, where they
were far from these conveniences, improvement was languid and
slow. Close proximity to a gravel pit led to heaping on of that
material year after year, irrespective of traffic demands, until the
roadbed was raised so high and narrow, that teams could only
pass with difficulty and not without some danger. On the other
hand, those divisions which were not contiguous to a gravel pit
were in bad condition, otherwise their statute labor had to be
largely supplemented by special grants from township funds in
order to ensure their maintenance in reasonable repair. In the
first case money and the roadway were both wasted, and in the
second case funds granted to supplement statute labor were
virtually thrown away, whereas by a proper distribution of the
whole work it would have been found ample for all.

But apart from these incongruities arising out of this statute
labor system, the principle by which it was applied, and those
methods adopted by municipal councils generally in arranging a
scale of assessment applicable to every ratepayer, were (without
prejudice to the honesty and integrity of township officials) unjust,
unfair and contrary to those principles which underly municipal

IO4 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

law. The very essence of that law in matters of taxation and
representation is equality. It is an embodiment of democratic
ideals reduced to practice and in a form which enters into our
every day life. Wherever municipal legislation touches matters of
taxation, it contemplates a uniform tax on property direct. There
is no provision made for municipalities obtaining revenue by excise
or inland revenue duties to any appreciable extent. Where
authority is given to raise funds otherwise than by a direct levy
on property, it will be found that such power is given to protect
real estate already contributing to the municipal treasury.

Such a scale of statute labor tax as that adopted by nearly all
municipalities, set these important principles at defiance, and was
certainly in contravention of all essential ideals of equality.
It certainly discriminated between large and small property owners
in a manner detrimental to those having small holdings, who were
likely least able to protect themselves. Every day s work was held
to be equal to one dollar. Any scale of statute labor, therefore,
which imposed three days, or their equivalent ($3.00), on a rate
payer assessed at $1,200, and nine days, or $9.00, on another rate
payer whose assessment amounted to $10,000 was clearly unjust.
While these figures may not be exactly those adopted as a scale
for statute labor, they are quite near enough those existing in
many municipalities to illustrate the principle on which this tax
was imposed. A great wrong certainly exists here, a wrong
altogether indefensible, except on the score of expediency (a
dangerous principle in legislation), but it is not the only bad
feature of the system. A line of demarcation in ascending from
one day s work to another had to be drawn at some fixed amount
of taxation, which in itself was a great hardship. Those property
holders assessed to say $1,200 had three days labor. A neighbor
on an adjoining lot, assessed at $1,205, was liable to four days,
the line fixing the number of days being drawn at the former
amount, and an increment of five dollars above entailing an
additional day, and so on throughout. It will be noted, therefore,
from these figures that an arrangement of this kind made the
assessor arbiter of a considerable portion of municipal taxation.

ROADS 105

By raising- a ratepayer s assessment in so small a sum as five
dollars, near the line of differentia fixed by by-law, he could add
to or diminish his taxation one dollar per annum. By this means,
it is apparent, he could affect the taxation of a municipality to a
great degree, a power neither the Assessment nor Municipal Act
ever intended he should control.

These inconsistencies and unfair conditions in working- the
statute labor system of taxation were quite apparent to municipal
councils for a number of years before any one was bold enough to
suggest a more equitable plan. Discussions at township nomina
tions had been kept up with animation and spirit in many
municipalities without any solution of the difficulty, and while
numbers objected, none appeared able to point out or formulate a
better plan. Those aspirants to a seat at the board, who had
advocated certain measures to supersede that already in operation
while not in power, if they were elected, became at once reticent
and temporizing in their conduct. Their plans, like Bob Acres
courage, oozed out at their finger ends, when the mantle of
responsibility was laid on their shoulders.

It was not, therefore, till the Government appointed what is
now known as a "Good Roads Commissioner of Highways," in
the person of Mr. A. W. Campbell, that those arguments affect
ing statute labor began to take form and effect. Repeated
admonitions from this officer seemed to be like the vertebras in an
anatomical figure that hold integuments in position until the force
of cohesion evolves a new body. Blanshard, in Perth county, was
first to move. Although discussions had been held from year to
year regarding a change, it came more rapid at last than its most
sanguine promoters expected. The council of 1899 were nearly
all young men, which to some extent may account for so rapid a
realization of this new system. It was a bold stroke, therefore,
when at their first meeting they, by a single motion, declared that
the abolition of statute labor was a fact, and that in Blanshard the
old plan of roadmaking, which had been in force for sixty years,
had outlived its usefulness, and was now only a relic of a past age.
This motion was no embodiment of a half measure. It declared

106 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

and established abolition as a correct principle. Commutation
would not have removed the difficulty of unfair taxation, as set
down in the scale of statute labor, to which reference has been
made. Abolition transferred all expenditure on highways levied
as a labor tax into ordinary disbursements, the demands for which
would be discharged by a fair and equitable assessment, or rate of
taxation levied on all rateable property in the municipality.

This innovation in Blanshard was followed by Downie, which,
however, during one year, did not abolish but only commute,
thus retaining the old injustice in a new form. Abolition
has now been adopted in Downie. Fullarton has also abolished
statute labor. Other municipalities in Perth are still on the
old plan.

So radical a change, in an old established system, could not be
carried out without giving offence to a portion of the electorate,
who were affected by its operations. To remove from a tree an
old branch which, though displaying evidences of failing vigor,
still retains much vitality, cannot be accomplished without
disturbing the parent stem, from which it draws its life sap and
sustenance of its being. This fact remains, however, that where
abolition has been introduced, although it has met with opposition,
the great mass of our people are satisfied and would not revert
to their old methods.

For constructing roads and bridges in a municipality, councils
may adopt one of these methods : First, by statute labor ; second,
by commutation ; and third, by abolition, all roads being maintained
by the general fund. Regarding the first, as all are sufficiently
acquainted with its operation, no explanation is necessary, further
than to point out its unfairness. In the Municipal Act a scale is
laid down for performance of statute labor, imposing a certain
number of days on each ratepayer in proportion to his rateable
property. Authority is given by this Act to municipal councils,
enabling them to vary this scale, insuring a more perfect adapt
ability to local conditions. Nearly all councils have availed
themselves of this privilege, each authorizing a scale for its own
convenience. In Blanshard, as fairly representing this system of

ROADS IO7

a statute labor tax in a modified form, the subjoined scale will
illustrate the injustice of this principle :

A ratepayer owning 300 acres of land, performed 13 days

" " 200 " " " 10 "

" " ioo " " " 6 "

n ( I __ i . 1 I A

A house and lot worth $250 " 2 "

Land value in every case to be $50 per acre.

By this scale, it is apparent, the burden of taxation falls
enormously heavier on a poor man than on his rich neighbor. By
commutation at a fixed sum per diem, conditions remain exactly
as before. During 1901, in Blanshard, disbursements for
maintenance and improvements of roads under abolition amounted
to 55 cents for each days labor applied under the old system.
Under commutation, therefore, we obtain the following results :
300 acres 13 days at 55 cents per diem $7.15
200 " 10 " 55 " 5.50

ioo " 6 " 55 " 3.30

50 " 4 " ; 5 2.20

House and lot at $250 1. 10

According to this statement, which is the actual experience of
commutation, we find a great discrepancy in taxation in favor of
the large ratepayer, increasing in proportion as we descend in
material wealth until we reach the house and lot, on whose owner
rests the greatest burden.

An equitable adjustment of this whole system is found in
abolition, and it can exist in no other. By applying this principle,
therefore, where all disbursements for roads are taken from a
general fund set apart for improvements, an equal rate being
levied and collected on all on basis of assessment, we find :
Amount levied on 300 acres $10.50
" 200 acres 7.00

ioo " 3.50

50 " 1.75

House and lot .40

These figures require no comment, as illustrating the practical

108 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

working of abolition methods in contradistinction to statute labor,
and cannot fail to impress the reader with its equitable results to
all sections of the people.

During the last ten years great improvements have been made
in road construction machinery. The place of the old road scraper
has been usurped by a more perfect implement, graders being now
in use everywhere. This machine, which was moved formerly by
horses, is now w r orked by a traction engine, a very great improve
ment on teams. It has been found to be more economical, easily
manipulated, and will perform much more work in a given time
than can be done by horses. In 1901, a grader worked by horses
in Blanshard improved fifteen miles of roadway at a cost of $19.00
per mile. In 1901 the same machine worked by a traction engine
improved thirty-five -miles of roadway at a cost of $420,00 or
$12.00 per mile, thus making a saving of $7.00 per mile, and with
better results.

In Blanshard an innovation has been made in the character of
material applied for maintenance of the leading highways.
Repeated application of gravel has been found quite inadequate
in forming a good roadbed, under a constant wearing by heavy
traffic. Operating the road grader along the edges of the
roadway, thus removing all accumulations of worn out material,
is a decided improvement, producing an easy curve to the crown
of the roadbed, affording an ample grade for superfluous moisture
draining off to the water tables. By applying crushed stone to a
road thus prepared, from twelve to fourteen feet wide, and four
teen inches deep in the centre, if somewhat expensive, a durable
and economical bed for heavy traffic is formed.

When stone can be obtained this system, although it may fall
short of those methods adopted by Macadam, will be found a great
improvement on any former system of roadmaking pursued in
this county. The cost of a road constructed in this manner has
not exceeded in Blanshard $1,200.00 per mile, including rent of a
stone crusher, and has been so satisfactory that its continuance
will be carried on by the council until all roads over which pass
heavy traffic have been reconstructed on this system. As to

ROADS 109

making and keeping in repair highways in rural sections, this
method of applying broken stone would be unnecessary. Traffic
on these roads is comparatively light, and a moderate quantity of
gravel applied annually, with an occasional application of the
grader in maintaining a proper descent to the water tables, will
be found quite ample in retaining them in a good state of repair.
It may be asserted, however, that progress towards good roads,
under any system, will be slow so long as traffic is moved on
narrow waggon tires, now almost universally used. Even in
sections constructed with broken stone, where drainage is fairly
good, a number of heavy waggons passing and re-passing every
day, soon cut the best material into parallel lines, thus forming
recepticles for retention of water, so injurious to a roadbed.
People seem to be very conservative in character regarding trans
portation facilities, and while marvellous improvements have taken
place in agricultural implements and farm methods, the old narrow
waggon tire remains the same. To compel all to use wide tires,
by by-law, would be difficult. Any principle of coercive legislation,
when it touches home life, is always looked on with suspicion, as
an interference by a corporate body in what may be considered
private matters, and has rather an irritating effect. Blanshard
council, to overcome this difficulty, have, with a philosophy worthy
of emulation by all municipalities, introduced a plan which will
doubtless solve the problem of wide tires easily, cheaply and
effectively. In order to change our present system of transport
ation on narrow tires, they are passing no coercive legislation, but
have adopted a more plausible and philanthropic method in
bonusing. Every ratepayer who procures a new vehicle to be
used in heavy traffic receives from the municipality a premium
of, say, $5.00, and for any alterations made in waggons already in
use, a smaller amount. A claim made under this by-law, to be
valid, must be based on evidence that the tires on which applicant
is entitled to receive a bonus are not less than four inches in
width. The concensus of opinion amongst our ratepayers
regarding this important movement is strongly in favor of such
a change, and its adoption can only be a matter of a few years.

110 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

While the introduction of broad tires and the application of
broken stone would largely improve our roads, it may be that
climatic conditions obtaining in this country would prevent, in
some degree, that efficiency ever being attained which is so
apparent in Europe. Climatic influences may seem more favour
able in Canada because of less rainfall. Still, in the British
Islands, where the humidity is much greater than here, it is
largely neutralized by a proper system of drainage in the road bed.
In this country, where the temperature falls so low in winter, it
will be difficult to overcome the deleterious effects of severe frost
by any system of road construction. During spring, therefore, on
all main roads, over which pass heavy traffic, the roadbed becomes
spongy and soft, and under a constant stream of loaded waggons
is seriously impaired.

We believe, however, that the improvement of highways will be
a matter of less importance in a few years than at present. There
is no doubt that Perth County is on the eve of a system of electric
roads radiating from business centres over leading highways,
which will displace a large amount of traffic being moved under
existing conditions. By adopting the electric car in transporting
farm produce it will be moved at less cost than at present
over our best roads. This in itself would produce a large
saving in making and repairing highways, which could be
devoted to construction of telephones at convenient distances
in rural sections, as well as furnishing electric light to those
villages through which such radial roads may pass. By thus
supplying a comfortable and commodious means of travel in
rural districts at cheap rates, it would promote a desire amongst
our people to avail themselves of such conveniences, thus
destroying to a great extent the isolation of farm life. This
would again improve the farmer s social condition by bringing him
into closer contact with those with whom it might be to his
advantage to associate, thus broadening his views, extending his
means of pleasure, by a promotion of those thoughts and amenities
which make for the advancement and amelioration of the race.

In this county are men and women still living and still vigorous

ROADS I I I

who followed the blaze into the trackless forest, and who may in
the near future roll along that same forest path in a luxuriously
appointed electric car, surrounded by all that can make life enjoy
able.

Ah ! Glorious ending- to pioneer days ! Ah ! Marvellous
progress ; inconceivable in so short a period of time.

CHAPTER VII.

JUDICIARY.

Mr. Read Burritt, -who practiced law in Prescott, and for two
Parliaments had been a member thereof, was appointed the first
County Court Judge of the County of Perth. He took the oath of
office as Judg-e of the County Court on the 24th day of January,
1853, before the late John J. E. Linton, then Clerk of the Peace.

Mr. Charles Robinson had been about the same time appointed
County Judge of the then new County of Lambton. These gentle
men exchanged places, and Mr. Robinson was on the lyth day of
October, 1853, sworn in as Judge of the County Court of the
County of Perth, and Mr. Burritt became Judge of the County
of Lambton.

Mr. Robinson tired of Stratford, and induced his brother judge
to re-exchange and be as they were. Mr. Robinson continued as
Judge of the County of Lambton until his retirement at a very
advanced age about five years ago, and is now dead. In after
years, when asked the reason for his returning to Sarnia Judge
Robinson was wont (although a very temperate man), to tell at
his own expense, that when he would be taking his toddy at night,
or a night cap, when living in Stratford, he was disturbed by the
frogs in the pond and in the surrounding neighborhood ; that he
concluded he could not stand what seemed to him to be the whole
brute creation singing : "The Jooge is tronk!" "The Jooge is
tronk!" "The Jooge is tronk!" (" The Judge is drunk ! "
" The Judge is drunk !" " The Judge is drunk !")

Mr. Burritt, on the i6th April, 1855, took the oath of office
again as Judge of the County Court of the County of Perth, and

JUDICIARY I i 5

several Division Courts and Surrogate Court of the County, and
held these offices until his death in the midsummer of 1864. He
was succeeded by the late Mr. Daniel Home Lizars, who long
practiced in the County, and was then County Crown Attorney.
Mr. Lizars took the oath of office as Judge of the County
Court and several Division Courts and Surrogate Court of the
County of Perth, on the 3oth August, 1864, and continued such
until his resignation, shortly before the appointment of Mr.
James Peter Woods, Q. C., who was sworn in as Judge on the
2nd November, 1886. He in turn resigned, and was succeeded
on the 3rd January, 1898, by Mr. John Augustus Barren, Q.C.,
present County Judge, who took the oath of office on the iith
January, 1898.

It has become necessary in the history of the County only on
three occasions to have a Deputy Judge appointed. The first of
such appointments was that of the late Mr. Egerton Fiske Ryer-
son, on the 2ist April, 1864; then the late Robert Smith, Q.C., on
the iith June, 1884, and that of Mr. George Gordon McPherson,
Q.C., on the 2oth day of February, 1900.

It never fell to the lot of any one of these gentlemen to discharge
for any length of time the duties of the office. The appointments
were merely temporary during the illness or absence of the
respective Judges for the County at the time.

The General Sessions of the Peace were first opened on the 5th
of April, 1853, at Stratford, before Read Burritt, Esquire, Judge of
the County Court of the said County of Perth, Robert Henry,
Alexander Grant, James Rankin, Alexander Mitchell and Sebastian
Fryfogle, Justices of the Peace.

The first Commission of the Peace for the County of Perth bears
date the 3ist day of December, 1852, and, following the ancient
practice, named the High Court Judges, members of the Executive
Council and the Legislative Council, along with other prominent
residents in the County, as Justices of the Peace. These others
were : Read Burritt, Esquire, Judge of our County Court of our
County of Perth, John C. W. Daly, Andrew Helmer, Peter
Kastner, William F. McCulloch, Daniel McPherson, John

8

Il6 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Sparling-, John Sebring, George Wood, John Stewart, Thomas
Brown, Alexander Grant, James Rankin, Alexander Hamilton,
Peter Crerar, John Mclntyre, Adam Seegmiller, John Sharman,
Thomas Daly, Alexander F. Mickle, John Thompson, Thomas
Christie, Alexander Mitchell, John Zinkan, Alexander Fisher,
John Curtis, Sebastian Fryfogle, William Cossey, Peter Woods,
Matthew Nelson, Alexander Harrington Orr, Andrew Monteith,
Jacob Weaver, Alexander Gourlay, Robert Henry, Robert Ballan-
tyne, James Hill, James Brown, Robert Porteous, Andrew Morgan,
Peter McCann, Robert Donkin, Donald Cameron, James K.
Clendinning, Edward Long, William Moscrip, William Barren
and John Fitzgerald, Esquires.

This first Court was opened by reading this commission, and
also the proclamation setting apart the County of Perth by
disuniting it from the United Counties of Huron, Perth and Bruce,
and constituting it an independent County. The proclamation was
also dated the 3ist December, 1852. It was made in pursuance of
12 Victoria, chap. 78, and another Act passed the same year,
chap. 96, which recited that the population of the County of Perth
exceeded 12,000, and from its geographical position it was
expedient that provision be made for its separation from said
union without waiting till its population should be such as required
by the loth section of such mentioned Act.

At this sitting of the Court the late John J. E. Linton, first
Clerk of the Peace, acted as Clerk. The late John A. McCarthy,
long Chief Constable of Stratford, was appointed Crier of the
Court, an office he held until his death.

Robert Kay, afterwards Gaoler, was also appointed to be High
Constable. There were fifty-one constables appointed.

Municipal institutions and government inspection at this early
date had not so far developed as to deprive the Quarter Sessions
of the Peace of some of their ancient powers and functions that
now have ceased to exist. Hence we find entries like the follow
ing in the records of that Court.

The Gaoler s salary was fixed at 80 per annum, to be paid
quarterly, and it was resolved "that it be his duty also for this

JUDICIARY 117

salary to do the washing- for the prisoners (not debtors), and the
scrubbing- of the gaol. "

The late Dr. Hyde was appointed Gaol Surgeon, at 12, IDS.
per annum, including- for attendance and medicine.

On the 6th January, 1854, it was ordered by the Magistrates :
"The Magistrates consider that owing to the rise in provisions
the cost of allowance to the prisoners for board be increased, and
they ordered that the sum of o, ys. , 6d. per week be allowed as
board for each prisoner till next session."

Special Sessions were held from time to time for the examination
of lunatics, and on one occasion after the prisoner had been in
g-aol for four months, the Special Session terminated by this :
"The Mag-istrates looked at some of the Acts relating to lunatics,
and they separated without giving any orders." A postscript
states that J. C. W. Daly afterwards came and went with other
Magistrates to the g-aol, and that the Sheriff afterwards said he
had been directed to discharge the prisoner.

A Special Session of the Magistrates was held at the Clerk of
the Peace office on the i5th September, 1854, to consider the
escape of Lorenzo Talbot from g^aol, and Gaoler John McColl was
censured for his conduct in the premises.

The escaped prisoner referred to above seems to have been
recaptured, and an order for 20 was given to Leonard Blackburn
of Chatham, as a reward therefor.

Division Courts : At the sittings on the 6th April, 1853, His
Worship, the Chairman, and Alexander Hamilton, William Cossey,
Andrew Monteith, Robert Henry, J. C. W. Daly, William
Smith, Peter Woods, Alexander Grant, John Sharman, Alexander
Mitchell and James Rankin are recorded as present, when the
Court took into consideration the division of the County for
Division Court purposes, and it was ordered that there should
be five divisions.

The first division to consist of all that part of the township of
North Easthope west of the line between lots 25 and 26 and south
of the road between the 8th and gth concessions, and all that part
of the township of South Easthope west of the said line between

Il8 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

lots 25 and 26; all that part of the township of Downie and Gore
north and east of the concession line between the loth and nth
concessions of the Oxford road, and all the township of Ellice
from the ist to the i3th concession inclusive.

The second division to consist of all that part of the township
of Fullarton, not included in division number three, and the town
ships of Hibbert and Logan.

The third division to consist of that portion of the township of
Downie west of the Oxford road and south of the concession line
between the loth and iith concessions; the township of Blan-
shard, and all that part of the township of Fullarton comprising
the 1 3th and i4th concessions, and south of a road leading- from
the Mitchell road, between lots 24 and 25 east to lot 3 in the loth
concession, thence east along the line between the loth and nth
concessions to the town line.

The fourth division to consist of that part of the township of
North Easthope east of the line between lots 25 and 26, and north
of the 8th concession ; all that part of the township of South
Easthope not included in division number one. The said division
number four to take effect on the r6th day of June next, and in
the meantime to belong to division number one.

The fifth division to consist of the townships of Mornington,
Elma and Wallace, and concessions 14, 15 and 16 of the township
of Ellice. The said division number five to take effect on the i6th
day of June next, and in the meantime to belong to division
number one.

At the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, held in July,
1855, it was ordered : "That the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and
fourteenth concessions of North Easthope (now forming part of
Division Court number 4), be attached to and form part of Division
Court number five."

At the sittings of the same Court on Wednesday, the i4th day
of March, 1860, it was ordered that there be another Division Court
in this County, to be styled the sixth division, and that such
division be composed of the township of Wallace and all that part
of the township of Elma from the first concession to the eighteenth

JUDICIARY 119

concession, both concessions inclusive, and comprising- lots number
one to number forty-two, both inclusive of the first concession, and
lots number one to number twenty-six inclusive, from the second
to the eighteenth concession, both concessions inclusive.

The limits of the several Division Courts of the County, thus
modified, have remained so to the present time.

The following- order was made by the General Sessions, held
March, 1867.

"That a recommendation be sent to the Government, through
the Provincial Secretary, that owing- to a great decrease in the
business of the courts, that only four courts be held yearly in each
of the said six divisions, into which the Division Courts have been
divided, leaving it discretionary with the Judge to fix the exact
periods of these four times, and instruct the Clerk of the Peace to
communicate this recommendation to the Provincial Secretary.

An Order-in-Council, assenting to this, was passed on the 28th
January, 1868.

SJieriffs: On the 3 ist December, 1852, the late Mr. RobertModer-
well was appointed first Sheriff of the County, his commission being
signed by Elgin and Kincardine (who, after serving in many high
positions, died whilst Governor-General in India), and attested by
William B. Richards, as Attorney-General, who afterwards served
as a Judge and Chief Justice of the Queen s Bench, and later
became the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
Mr. Moderwell died on the 23rd day of October, A.D. 1886.

On the resignation of Mr. Moderwell, on the 28th of August,
1872, Mr. John Hossie, the present Sheriff, was appointed as his
successor, his commission being signed by William P. Howland,
Lieutenant-Governor, and attested by Adam Crooks, Attorney-
General of Ontario.

Clerks of the Peace : The late Mr. J. J. E. Linton was amongst
the first officers appointed for the County, and held the office until
his death, on the 23rd day of January, 1869, and was succeeded
by the late Michael Hayes, who had previously been appointed
County Crown Attorney, and by virtue of that office became Clerk
of the Peace on the death of Mr. Linton.

I2O HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Cotinty Crown Attorneys : When the County was first con
stituted, the office of County Crown Attorney did not exist.

The Court of General Sessions, on the i5th November, 1853,
agreed that Daniel Home Lizars, barrister, take the criminal cases
to come before the General Sessions. The Clerk of the Peace
intimated this to Mr. Lizars by letter.

The office of County Crown Attorney, as public prosecutor, was
first created in 1857, by 20 Victoria, chap. 59, which came into
force ist January, 1858.

Mr. Daniel Home Lizars was appointed the first County Crown
Attorney, under this statute, and continued to hold office until
appointed Judge of the County Court of the County, of Perth, to
which office he was sworn in on the 3oth August, 1864. He was
succeeded by the late Egerton Fiske Ryerson, on the 2yth August,
1864, who died in the following- year, and was succeeded by
Michael Hayes, who was sworn in on the 2nd January, 1866, and
continued till his death in 1879, when he was succeeded by John
Idington, the present County Crown Attorney, appointed on the
4th July, 1879.

Deputy Clerks of the -Crown and Clerks of the County Court, etc. :
-The first Deputy Clerk of the Crown and Clerk of the County
Court was Mr. Alex. McGregor (first public school teacher in
Stratford), sworn in as such on the 24th January, 1853, before
John J. E. Linton. The late Mr. James Macfadden, who had
practiced till then as an attorney in St. Marys, succeeded him, and
took the oath of office on the 6th of August, 1866, before Judge
Lizars. Mr. Macfadden died on the 4th Aug-ust, 1899.

William Caven Moscrip came next, and was appointed Local
Reg-istrar of the High Court of Justice, at Stratford, Registrar of
the Surrogate Court and Clerk of the County Court of the County
of Perth, on the ist day of Aug-ust, A.D. 1899.

Police Magistrates : James O Loane, Stratford, sworn in i2th
August, 1873 ; James E. Terhune, Listowel, sworn in 27th
February, 1890 ; Joseph Harvey Flagg, Mitchell, sworn in i5th
March, 1884; Thomas Henry Race, Mitchell,* sworn in
August, 1900.

JUDICIARY 121

Associate Coroners for the County : The following Coroners have
been appointed from time to time at places on dates as here-
under: James Coleman, M.D., St. Marys, 3ist December, 1852 ;
John Hyde, M.D., Stratford, 3ist December, 1852 ; William Bull,
Mitchell, 3ist December, 1852 ; John Mahoney, Mitchell, 3ist
December, 1852 ; David Waugh, Stratford, 4th December, 1854 ;
Daniel Wilson, M.D., St. Marys, 2ist December, 1855 ; James
Bowie, M.D., Mitchell, 3oth April, 1857; P. R. Shaver, M.D.,
Stratford, 3oth April, 1857 ; William Eggert, Shakespeare, 4th
March, 1858 (error, not in County) ; Walter Boyd, Mitchell, 28th
July, 1858; Daniel D. Campbell, Listowel, 28th July, 1858 ; Peter
Johnson Muter, Nithburg, I2th June, 1860 ; David Coon, M.D.,
Mitchell, i gth June, 1860; Chas. Rolls, M.D., St. Marys, 5th
January, 1861 ; Edward A. Paget, M.D., Stratford, 26th Novem
ber, 1861 ; George Wilson, M.D., St. Marys, ist April, 1865 ;
David Howard Harrison, M.D., St. Marys, ist April, 1865 ;
Edward Hornibrook, M.D., Mitchell ; 4th April, 1865 ; Stephen F.
Smith, Stratford, i2th May, 1865 (not sworn in) ; John Nichol,
M.D., Listowel, 3rd March, 1866; John Philp, M.D., Listowel,
i2th March, 1866 ; John Philip Jackson, M.D., Stratford, ist
August, 1868; Daniel Joseph King, Carronbrook, 24th November,
1869 ; Robert McDonald, Fullarton Corners, 2gth October, 1873 ;
James P. Rankin, M.D., Stratford, 25th October, 1882 ; John
Sinclair, St. Marys, iyth April, 1886 ; James Alphonsus Devlin,
M.D., Stratford ; George Robinson Watson, Listowel ; Donald
Alfred Kidd, M.D., Atwood.

All these have since died or removed from the County, except
Mr. Campbell of Listowel, whose commission as a Justice of the
Peace superseded that of Coroner ; Dr. Philp of Listowel, Drs.
Rankin and Devlin of Stratford, and Dr. Kidd of Atwood.

Division Court Clerks and Bailiffs : The following is a list of
the Division Court Clerks and Bailiffs of the County, who have
served, the names appearing in the order of succession of their
appointments, the last named being that of the present incumbent
of the office :

Division No. i. Clerks : Raby Williams, April, 1853 ; David

122 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

B. Burritt, June, 1864. Bailiffs : Wm. J. Green, April, 1853 ; J. A.
McCarthy, April, 1853 ; Robert Kay, July, 1853 ; Thos. McCarthy,
July, 1857 ; J. A. McCarthy, September, 1860 ; Thos. McCarthy,
September, 1860 ; Thos. Tobin, April, 1862 ; Thos. S. Tobin,
February, 1881.

Division No. 2. Clerks : Thos. Matheson, April, 1853 ; G. K.
Matheson, May, 1883. Bailiffs : Jas. K. Black, 1853 ; John
Black, November, 1858 ; James Black, April, 1859 ; John Black,
March, 1862 ; James Black, October, 1863 ; John Burns,
September, 1864 ; J. S. Coppin, November, 1869.

Division No. 3. Clerks : Raby Williams, January, 1853 ;
James Coleman, April, 1853 ; E. Long-, July, 1880. Bailiffs :
Wm. Green, January, 1853 ; J. A. McCarthy, February, 1853 ;
Geo. Tracey, April, 1853 ; Joseph McCulley, August, 1853 ;
Cornelius Avery, October, 1854 ; Richard Box, March, 1855 ;
William Box, September, 1861.

Division No. 4. Clerks : William Cossey, June, 1853 ; George
Brown, March, 1867. Bailiffs : John Helmer, June, 1853 ; John
Cossey, January, 1859 ; John Helmer, July, 1859 ; Robert Moore,
October, 1861 ; Jacob Amacher, October, 1864 ; Joseph Evans,
June, 1870 ; C. Dietrich, July, 1871 ; Chas. Lehmann, March,
l8 73 ; J- W. Donaldson, November, 1882 ; J. A. Donaldson,
March, 1894.

Division No. 5. Clerks : Samuel Whaley, June, 1853 ; James
David Whaley, September, 1876 ; Thos. Trow, September, 1879.
Bailiffs : John Coulter, July, 1853 ; John Jones, November, 1857;
Wm. Moss, November, 1859 ; J. M. Scott, June, 1881 ; J. J.
Whaley, November, 1886 ; Alex. Munro, April, 1888 ; W. D.
Weir, April, 1891.

Division No. 6. Clerks : James Coleman, February, 1853 ;
Spencer Tunstall, June, 1860 ; David D. Hay, August, 1861 ;
William G. Hay, December, 1873 ; David D. Hay, March, 1875 ;
William John Hay, April, 1884 ; Francis W. Hay, August, 1893 ;
William Bright, August, 1900. Bailiffs : Geo. Tracey, February,
I ^53 ; Joseph McCulley, February, 1853 ; Thos. E. Hay, July,
1860 ; Wm. F. Hacking, October, 1864 ; Jacob Loree, December,

JUDICIARY 123

1873 ; Robert Russell Hay, March, 1878 ; Robert Hay, October,
1878 ; W. H. Hay, March, 1893 ; Thomas Male, June, 1902.

The following is a list of Justices for the County of Perth
appointed at the last issue of Commission of the Peace, and acting
m 1902 : John Aikens, Dublin ; Robert Armstrong, Wartburg ;
James Bennoch, Stratford ; Lewis Bolton, Listowel ; George
Brown, Shakespeare ; Charles Brook, Mitchell ; John Brown,
Stratford ; Richard Horace Bain, Fullarton ; David Brethour,
Woodham ; Robert Beatty, Kirkton ; George Bald, Sebringville ;
Charles Bellamy, St. Marys ; James Crerar, Stratford ; Tom
Coveney, Mitchell ; John Campbell, Metropolitan ; Daniel D.
Campbell, Listowel ; Joseph Walker Cull, Mitchell ; John M.
Cameron, Anderson ; Hugh Campbell, Mitchell ; James Callin,
Stratford ; James Clyne, St. Pauls ; Robert Cleland, Listowel ;
Robert Clarke, Carlingford ; Charles Cosens, Trowbridge ; Peter
Campbell, Bornholm ; James Dickson, Donegal ; David Douglass,
Mitchell- Jas. Dunsmore, Granton ; Jno. Dwyer, Bornholm ; Geo.
Edwards, MilvertonjThos. Epplett, St. Marys ; Oilman Kenny Erb,
Sebringvite ; John Freeborn, Freeborn ; Robert Henry Freeborn,
Freeborn ; Daniel Flannigan, Stratford ; Andrew Falk, Lisbon ;
Henry Foley, Kinkora ; Andrew Goetz, Sebringville ; George
Goetz, Sebrngville ; James Nichol Grieve, Millbank ; F. R.
Hamilton, Cromarty ; W. V. Hutton, St. Marys ; S. R. Hesson,
Stratford ; J. B. Hamilton, Atwood ; J. A. Hacking, Listowel ;
James Hamrmnd, Atwood ; D. D. Hay, Stratford ; Moses
Harvey, Newr) ; Henry Hemsworth, Gowanstown ; Francis
Jacob, Brodhagei ; William Johnston, Woodham ; P. R. Jarvis,
Stratford ; John Kenny, jr., Dublin ; John Kelly, Kinkora ;
William Keith, Listowel ; William George Kruspe, Sebringville ;
William Laing, Vildwood ; William Lochead, Atwood ; John
Low, Stratford ; Jom Mohr, New Hamburg ; N. Monteith, Strat
ford ; William Ma^han, Mitchell ; Joseph Miller, Wartburg ;
William Mowat, Stntford ; Aurelius Moses, St. Marys ; Joseph
Mountain, St. Marys ;C. H. Merryfield, Monkton ; James Menzies,
Molesworth ; G. H. IVcIntyre, St. Marys ; Peter McVannell, St.
Marys ; J. J. McKema, Dublin ; James McCallum, Amulree ;

124 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Daniel McLean, Sebringville ; William McCaffrey, Stratford ;
Patrick J. O Brien, Stratford ; John W. Poole, St. Marys ; William
Porteous, Fullarton ; James Pierce, jr., Dublin ; Thomas Pascoe,
Mitchell ; Cornelius Quinlan, Stratford ; Robert Radcliffe, Prospect
Hill ; James L. Russell, Russeldale ; John Rutherford, Monkton ;
Thomas Ryan, Dublin ; John Robinson, Kirkton ; J. D. Stewarc,
Russeldale ; Fred H. Sharpe, St. Marys ; W. F. Sanderson, St.
Marys ; F. Switzer, Woodham ; John W. Scott, Listowel ; D.
Swanson, St. Marys ; George Shearer, Poole ; Robert Simpson,
Sebringville ; Peter Stewart, Stratford ; Alexander Stewart, Monk-
ton ; Henry Stephan, Brodhagen ; Jno. Stewart, Listowel ; Duncan
Stewart, Hampstead ; John Schaefer, Tavistock ; James Smith,
Shakespeare ; David Trachsell, Shakespeare ; Luther F. W.
Turner, Fullarton ; Christopher Tabberner, Listowel ; IV. D.
Weir, Milverton ; John Watson, Burns ; Jacob Walter, Listowel ;
Patrick Whelihan, St. Marys ; George B. Webster, Science Hill ;
John Walsh, St. Marys.

CHAPTER VIII.

MILITIA.

The 28th Regiment (Perth Infantry), was organized September
1 4th, 1866, with headquarters at Stratford.

The first regimental officers were Lieut. -Col., R. S. Service,
Majors, T. B. Guest and Charles James ; Paymaster, Leon M.
Clench ; Adjutant, David Scott ; Quartermaster, Peter J. Smith-
wick ; Surgeon, David Wilson, and Assistant-Surgeon, J. P.
Jackson.

Lieut. -Col. Service, having been appointed Brigade-Major,
Capt. William Smith was promoted to the command of the
regiment in 1872 ; upon his retirement in 1881, Major David Scott
succeeded to the command, from which he retired in 1885, and
was succeeded by Major R. S. McKnight, who retained command
till 1898, when Lieut. -Col. H. A. L. White succeeded him as
commanding officer.

The regimental officers are Lieut.-Col. , H. A. L. White; Majors,
W. C. Moscrip and G. T. Cooke ; Paymaster, Major William Law
rence ; Quartermaster, Capt. O. E. Stalker ; Medical Officer,
Surgeon-Captain J. P. Rankin ; Hon. Chaplain, Rev. David
Williams, M.A.

The regiment is composed of six companies, located as follows :
No. i Company, Stratford ; No. 2 Company, Stratford ; No. 3
Company, St. Marys ; No. 4 Company, Mitchell ; No. 5 Company,
Stratford ; No. 6 Company, Stratford.

The Regiment has an efficient band of thirty performers, Mr.
Foster Close being bandmaster.

No. i Company was organized in 1856 as "The Stratford

126 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Volunteer Rifle Company." It consisted of upwards of eighty
men, under command of Captain Henry Imlach, Lieut. L. T.
O Loane, and Ensign James Orr.

With the exception of the historic "Brown Bess" and white
cross belts, the Company was maintained free of expense to the
Government till 1858, after which an annual allowance of four or
five dollars per man was made ; the old arms, etc. , were replaced
by Enfield rifles and black leather belts.

The original uniform of the Company consisted of green shell
jacket, trousers and forage cap. In 1860 green tunic, trousers
and shakos were procured.

The original officers having retired, they were succeeded by
Capt. R. S. Service, Lieut. Robert Macfarlane and Ensign W.
M. Clark.

The Company had the honor of taking part in the reception of
His Majesty King Edward VII. (then Prince of Wales) on the
occasion of his visit to Stratford in 1860.

Up till the end of 1861, the Company paid all expenses con
nected with drill, etc. ; afterwards the Imperial Government
furnished instructors, and in 1863 the first Government clothing
was issued.

On the 25th April, 1865, the Company was placed on active
service for three months, at Windsor and Sandwich. It consisted
of three officers and sixty-five non-commissioned officers and men.
They were proud of the fact that during this service no charge of
any kind was made against a member of the Company.

On March 8th, 1866, the Company was again placed on active
service at Stratford, Chatham, Sandwich and Windsor. It was
kept out for about four months. The duty was heavy, and the
record of the Company was very good. In the following August
it formed part of the field force at Thorold under Colonel (now
Field Marshall Lord) Wolseley.

On the formation of the 28th Regiment, the officers of No. i
Company were Capt. Robert Macfarlane, M.P., Lieut. W. M.
Clark and Ensign R. R. Lang. The uniform of the Company was
changed from green to scarlet in 1871. In 1872 Captain Mac-

MILITIA 127

farlane was promoted to majority, and Ensign Lang- became
Captain. Upon his retirement in 1883 Lieut. F. K. Burnham
became Captain. Upon his retirement m 1885, Lieut. J. L. Hotson
became Captain, who retired in 1892, and was succeeded by Lieut.
S. M. Johnson, upon whose retirement in 1896 Lieut. Grayson
Alexander became Captain and held command till 1898, when
Lieut. Royal Burritt, the present Captain, was appointed. The other
officer of the Company is Lieut. M. D. Hamilton.

No. 2 Company was organized in 1861 as "The Stratford Infantry
Company," but was not recognized, armed and equipped till 1862.
The first officers were Capt. W. J. Imlach, Lieut. Charles James,
and Ensign Henry Sewell (the latter gentleman died in 1866) ;
Capt. Imlach retired, and Lieut. James became Captain, the other
officers being Lieut. Robert Smith and Ensign David Scott.

On March 8th, 1866, the Company was called out for active
service and did duty at Stratford, Chatham, Windsor and closed
as part of field force at Thorold in August.

On the formation of the 28th Regiment, the officers of No. 2
were Capt. William Smith, Lieut. R. A. MacGregor and Ensign
Hugh Nichol. In 1872 Capt. Smith was promoted to rank of
Lieut. -Colonel of the Regiment, and was succeeded by Captain A.
W. Dodd, who retained the Company till he was appointed Adju
tant in 1876, and was succeeded by Capt. J. R. Hamilton, who
held the position till he was promoted to majority in 1885, when
he was succeeded by Capt. Geo. T. Cooke, who retained command
until promoted to majority in 1898, and was followed by David
Gibson as Captain ; upon the retirement of Capt. Gibson in 1900,
the present Capt. A. H. Monteith was appointed. The other
officers of the Company are Lieuts. S. W. N. Monteith and
Clarence Trow.

No. 3 Company was organized in 1866 as "The St. Marys
Infantry Company, " with the following officers: Capt. T. B. Guest,
Lieut. John McDonald and Ensign David McConnell. The Com
pany formed part of the field force at Thorold in August, 1866.
On the formation of the Regiment, Capt. Guest was appointed
Major and Lieut. McDonald became Captain of the Company. He

128 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

retired in 1869, and was succeeded by Lieut. R. S. McKnig-ht, as
Captain, who being promoted to the position of Major in 1878,
was succeeded by Captain W. A. Bailey, who died in 1882, was
succeeded by W. C. Moscrip, as Captain, who retained Company
till 1895, when, being appointed Major, he was succeeded by the
present Captain D. W. Jamieson, the other officers being Lieuts.
G. S. Kirkpatrick and L. Spearin.

No. 4 Company was organized at Listowel in 1866, the first
officers being D. D. Campbell, Captain ; John Zimmerman,
Lieut., and W. F. Hacking, Ensign. Upon the retirement of
Captain Campbell, Lieut. T. G. Fennell became Captain, who
retired in 1876. The Company was then removed to St. Marys,
and Captain H. A. L. White, of No. 5 Company, transferred to it.
Capt. White being appointed Major in 1882, was succeeded by J.
E. Harding, as Captain, who retired in 1884, when Lieut. J. G.
Beam, formerly of the 44th Regiment, was appointed Captain.
Upon Lieut. Beam s appointment as Adjutant in 1885, James
Hamilton became Captain, and continued in command till 1899,
when, being appointed Quartermaster, Lieut. G. L. Money was
appointed Captain, and the headquarters changed to Mitchell,
the other officer being Lieut. W. Thompson.

The original No. 5 Company was formed in Mitchell in 1866,
but, having become inefficient, was removed from the list of active
militia, and the original No. 6 Company, organized in 1866 in the
Township of Blanshard, became No. 5. The officers of this com
pany were Captain David Brethour, Lieut. H. A. L. White, and
Ensign John Anderson. Captain Brethour retired in 1871, and
Lieut. H. A. L. White became Captain, who, being in 1876 trans
ferred to No. 4 Company, was succeeded by Lieut. W. H. Paisey,
formerly of the Royal Artillery, who held the position of Captain
till 1884. Upon the resignation of Captain Paisey the Company
was transferred to Listowel, and Lieut. H. B. Morphy became
Captain. Upon his retirement in 1895 the Company was removed
to Stratford, and Lieut. H. W. Copus appointed Captain. The
other officers are Lieuts. H. W. Baker and L. Costello.

No. 6 Company was originally No. 7 of the Regiment, but upon

MILITIA I2Q

the abolition of the original No. 5 Company it became No. 6. It
was organized at Fullarton in 1868, the first officers being Captain
Richard Francis, Lieut. James Gourlay, and Ensign John Baird.
Captain Francis resigned in 1870, and Lieut. Gourlay became
Captain. In 1882 the Company was transferred to Stratford.
Captain Gourlay resigned in 1884, and Lieut. Arthur Robb took
command. Upon his resignation in 1889 Lieut. Williamson Guy
was appointed Captain, the other company officer being Lieut. E.
G. Holliday.

CHAPTER IX.

ORIGIN AND NAMES OF POST OFFICES.

The names given to new towns, villages and places in any
country are frequently a reflex of the feelings of those by whom
they are founded. This may arise from environment or tempera
ment of the people. Many ancient Irish names indicate fine poetic
ideals, and did not require the genius of Moore, nor a record of
her ancient people, with all their hallowed traditions, to give thei
force and efficacy, in appealing to the loftiest conceptions of
human heart. Such beautiful runic names as Innisfallen,
thral, Enniscorthy, Killarney, Sweet Vale of Avoca, Enniskil
and Strathbane are marvellous revelations of poetic character in a
highly imaginative people.

In Scotland ancient names are based to a greater degre
environment than on any ebullition of poetic feeling in a people
also of high poetic temperament. Such names as Strathclyde,
Strathavon, Strathspey, and many others also indicate the beauti
ful strath or valley through which flow these several streams of
the Clyde, the Spey and the Avon. The names of her glens, her
vales, her lofty bens, all beautiful in themselves, point clearly
material surroundings rather than poetic fancy. In England
romantic names are not often found, and the glamour thrown
around some of her finest places is the outcome of historic incident,
without any inherent charm in the name itself.

In a great portion of Canada, and in this county in particular,
the aspect of the country is everywhere nearly the same,
appears, so far, to be no appreciable influence from environment i
giving names to new towns and villages truly Canadian, except

ORIGIN AND NAMES OF POST OFFICES 131

such as are of a most prosaic character. In all too many instances
the names given are meaningless and harsh, affording much room
for improvement. The average Canadian is apparently reckless
as to propriety in names. When he has founded a new village or
" corners," which, even during his life, may become a place of
great importance, he quietly adds to his own name in many
instances the word ton, ville, or town, and the christening is
complete.

Many of the Indian names retained in Canada are very pretty,
and we forgive the overwhelming array of syllables in many of
them in the soft melody of their pronunciation. In this county a
few appropriate names have been given, such as Morningdale,
Millbank, Avonton, Avonbank, Fairview, and Prospect Hill. All
of these names are characteristic of their environment.

In a paper by Mr. John Idington, K. C., of Stratford, on the
" Origin of names of post offices in the County of Perth," and to
which I am much indebted for information regarding the subject
matter of this chapter, there is a quotation from the Encyclopedia
Britannica which truthfully says: "The study of these names and
" of their survival in civilization enables us in some cases to ascer
tain what peoples inhabited districts now tenanted by persons
" of far different speech. Thus the names of mountains and rivers
" in many parts of England are Celtic ; for example, to take
" familiar instances Usk, Esk and Avon." Mr. Idington then
goes on to say very finely, " Our own Avon, we know, does not
"betoken this, but rather the remembrance of home, as it burned
" in the hearts of those who first pitched their tents on the spot
" where we now stand.

" It is the tracing of these home yearnings that furnishes much
" of the pleasure in asking and answering how our post offices got
" their names. The people got together to tattle and gossip at
" all those places where there are now post offices before the
" offices came. They talked of home, of each other, of their sur-
" roundings and feelings, whims, and old fancies, and thus names
" were given.

" Where the Avon flowed it was determined by the Englishmen

9

132 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

<( in charge of this part of the country as officers of the Canada
" Company that a Stratford should grow."

This is assuredly true, and, with the exception of a few names
which have been given by the Department, those of the various
offices in this county in many cases denote the nationality of the
settlers surrounding them.

The dates I have set forth as the period when the several offices
were opened has, as far as possible, been copied from the Depart
mental records in Ottawa, which extend backwards, however, to
1854 only. Previous to that period there are none. A number of
offices were established in this county long prior to 1854, and,
therefore, the best information obtainable of the dates of opening
will, I think, be found about correct.

Amulree In the township of North Easthope, was named after
a small place of that name in Perthshire, Scotland. A number of
the early settlers from that shire in the old land, and, amongst
others, one named Sandy Dallas, who kept the first hotel in
Amulree, decided on the name of their native place in Scotland.
This office was opened in 1878 with Mr. A. M. Fisher as first
postmaster.

Anderson Received its name from Frank Anderson, deceased,
who was for a number of years prominent in municipal politics in
Blanshard. This office was opened in 1867 by the late H. White,
first postmaster.

Atwood. This office is in Elma, and was first opened as
Newry Station postoffice in 1876, with Donald Gordon post
master. Prior to this period an office named Newry had been
opened by Mr. Coulter. Upon the completion of the southern
extension of the W. G. & B. R. R., a station was erected about
three-quarters of a mile north of Newry, which was known as
Newry Station. Subsequently a large trade sprung up at this
point, and Atwood was built. To prevent confusion arising
between the offices of Newry and Newry Station, the people of
Atwood at a public meeting decided to change the name of their
office. After a long discussion and a number of names submitted
to the meeting Atwood was selected. This change occurred in

ORIGIN AND NAMES OF POST OFFICES 133

1883, Donald Gordon, first postmaster at Newry Station, retain
ing- his position. Further information regarding this point will be
found in the history of Elma Township, a part of this work.

Avonbank Received its name from Mr. Muir, as being- most
appropriate, on account of the high bank on which it was situate
beside the River Avon. Opened 1856 by James Muir as first post
master. This office is in Downie.

Avonton Also in Downie, was named by Archie Shields, who
was for several years township clerk. Its proximity to the River
Avon, in a very pretty valley, suggested the name. This office was
opened in 1865, with Archie Shields as first postmaster.

Bornholm In Logan, is the name of an island in the Baltic Sea,
and was named by the Department, the people themselves being
unable to agree upon a name. The office was opened in 1865,
with L. Hagarty as first postmaster.

Britton In the township of Elma, is supposed to have been
named by the railway authorities as a station on the Stratford &
Huron Railway. The office was opened in 1883, with Joseph
Freeman as first postmaster.

Brocksden. This was a spot occupied, it is said, by a person
who was nicknamed Brock the Badger, from which this neigh
bourhood takes its name, and adopted it as that of the postoffice.
This office was opened in 1900, with Robert G. Patterson as first
postmaster.

BrodJiagen In the township of Logan, was named after Charles
Brodhagen, who kept the first store and hotel, and was founder of
the village. The office was opened in 1865 with Mr. Brodhagen
as first postmaster.

Brotherston Was named in honor of Montezuma Brothers, who
had taken an active interest in providing mail accommodation for
his neighbourhood. Mr. Brothers was honored for his efforts on
behalf of the people in this section with the privilege of naming
and giving his own name to the new office, which was opened in
1885, Montezuma Brothers first postmaster.

Brunner In the township of Ellice, was named after a family
of pioneers of that name. Jacob Brunner, in the early days, erected

134 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

a saw mill a short distance west of where the station now is,
establishing- a postoffice for the convenience of the district sur
rounding-. At the opening- of the Stratford & Huron R. R. the
business was removed to Brunner Station. Jacob Brunner was
for many years a prominent man in municipal politics, was warden
of the county, and a candidate in South Perth for parliamentary
honors, but was defeated by Hon. Thomas Ballantyne. This
office was opened in 1867, with Jacob Brunner as first postmaster.

Burns In the township of Mornington, was named after
Robert Burns, the Ayrshire poet, by a number of his countrymen,
who were settled in that section of the county. Opened in 1865
by John Gibson as first postmaster.

Carlingford. The village of Carlingford was founded by two
sons of the Emerald Isle, Mr. Abraham Davidson and Mr. Cook,
each of whom desired to link his name with the future town.
The inspector, to gratify neither, and still please them both, gave
the name Carlingford, one of the prettiest spots in Ireland, to the
new office, which was opened in 1856, Abraham Davidson first
postmaster. This office is in the township of Fullarton.

Carmunnock. This office was named by William Mahan, who
had considerable interest at this point in the early days. Mr.
Mahan was born in Carmunnock, Renfrewshire, Scotland, and so
named the new hamlet in Logan. This office was opened in 1875,
William Mahan first postmaster.

Carthage. The naming of this office seems to have been a
matter of chance. Mr. Thomas Hamilton, the first settler, and
Mr. Gamble, another early settler, are credited with giving it this
name. Mr. Hamilton would have named the place after himself,
but the city of Hamilton was already in the Ontario list of offices.
It was decided, therefore, to name the place Carthage. The office
was opened in 1856, with Alexander McDonald as first postmaster.

Chiselhurst In the township of Hibbert, received its name
from Chiselhurst, in England, where Napoleon III. died. This
office was opened in 1875, w ^ tn William Moore as first postmaster.

Conroy In the township of Downie, known as Conroy s
Corners, was named in honor of a pioneer family, who were the

ORIGIN AND NAMES OF POST OFFICES 135

first settlers. The office was opened in 1866, with John Rutledge
as first postmaster.

Cromarty In the township of Hibbert, was named by John
Ferguson, of Craigdarroch, Scotland, as being- the birthplace of
Hugh Miller, author of "Testimony of the Rocks" and "Old Red
Sandstone," and whose writings had a wonderful influence in
bringing about the disruption in the Kirk of Scotland in 1842-3.
This office was opened in 1856, with John McLaren, who founded
the village, as first postmaster.

Donegal In the township of Elma, was named by John R.
Foster, it being the name of his native place in Ireland. This
office was opened in 1856, John R. Foster first postmaster.

Dublin. This office was first named Carronbrook, from the
stream that flows through the village. This is one of the oldest
settlements in Perth county, and the first postoffice was opened by
U. C. Lee, about 1854. When Carronbrook attained the dignity of
a police village in 1878, Joseph Kidd and Tom King were lead
ing men of the place. Mr. Kidd, having been born in Dublin,
Ireland, under the shadow of the "Hill o Houth," the new police
village was named after Ireland s capital, G. J. Kidd being post
master.

Fairview In Downie, was named from the beautiful view
obtained from its elevated site, affording a pleasant prospect over
a goodly portion of Perth and Oxford counties. This office was
opened in 1863, with L. Robinson, as first postmaster.

Fernbank In Mornington, was named by the late Mrs. Grieve,
wife of James Grieve, M.P. , who represented North Perth in
parliament. Mr. Grieve s farm was known as Fernbank, and this
name was given to the postoffice, which was opened in 1896, with
William Reid as first postmaster.

Freedom In Mornington, was named in honor of John Free-
born, an old resident of Mornington, who founded Millbank, and
who was amongst the first to carry the banner of civilization into
the wilderness in this section of Perth County. This office was
opened in 1886, with John Freeborn as first postmaster.

Fullarton In Fullarton, was named after that municipality,

136 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

which again was named in honor of Mr. Fullarton, one of the first
directors of the Canada Company. This village was founded by
Mr. James Woodley, and the office opened in 1852, with John
Buchan, as postmaster, a Scotchman, who opened the first store.

Gadshill In Ellice and North Easthope, is a low elevation in
what was at one period a dense swamp, and to add some dignity
to the little spot of dry land, it was named after the famous hill
sacred to the memory of Falstaff, and later Charles Dickens.
This office was opened in 1865, with W. B. Crinkley as first
postmaster.

Gowanstown In Wallace, was named in honor of Thomas H.
Gowan, who founded the place, and kept the first store and
tavern. This office was opened in 1871, with William Blackstone
as first postmaster.

Goivrie In Fullarton, was named in honor of the Carse of
Gowrie in Scotland, and was opened in 1881, with Richard Moore
as first postmaster.

Hampstead In North Easthope, was named by the Depart
ment at Ottawa, and opened in 1865, with Richard Lillico as
first postmaster.

Hesson In Mornington, was formerly known as Mack s
Corners. Mr. S. R. Hesson, who was M.P. for the north riding
of Perth, did much to improve postal facilities in this section, and
the people in acknowledgment of his efforts in their behalf named
the new office in his honor. This office was opened in 1883, with
William F. Mack as first postmaster.

Kennicott In Ellice, was formerly known as Sillsburg, being
founded by Sills brothers, who were first settlers. Subsequent to
their departure, the name was changed to Kennicott, in honor of
Mr. Kenny, who was postmaster. This office was opened in 1890,
with James Ernest, postmaster.

Kinkora In Ellice, is the centre of a large Irish population,
and is named in remembrance of their old home. This office was
opened in 1857, with William Hearsnip as first postmaster.

Kirkton On the boundary line between Blanshard and Us-
borne townships, was named after the Kirk family, several brothers

ORIGIN AND NAMES OF POST OFFICES 137

of whom were early settlers in the neighborhood. This office was
opened in 1856, with James Eaton, of the firm of James and
Timothy Eaton, who opened the first store in Kirkton, as first
postmaster.

Kuhryuille In Ellice, was named in honor of Andrew Kuhry,
an old settler and prominent man in the municipality. This office
was opened in 1899, with Alexander Smith as first postmaster.

Kurtzville In Wallace, was named after John Kurtz, on whose
farm the office was established in 1885, with Jacob F. Doersam
as first postmaster.

Lisbon-- In North Easthope, on the boundary line between
Waterloo and Perth County, was named in honor of the capital of
Portugal. This office was opened in 1856, with John Zinkann as
first postmaster.

Listowel Now the town of Listowel, was formerly known as
Mapleton and Windham. The Department subsequently set aside
both names in favor of Listowel. This office was opened in 1856,
with William H. Hacking as first postmaster.

Metropolitan In Blanshard, was named by John H. Donald
son, a school teacher in the neighborhood. A temperance hall
was erected on the opposite corner from the school building. Mr.
Donaldson, considering these progressive movements as evidence
of a great metropolis, named it Metropolitan. This office was
opened in 1875, with William Spence as postmaster.

Millbank In Mornington, w r as founded by Mr. Freeborn, who
was first settler, and derives its name from a mill being erected on
the bank that bordered the stream. This office was opened in
1850 by William Rutherford, who was first postmaster.

Milverton A}so in Mornington, was first known as West s
Corners, after the name of an early settler. Subsequently a more
euphonious name was desired by the people, and at a public
meeting called for the purpose, it was called Milverton, at the
suggestion of Rev. P. Musgrave, in honor of his birthplace in the
old land. This office was opened in 1854, with D. Matthews as
first postmaster.

Molesworth In Wallace, bears the name of Sir William

138 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Molesworth, who was Colonial Secretary in 1855. This office was
opened in 1870, with Samuel Lougheed as first postmaster.

Mitchell Now the town of Mitchell, received its name from a
person called Mitchell, who built a small shanty on the river bank,
where travellers found shelter and lodging-. Between Seebach s
and Rattenbury s, at Clinton, "Mitchell s" was the only place of
entertainment. This office was opened about 1842, with John
Hicks as first postmaster. [I have been able to obtain no further
data regarding- the name of this place, which, taken in connection
with other circumstances coming under my observation, I believe
is correct.]

Monkton. For history of the village, and the period when
founded, the reader is referred to the history of Elma in this work.
The postoffict was opened in 1858 by Edward Greensides as post
master.

Motherwell - - In Fullarton, received its name from James
Brown, who was for many years one of the most prominent men
of the municipality. Mr. Brown with his family were among the
first settlers in this section, and came originally from Lanark, in
the eastern part of this Province. The name Motherwell was
given to this office as being the name of the old home of Mr.
Brown s family, in Lanarkshire, Scotland. This office was opened
in 1865, James Brown, sr. , first postmaster.

Munro Also in Fullarton, was named in honor of William
Munro, who made every effort to accommodate the neighborhood
by distributing mail matter in the district. This office was opened
in 1889, with Mr. Munro as first postmaster.

Neivry In Elma, was named after the birthplace of the late Mr.
Coulter, one of the first settlers, and a most energetic man. This
office was opened in 1862, with Mr. C. Coulter as first postmaster.

Newton In Mornington, was named by the people of that
section in honor of Sir Isaac Newton. This office was opened in
1881, with Mr. John Zoeger as first postmaster.

Nithburg In North Easthope, at one time known as Brown s
Mills, was founded at an early day. In 1849 a village plot was
laid out where the present office now is, and named Nithburg, as

ORIGIN AND NAMES OF POST OFFICES 139

being the burg on the River Nith. The first postoffice was opened
in the new burg in 1848, by James Brown, first and only post
master, who has held the position for a longer period than any
other officer in the county.

Palmerston On the boundary of Wallace, was first known as
Dryden postoffice, and opened in 1866, with Robert Johnston as
postmaster. Through the construction of the Wellington, Grey&
Bruce and the Stratford & Huron Railways, Palmerston has become
a railroad centre. In 1873, therefore, the name Dryden was
changed to Palmerston, in honor of Lord Palmerston, who was
for some time Prime Minister of Great Britain, Mr. Robert John
ston still continuing in the position of postmaster.

Poole. This place is in Mornington, and was surveyed by
Government as a town plot, and named by those in authority at
the time. The town was not successful, and is now a quiet
country village. The postoffice was opened in 1865, with Mr. D.
Mathews as first postmaster.

Prospect Hill In Blanshard, was first known as Fish Creek,
and located a mile further north than the present office. Prospect
Hill, at one time an important village, received its name on
account of its elevation, being built on the highest point of land
for many miles in any direction. This office was opened at Fish
Creek by John Bell, in 1852, and subsequently removed to Prospect
Hill.

Rannoch--\n Blanshard, was named by the authorities at
Ottawa, in honor, it is supposed, of a loch or glen in the High
lands of Scotland. This office was opened in 1895, with John H.
Jameson as first postmaster.

Rostock In Ellice, was named by the old settlers, who came
from Mecklenburg, in Germany, and still mindful of the Vaterland,
gave this postoffice the name of their old home. This office was
opened in 1880, by Justus Kreuter, as first postmaster.

Russeldale In Fullarton, was named in honor of James Russell,
an old pioneer, and founder of the village. This office was opened
in 1874, by John Wilson, who was first postmaster.

St. Cohimban Received its name from the Church of St.

140 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Columban, established by Father Schneider, whose memory is still
dear to the old pioneers in this county, particularly those on the
Huron Road. This office was opened in 1898, with Philip Carlin
as first postmaster.

St. Marys In Blanshard, was named in honor of Mrs. Thomas
Mercer Jones, wife of an agent of the Canada Co. For explana
tions in connection with the establishment of this office the reader
is referred to the local history of St. Marys in another part of
this work. The office was opened in 1845, with Thomas Christie
as first postmaster.

St. Paul In Downie, was named after the village of St. Paul,
capital of the township and a station on the Grand Trunk. This
office was opened in 1875, w ith Charles Wilson as first postmaster.

Science Hill. The children going to school spoke of the build
ing which crowns the height of land a half mile east of the Mitchell
Road in Blanshard as Science Hill, and hence, what was formerly
a joke amongst the children, became the name of a post office.
This office was opened in 1889, with William Dawson as first
postmaster.

Sebringville On the boundary line between Downie and Ellice,
was named in honor of John Sebring, the first settler there, and
for a number of years a prominent man in politics and a member
of the old district council in Goderich. This office was opened in
1840, with T. A. Sebring as first postmaster.

Shakespeare On the boundary line between North and South
Easthope, first known as Bell s Corners, was named in honor of
the great dramatist, William Shakespeare, by Alexander Mitchell.
This office was opened in 1848 with Alexander Mitchell as first
postmaster. This office was kept in the hotel for some time, and
was removed on the appointment of William Cossey as successor
to Mr. Mitchell.

Shipley In Wallace, was, it is believed, named in honor of
the birthplace of its first postmaster, Mr. E. Bristow. This office
was opened in 1858.

Staffa In Hibbert, was originally named Spring Hill, a num
ber of beautiful springs rising in the declivity on which the village

ORIGIN AND NAMES OE POST OFFICES 141

is built. Another office in Ontario of this name led to confusion
in the mails designed for either point, when a change was made by
the Department to Staffa. This office was opened in 1865 by
Thomas Dunn, first postmaster.

Stratford Now the City of Stratford, was no doubt the first
postoffice to be opened in this county. The stream flowing
through the swamp, known as Victoria Lake, was named the Avon
by the Canada Company, and the new town, first known as Little
Thames, was called Stratford in honor of Stratford-on-Avon, the
birthplace of William Shakespeare. This office was opened
about 1835, with Mr. J. C. W. Daly as first postmaster.

Tavistock On the boundary line between South Easthope in
Perth County and Zorra in the County of Oxford, was named in
honor of a place of that name in England. This office was opened
by John Voelcker in 1856.

Topping On the boundary line between North Easthope and
Mornington, is supposed to be named in honor of a place on the
borders of Devon and Somersetshires, in England, and the birth
place of Mr. Coulton, an old settler in that section. This office
was opened in 1865, with S. Crozier as first postmaster.

Troivbridge In Elma, was opened in 1854 as Elma postoffice,
but was subsequently changed in 1858 to Trowbridge. The first
postmaster in 1854 was George Code.

Trecastle In Wallace, was named in honor of a town in
Ireland, by a number of Irish settlers in its vicinity. This office
was opened in 1856 by Mr. Freeborn Kee as first postmaster.

Wallace In the township of Wallace, was named in honor of
the municipality, and that, we are informed, was named after
Baron Wallace, Vice-President of the Board of Trade under Lord
Goderich. This office was opened in 1854, with Charles Burrows
as first postmaster.

Wartburg In Ellice, was named after a town in Germany.
The settlers in this vicinity were Lutherans, and the Rev. Mr.
Schaffarnock, their minister, named the new place after Wartburg
in Germany, where Martin Luther lay in prison for ten months,
and employed his time in translating the Bible. This office was

142 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

first opened in 1865 as Totness, G. T. Dennstett, first postmaster.
Subseqently the name was changed to Wartburg in 1869, with E.
Frommhagen as first postmaster.

Whalen On the boundary line between Biddulph and Blan-
shard, was named after Michael Whalen, a pioneer settler, who
kept a log tavern at this point in the early days. This office was
opened in 1871, with J. H. Milson as first postmaster.

Wildiaood In the township of Downie, was named by Mr.
William Laing, first poatmaster, after a place in Florida, where
friends were residing. This office was opened in 1896.

Woodham In Blanshard, was named by Mr. Jonathan Shier, a
resident, and Mr. Walker Unwin, who was first postmaster, on a
chance suggestion by one of the parties. This office was opened
in 1865.

CHAPTER X.

LITERATURE AND ART.

Meantime, whilst great progress had been made in every
department of our material development, literary effort was
unknown, or confined to the privacy of those who were actuated
by taste, or who had strong proclivities in that direction. There
was nothing" in pioneer life, with all its intense struggle, to induce
those whose ability would have been equal to such an undertaking
as that of writing books. Physical and mental labor are quite
incompatible. It was not, therefore, till the former had been
overcome, and its stern demands had been satisfied in pioneer
days ; when at last a resting place had been found for the toiler s
feet, that literary work attracted attention.

It is true, maudlin poetic effusions appeared from time to time
in the county newspaper press, from some young aspirant after
fame. These productions usually displayed every evidence of a
three-fold agony, piling- up such epithets as silent tomb, " celestial
choir," "golden crown," "pearly streets" and empty chair."
These terrific ebullitions of silly juvenility, with an occasional prose
article, containing awful denunciations of some defeated candidate
at a municipal election, constituted our literary achievements for
many years subsequent to first settlement. That we had a num
ber of citizens in this county, from an early day, of rare ability,
their publications during the last two decades has fully
demonstrated. A historical work of this county would be incom
plete without at least showing where we stand in this department
of social life.

In poetry, as displaying the highest form of divine literary art,

144 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

this county, if not in advance, is certainly equal to any other in
Canada. In that spirituality which is the soul of poetry, in all
those attributes which centre and focus in the human heart, and
are evolved by human agency into tangible things, a lady in Strat
ford holds first rank. Mary Maitland is a sweet singer, and in
smoothness of rythm, dignified, chaste and refined expression, in
sympathy and intensity of feeling, is not excelled. Over nearly
all her work a veil of strong religious sentiment has been cast,
which, while it indicates a genuine goodness of heart, gives a
sameness to her poems, which, in our opinion, detracts somewhat
from their interest. She is not discoursive, neither is she gifted
by any great imaginative power, her works being altogether a pure
inspiration of the affections.

Everywhere are found expressions of tenderness and deep feel
ing (which, after all, are, or should be, the foundation of all poetry),
shining like pearls of a pure, womanly heart. The mission of all
song is to elevate, soften and refine human character, and promote
human excellence. Evidences of these noble aspirations are
abundant throughout the work of this excellent lady. It is to be
regretted that no edition of Mrs. Maitland s poems has ever been
published. On the minds of all readers they could not fail of a
refining effect, and in promoting a lasting influence for good in
their character. The spirit of aggrandizement never for a moment
actuated this lady in her work. She sang because her heart was
full. We feel constrained to acknowledge the honesty of thought
expressed, when she says :

But, if perchance some tender thought
My homely muse in song has wrought,
May e er have cheered or soothed or blessed
Some kindred heart, by awe oppressed.

It is enough enough for me ;
I seek no higher minstrelsy ;
Though fame be deaf to their refrain,
My songs have not been sung in vain.

In her beautiful poem, "The Unattained," Mrs. Maitland must
have thought of her illustrious countryman, Robert Burns, with

LITERATURE AND ART 145

his ceaseless long-ing for a place in men s hearts, and of his
disappointments far more bitter to him than death itself, when she
says :

Wait till the fire is quenched on lip and lyre,
Till the last strain has died upon his tongue,
Then we will tell, in "tones so like a knell,"
How sweetly and how well his song was sung.

Wait till the thrill of the poor heart is still !
Still its vain longings and its bootless strife.

******

Wait till he s dead ! and we will wreathe his head
With chaplet fair, of amaranthine bloom ;
And we will raise a pillar to his praise,
Chiselled from crown to base, above his tomb.

In a poem entitled "Jubilee Song-," great vigor and felicity of
expression is evinced, with a marked smoothness in rythm.

Come, wind your horns, my trusty men,

And lusty be their blast,
That all the rapture of the strain
From heart to heart be passed ;

For glad are we,

This day to be
Neath Britain s glorious banner,

Linked hand in hand

With motherland,
Our Queen beloved to honor.

Wave high the flag, where, blest we dwell,

Mid scenes and joys serene ;
Our sturdy arms will guard it well,
Beneath the Maples green.

Oh ! Proud are we

This Jubilee
Of the fair land that boie us !

And proud to raise

Our song of praise
To her, who reigneth o er us !

The highest production of Mrs. Maitland s genius will be found
in her poem, " Cradle Song," which we give entire, as being
in our opinion the best nursery poem in the English language.

146 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

We refer our readers to the sentiments contained in the last verse,
every line of which contains a poem in itself.

HEY-A-DAY ! HO-A-DAY !

Hey-a-day ! Ho-a-day ! What shall I sing?

Baby -is weary of everything ;

Weary of "Black Sheep" and "Little Boy Blue,"

Weary of "Little Jack Homer," too,

Weary of "Ding-Dong" and "Caper and Crow,"

Weary of " Pretty Maids all in a Row;"

Though I have sung to her ditties a score,

Little blue eyes are as wide as before !

Hey-a-day ! Ho-a-day ! What shall I sing,
Sleep to the eyes of my baby to bring?
Sing her a song of her own little self,
Mystical, whimsical, comical elf!
Sing of the hands that undo with their might
More in a day than my own can set right ;
Sing of the feet ever ready to go
Into the places no baby should know.

Hey-a-day ! Ho-a-day ! Thus will I sing,

While in her cradle my baby I swing ;

Sing of her tresses that toss to-and-fro,

Shading pink cheeks on a pillow of snow ;

Sing of the cherry lips guarding for me

Treasures as rare as the pearls of the sea ;

Sing of the wonder and marvellous light

Hid in the blue eyes now blinking "GOOD-NIGHT!"

Hey-a-day ! Ho-a-day ! Joy makes me sing,
Who would have thought that A BABY could bring
Into my bosom a love so divine,
Into my heart all this music of mine,
Into my home such a halo of light,
Unto my hands such a magical might,
Unto my feet all the fleetness of wings,
Into my being such wonderful things !

We are pleased to add our testimony to the work of this woman,
who is, I dare say, almost unknown in her own city, and certainly
so over a large section of this country. How true are Gray s lines :

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

LITERATURE AND ART 147

As one also worthy of a hig-h place in the literature of this
county is Thomas Sparks, M. D., St. Marys. Dr. Sparks has
strong- sympathies, which, in his poems of the affections, are every
where manifested in tenderness, and a lofty appreciation of those
amenities which are constantly welling- up in the heart of the
noble, the good and the true. While his ideals of pure and exalted
humanity are of a refined and elevating- character, he has what
Burns called, " A Stalk of Carle Hemp " in his nature. This gives
a strang-e contradiction to much of his work, which is frequently
misunderstood.

In a mind so constituted, the poetry of Dr. Sparks will be found
either extremely tender, or, on the other hand, extremely satirical.
In both he excels. In both he has written much which oug-ht to
be more widely known. In smoothness of rythm he is not equal
to Mrs. Maitland, neither is he her equal in ease and beauty of ex
pression. Dr. Sparks is often rug-ged in his versification, but
singularly strong-, especially in his satires, in trenching into the
folly and humbug of our social life. In some of his finest pieces
his mind indicates a strong- Byronic bias, so much, indeed, that we
are led to believe that he had selected Byron as a model and a
master of the highest poetic art.

Those of our readers who are acquainted with Lord Byron s
works will, we believe, find evidence of our assertions in the fol
lowing excellent lines in his poem entitled

"ADIEU !"

Adieu ! Though that word be the death knell of hope,

But still I will bid thee, forever adieu !

I have lingered already too long for my peace,

I have lingered to see thee prove false and untrue.

I have lingered to see life s cherished dream crushed,
Till the sweet voice of hope in my bosom was hushed
To the calm of despair ; I have lingered to see
The cold, heartless thing that a woman can be.

Yet, alas ! Is that dream of our love now all gone
That spell which so fondly I hoped would prove true ;
And must I then wander o er life s path alone,
That path which I hoped I should travel with you ?

IO

148 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

His poem of " The Broken Vow " is also much in the style of
Byron, where he says-
Take back again thy plighted troth,
Take back again the broken vow,
Tis better, better far for both,

That I should cease to love thee now.

Steeled be my heart against each spell,

Or, if that should, alas, be vain,
This much at last for both were well,

Never on earth to meet again.

In a poem entitled " Home " his ideas are fully expressed.

And dost thou ask me what is home ?

Fond whisp rer from yon distant planet,
With questioning lips to mortals come

To tell the tale that angels cannot.

Tis not alone where roof and room

Without one heart tie to endear it ;
But home is where the heart can come,

And loving lips are there to cheer it.

*****

For home is where the star of life

For ever sparkles bright above us,
Where we have still some one to love,
And there are still some one to love us.

These quotations from Mrs. Maitland and Dr. Sparks indicate
high poetic merit and a pure spontaniety of thought from full
hearts, unalloyed with mercenary thoughts or actuated by selfish
feelings.

In the newspaper press of the county have appeared from time
to time poems of a high standard of excellence. In the old days
Mrs. McGregor, near St. Marys, and of a recent date Mrs. Mos-
crip, of St. Marys, and Mr. A. Carman, of Stratlord, have spent
some time in dallying with the famous nine.

If several of our poets have displayed great merit in their work,
the prose writers of this county have given our people an

LITERATURE AND ART 149

honorable position in Canadian history. It is only a few years
since the first contribution was made to our literature in the pub
lication by Kathleen and Robina Lizars of "The Days of the
Canada Company." This book contains much fine writing, and,
although we are not prepared to give it a high place as a historical
record, as a faithful picture of a certain class in society 60 years
ago, it is invaluable. As writers of good English, the Misses
Lizars take high rank. In their description of certain events in
the olden time they are lucid and picturesque, and many scenes
and incidents which transpired in the Huron tract, are rendered
attractive by a profusion of beautiful language. A few years sub
sequent to the publication of "The Days of the Canada Com
pany " these ladies issued another work, " The Humors of 1837,"
which was followed a year or two later by a novel, supposed to be
based on incidents which occurred in the City of Stratford. The
popularity of this work has not been equal to that of the other
two. While it is well written, and one or two of the characters
are well drawn, it lacks invention, with its twin sister action,
without which no story can ever be attractive.

William Buckingham, now Manager of the British Mortgage
Loan Company of Stratford, for many years editor and proprietor
of The Stratford Beacon, is one of our best known literary men.
He early distinguished himself as a writer on the county press,
taking up the role of authorship subsequent to the death of Hon.
Alexander Mackenzie. His biography of Mr. Mackenzie indicates
fine perceptive qualities, and a command of sustained, dignified
narrative, scarcely to be expected from one whose early years were
occupied in writing articles for the public newspaper press, where
short and decisive work is most effective.

In 1894, another work was issued from the press, by William
N. Robertson, M.D., of Stratford. This is an extraordinary book,
and indicates what can be said regarding the most ordinary
matters of every day life, by a person having a most intimate
knowledge of his subject. Dr. Robertson s work is on cycling,
and as we read the really tasteful language, and marvellous treat
ment of this strange subject, we feel our misfortune in being born
in an age when cycling was not so popular as now.

1- HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

o

With the exception of a work issued in 1899, entitled
"Pioneers of Blanshard," these publications constitute the
principal literary efforts of the prose writers of this county since
those days when paeans were sung- to Indian maidens on Victoria s
lonely shore, to the end of 1902. If the efforts of these writers
are not such as to excite our wonder, they command our admira
tion, and are surely creditable to our county, and to those who
have written them, and as years roll by will be treasures to those
who will take our places in other days.

While these writers have contributed something- to Canadian
literature, in other departments of intellectual work this county is
distinguished. Agnes Knox, as an elocutionist, has done some
thing to extend the name of Canada into other lands, and added
lustre to this county ; Nora Clinch, in the highest musical circles
of Europe, has had for many years no second place, and St. Marys
is proud of their success. In painting and the fine arts, in education,
and in many other of the ramifications through which human
thought extends for increasing our comfort, and augmenting our
pleasure, pace has been kept with other departments of our material
development. The literary, educational, and artistic achievements
of this county need no eulogistic annunciations from any writer
in order to attract the public attention. Perth County has given
to our own and other lands evidences of an unfolding of intellectual
capabilities such as to make her name "respected at home and
revered abroad."

CHAPTER XL

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION.

It was not till a pioneer had passed the most intense period of
his struggle with nature that he reached even the incipient stage
of agricultural evolution. Although he had settled on what would
one day be a farm, it did not become one until he made it. For
ten or fifteen years subsequent to entering on backwoods life he
was not farming, but bushwhacking. His land was there,
certainly, but was not available for agricultural purposes. It
could not be ploughed or cultivated in any manner whatever. It
is true that from the bush he had evolved acres of blackened
stumps. These clearings, with some regularity, were fenced into
fields with snake fences. His operations for eight or ten years
subsequent to clearing the woods were at a standstill until the
stumps were decayed sufficiently to admit of their removal. There
was one circumstance on which he fortunately could rely. It
rarely happened that his first crop was a failure. In those early
days land was full of moisture, and, amongst those blackened
stumps, for once produced abundantly. Then, not as it is now,
it made little difference when seed was sown a full return on that
virgin soil was sure. His first crop having been gathered, if he
seeded with timothy, a scanty sward of grass could be obtained.
Cultivation, however, for several years was impossible. The
cleared land was one solid mass of stumps and roots, so thick and
interlaced that no ploughing could be done. To obtain supplies
for his family, desperate efforts were made to render some portion
at least available. Pioneer implements were like pioneer settlers,
apparently indestructible, but although constructed of enduring

152 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

material, often succumbed to an elm root and a pair of oxen.
Fastening his cattle with a stout chain to the muzzle of his plough,
he took his place between the handles, a long- gad in his hand,
and which, I am pleased to say, was rarely used, and never with
undue severity. An axe formed part of his equipment ; also for
emergencies. His plough frequently became fast under a root,
defying every effort of himself and oxen to extricate it. Recourse
was then had to his axe, cutting away the unyielding obstruction,
before relief was obtained. If his oxen, under extra exertion,
were able to break a root which had been drawn to its utmost
tension, then one end would rebound to its former position, striking
the unfortunate ploughman .across his limbs with terrific force.
This usually provoked an outpouring of spirit by the suffering
operator, in language not un-Scriptural, but arranged in a manner
altogether different from that heard in an experience class at a
camp meeting, forming a strange travesty on the doxology, which
polite people of to-day might mistake for profanity. But O, it
was a deplorable condition for a poor man, who, day after day,
kept up an unceasing call to his oxen, struggling at the end of a
chain. In that lonely forest, without neighbors, penniless, friend
less, his home a wretched hovel, his raiment and his fare scanty,
his toil endless, no condition out of actual slavery could be more
wretched. But, thank God ! there was hope, and to that we may
attribute his success.

The scanty products of his operations were gathered together in
a laborious manner. His hay he cut with a scythe. His grain
was reaped with a sickle, and later on was cut with a cradle,
raked with a hand rake, usually made by himself. His fork, a
rather uncouth implement, was simply the forked end of a sapling.
This was* a fairly good article, and for all practical purposes quite
useful. It had also this advantage, that in case of mishap it could
be easily replaced from the adjoining woods. With his oxen and
sled he drew his harvest to a place near the shanty, where he
threshed it with a flail. His grain was winnowed by the breeze
of heaven as he lifted it up ; and letting it fall slowly, the wind
removed all light material, leaving his little store in fair condition

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 153

for use. This, without exception, was the system adopted by all
old settlers for a number of years until the stumps could be
removed. Destroying these old obstructions was a joyous period
for the pioneer. On a dark October night, every thing dry as
tinder, the spectacle of ten or fifteen acres of burning stumps was a
most enjoyable one. As dark clouds rolled across the murky sky,
freshening winds soon fanned each little flame into intenser life,
imparting a flood of light to the landscape. Here, perhaps, a
fire mounted and glowed around the decayed remains of an old
forest tree that stood alone like an apparition of former greatness.
Higher and higher it mounted, fiercer and fiercer it seemed to
burn, hotter and hotter it glowed, until the flames had devoured
its very vitals, when, falling at last to earth, there ascended a
shower of sparks that seemed to reach up to heaven.

At this point, therefore, begins agricultural evolution, whose
constant change in methods has raised this county to a high
rank in advanced husbandry. Previous to this period, while
environment was constantly changing, farm methods remained
nearly the same. A transitional period was now at hand. Hitherto
a pioneer s success depended largely on his physical strength and
power of endurance. A man who could work hard day and night,
subsist on scanty and rude fare, was likely to be most progressive.
Activity of mind was a commodity which, although present, could
not be made available as it can be now. In clearing land the battle
was always to the strong. To-day a successful farmer may or may
not be a man having a muscular arm or a strong limb. Husbandry
is no longer a trial of strength; it is now a work for our reasoning
faculties. Any farmer who is now an acknowledged leader in his
calling will be invariably a man of ability and correct judgment,
no matter what his physical organism may he. He is one who
knows well that the master s eye is of greater consqueence to suc
cess than the servant s hand. He does not now discuss questions
of strength or endurance with his neighbours as in the old days.
Objects of observation, scientific research, with the data and con
clusions published by successful experimentalists, now occupy his
attention. Those discussions on rotation of crops, fertilizing pro-

54

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

perties contained in soils, proportions of nitrates, hydrates, albu
minoids in foods, the butter fat contained in a given quantity of
milk from this or that breed of cattle, all indicate that progress in
agriculture has been very great. The very fact of men interesting
themselves in matters involving at least a limited understanding of
these agencies, affords evidence of a higher range of thought, and
a desire to obtain a knowledge of those principles which so largely
affect their calling. His very first step, when the stumps were
removed, involved an effort of the mind and a test of his judgment
as to what system he should adopt in order to realize the greatest
profit without exhausting the fertility of the soil. At all hazards
this must be maintained, or those broad acres he had hewed from
the forest by years of toil would in a short time become valueless.
During 1853 and 1854 an extraordinary impetus was given to
agriculture by an event over which the pioneer had no control,
but which, with caution and thrift, for many laid the foundation of
future independence. A war with Russia was then in progress,
and wheat values rose almost to famine prices. From 30 cents
per bushel, which was all that could be obtained at that period, it
advanced in a few months to $2. Those settlers who had a large
acreage cleared, sowed it in wheat, and, of course, realized large
profits. While these values continued many a deserving and
struggling backwoodsman attained to independence. Thus he
found a nearer road to the goal he desired to attain than he had
ever hoped. It must be remembered that results to all were not
of that character. Many who had recently entered the woods,
from such small clearing as they had been able to make derived
no advantage from this inflation. To them it was in some degree
detrimental by increasing the price of food necessary to support
their families. To another, and happily a small class of settlers,
these enhanced values were not only detrimental but ruinous.
Many became excited over the facility with which money could be
made, and rushed madly into speculation, expecting that existing
prices would continue. Land, which had been leased from the
Canada Company at $2 per acre, was now being sold by lessees at
$20. Such profits were enormous, and speculation became wild.

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 155

The war closed, and wheat fell to 50 cents per bushel. This
resulted in such a period of depression as Canada had never seen.
Men, who were wealthy a few months previous, soon became
poor, and, the greater quantity of land they possessed, so much
more wretched was their condition. While the inflation lasted it
was of great advantage to a large number, but it involved others
in difficulties from which they were never able to recover.

In 1852, an organization became general in this county which
has been of marked benefit to farm husbandry in every depart
ment, and without which agricultural evolution would not have
been so rapid nor diversified in its results.

At this period, the strain of pioneer life was becoming relaxed,
and a transition had taken place in farm management, which
demanded an opportunity of comparison with those methods that
had led to success, where they had been adopted. By bringing
all products of the agriculturist once in each year into one place,
a great educational system would be inaugurated. As these
qualities of good and inferior are relative qualities, so an animal
which appears to its owner as possessed of superior excellence,
may appear quite deficient when compared with another of the
same age and breed. In a friendly contest of this description in
a show ring, agriculture has largely to gain. There is no doubt
but that farmers in Perth County, and in Canada, have been aided
in a marvellous degree by exhibitions, on their onward march to
that high point of perfection they have now attained. A success
ful competitor, proud of his well-merited honor, pressed forward
to still greater achievements. Those who did not succeed were
now aware of their deficiencies, and determined before another
trial of skill came on, that they would not only have repaired
former defects, but reach a higher point than had ever yet been
attained.

Competition amongst our great agriculturists is not actuated by
such consideration as prize money received for successful achieve
ments in a show ring. Agricultural evolutions sprung from higher
principles. Those men who have led the van in our present
advanced husbandry have been public benefactors, and any

156 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

advantage they may have obtained, financially or otherwise, has
been nobly gained. Our successful farmers have protected their
discoveries by no patent rights, their methods are free to the poor
est of their brother farmers, as the sun of heaven to their fields.

Those breeds of cattle and horses, which now add so much to
farm profits, were not introduced in this county for several years
subsequent to 1852. As late as 1867, eggs, now an important
farm product, had no commercial value, and could not be sold for
money. Cheese was imported from the United States or Great
Britain, and was not obtainable, except on rare occasions. Butter
could not be sold, and was exchanged with tradesmen and
merchants for goods at prices about one-third of what is now paid
every day on the Stratford market. Merchants, as a rule,
accepted this commodity from customers, at a price payable in
goods, not that they desired it, but because they were desirous of
obliging their patrons. They regulated the price largely by the
goods accepted in payment. In many instances this product,
which some good farmer s wife had brought a long distance
through the woods, with the oxen and sled, was execrable. She
received a similar price to that paid for a better article, and the
merchant had to regulate his charges on goods in order to
indemnify himself from loss on the transaction.

The first agricultural society was organized in this county on
December 15, 1841. Mr. William Jackson was elected President,
John Gowanlock, Treasurer, and J. J. E. Linton, Secretary.
Fairs were held in Stratford at the junction of those streets in
front of the Court House and Central School. It does not appear
that these exhibitions were kept up with regularity until 1847.
Subsequent to this period, and particularly after 1852, fairs or
exhibitions were organized in several municipalities. No grants
in aid of these societies were made by the townships till 1852,
although from that date they have been continuous, if not as
liberal as institutions of that importance would demand. In a
very short time the influence of agricultural societies began to be
felt. About 1860 farmers were making enquiries where improved
stock of all kinds could be obtained. Hitherto, the old back-

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 157

woods cow, and her offspring, browsed in the bush throughout
the county. She usually made her appearance with the first
pioneer, and nobly did she fill her mission. Of what breed she
was, no man knoweth. Doubtless, at the close of that prolonged
wet spell, which was so disastrous to agriculture in remote Asia,
she had stepped from the Ark when it rested on Mount Arrarat.
Released from a mode of life so inconsistent to her nature, she
availed herself of freedom once more, by seeking the forest.
Where she spent her probationary period before entering on her
high calling, in the woods, no one can say. Long before men
had ever dreamed of Durhams, Devons, Holsteins, Polls or Jerseys,
she was doing a noble work. She was essentially pioneer in her
temperament, in her instincts, and in her power of physical
endurance. The most dismal forest had no terrors for her. All
day long, under a leafy canopy of forest trees, she roamed at will.
All night long, under the sparkling stars, she persevered in her
vocation, the bell on her neck sounding a continuous tinkle,
tinkle, tinkle. She appeared to be possessed of an intuitive feel
ing, that unless she accomplished the work she had to do, the ill-
fed children of some poor settler would not relish their scanty fare
without her contribution. For those wild beasts that roamed the
forest, she cared not a bodle. For her a brush fence had no
terrors. If she became entangled in a windfall, far away in the
woods, she faced the difficulty, as did Napoleon on his march to
Italy, when he said : "There shall be no Alps." She simply
considered there was no obstruction, and with one bound, Lo !
she was free. In winter, she subsisted on browse, her favorite
repast the tops of the sugar maple. At eventide, she retired to
her accustomed place near the shanty door, where half smothered
with drift, she stood meekly chewing her cud, until a new day
brought new enterprises. Our reminiscences of the backwoods
cow may not be always tender, still we cherish a warm feeling for
her, as we do of much that now has gone by in days of yore ; like
much that existed in pioneer days, she also has passed away.

Previous to introducing pure bred stock into this county, our
export trade was simply nothing in comparison to what it is now.

158 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

All farm products of this description were sent to Buffalo. An
ordinary cow was sold for about $15. An animal of three years
old, for shipping-, brought from $17 to $25. A horse was worth
from $50 to $80. Lambs were worth $2. Hogs, dressed, were
sold for from $2.50 to (on rare occasions) $5. Trade in live hogs
was not introduced for many years subsequent to 1860, that
being the date to which these prices apply. During 1859, Mr.
William Laing, of Downie, an enterprising and excellent man ;
Mr. Hugh Thompson, of an adjoining municipality, and later Mr.
Black and Mathew Forsyth, of Blanshard, introduced pure bred
Durhams into Perth County. Mr. Laing was the pioneer breeder,
not only of Durhams, but Leicester sheep, which he bought in
1853. In that section of the country east of Toronto, and particu
larly in South Ontario, the Millers, of Pickering, Jas. I. David
son, of Balsam, and Mr. Dryden, of Brooklyn, had laid the founda
tion of stock breeding, and which, through the exertions of these
great men, soon reached a high standard. From this centre
radiated our pure bred Durham stock, not only in this county, but
everywhere in the west. We do not hesitate to say that the
evolution arising from the efforts of these pioneers has resulted in
enormous pecuniary profit to our farmers, and but for this move
ment, out of hundreds of thousands of dollars obtained by agricul
turists in Perth for export cattle every year, nothing comparatively
would have been received.

Improvement in horses came later. It was not till 1867 that
the first imported Clyde horse was brought into this county. Mr.
Thomas Evans, who had removed to Blanshard from Ontario
County, introduced pure bred horses by importing- from Scotland
" Canobie," arriving in September. Those efforts of Mr. Evans
to attain such results as had been reached in the County of Ontario
were in a few years so apparent, that raising Clydesdale horses
soon became a prominent industry on every farm. A singular
combination of circumstances occurring at this period, gave a
greater impetus to this department of industry than it otherwise
could have attained. The abrogation of the Ashburton Treaty, at
the termination of the American civil war, was followed closely by

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 159

protective legislation being; enacted in that country. These events
created a marvellous development in many industries in the United
States. Amongst others, that of iron and steel in Pennsylvania,
necessitating a large number of heavy horses being employed.
These could not be obtained in their own country, and Canada
being so contiguous, was swarmed with buyers from the south.
Heavy horses advanced in price to a point never reached before in
Canadian history. This movement was still further intensified by
introducing the street car system in cities and towns. Street cars,
at their inception and for years subsequently, were operated
entirely by horses of lighter calibre. A demand was thus created
for smaller animals, which our farmers were not for a time able to
supply. While our market for horses was now most remunera
tive, other branches of farm husbandry were crowding in. Those
importations made by Mr. James I. Davidson, John, George and
William Miller, and introduced by Mr. Laing into Perth, had
vastly improved our stock. In 1876 Mr. Thomas O. Robson,
Samuel Sparling, William and John Weir exported the first load
of cattle from this county to Liverpool, thus introducing a branch
of trade which has added greatly to the wealth of our farmers.
Prices of stock now advanced rapidly until (such has been the
evolution of agriculture) many an old pioneer who had been rejoiced
to obtain 2^ cents per Ib for his beef and his pork received as
much as 7 cents per ft> live weight for his cattle, and to-day is in
receipt of the same figure for his hogs.

Meanwhile development in other lines, opening up new industries
for the fanner, were at his door. Hon. Thomas Ballantyne had
made some investigations about 1864 into co-operative dairying,
and subsequently erected the first cheese factory in this county.
Milk stands were now seen on the concession lines, an object of
curiosity to strangers, who were quite at a loss to explain or give
a reason for such structures. A solution was soon evident.

This accumulation of concurrent events gave a great impetus to
agriculture in this county, and, indeed, throughout Canada. Those
old log structures, which constituted over 90 per cent, of farm
buildings in Perth as late as 1860, were soon replaced by great

l6o HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

barns for shelter and accommodation of products. During the
next 25 years a marvellous development was apparent in every
department, and agricultural evolution made greater progress
during that period than it has done either before or since. Roads
were improved, substantial bridges were erected, brick residences
built, and carriages of luxurious construction obtained for the
farmer and his family, all indicating opulence and comfort.

Out-buildings, which had formerly been set on blocks, were now
raised, and basements of stone, brick, or cement placed under
them, as stables for stock. Root cellars, hitherto consisting of a
hole excavated in a contiguous clay bank, and covered with clay,
supplemented in winter by stable manure, were now allowed to
fall into ruin and decay. Ample storage for roots was obtained
under the barns, and so convenient that the labour of feeding was
reduced to a minimum. In that period, between 1860 and 1865,
the old turkey wing cradle was laid aside, and the reaping machine
and mower was heard on many farms during harvesting season.
These evolutionary inventions rendered agricultural life a vocation
requiring comparatively little physical labor. It was fast be
coming what it is to-day a noble opportunity for displaying skill
and intellectual power. Muscle is now no longer the dominant
factor in successful farming. Success in agriculture is now an
effort of the mind. Muscle being a subordinate quality, is a co
ordinate action only in materializing thought. So rapid and
sweeping were these changes, that old pioneers could scarcely
realize that harvest could be gathered without the old scythe and
hand rake. It was a pleasant revelation to his family when it
was no longer necessary they should, through the long weary day,
toil on in order to secure the offerings of nature.

Evolution of the self-binder was slow. The use of wire for
tying was a serious objection to its becoming general as an
implement of economic usefulness on an ordinary farm. Persistent
speculation and experimental calculations of mechanical experts
ultimately triumphed, and the problem of binding with twine was
solved. As it is manufactured to-day, this machine is an
extraordinary production of scientific and constructive skill,

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION l6l

unapproached in practical utility by any implement on the farm.
It seems a "far cry" from the ox-sled, the shanty and the flail, to
the binder, the comfortable buildings, horse forks, sling s, and
steam threshing machines. A few are still remaining in the
county, who will remember the little open threshing mill, with
three or four yoke of oxen hitched to the open arms of a power
set amongst stumps. This implement, which was a great improve
ment on the flail, consisted of a small cylinder and concave only.
Through a small opening in front of this cylinder, the wheat was
driven with terrific force, and a barricade was always erected to
prevent it flying away to the four winds of heaven. A man was
stationed facing the machine, his face protected with a cloth from
the grain that would have cut into his flesh as it was driven
outward, and drew away the straw as it accumulated. This, also,
has happily passed away. That evolution which has given us
the modern steam thresher, as it screams and roars, tearing the
sheaves in pieces with a mouth of steel, as unsatisfiable in its
devouring passion as an ocean whirlpool, or the scorching breath
of a furnace, is a most welcome one.

No implement was hailed with greater delight by the farmer
than the binder. It removed at once that pressure and strain for
assistance which he experienced on approach of harvest, and a
greater degree of independence was felt than before. It appeared
as if evolution had resulted largely in his favor.

While all this was true, and this machine had rendered farm
life more desirable, it proved disastrous to his vocation in a
way he did not foresee, and could have made no provision against
even if he had. That ease with which cereals of all kinds could
be harvested rendered available for their growth millions of acres
of prairie lands unexcelled in fertility. It undoubtedly made grain
production on these prairies, not only feasible, but extremely
profitable. This brought a formidable competitor into the market,
which, under that old system of the cradle scythe, could not, nor
would not, have been in existence. Without these machines, the
vast plains of Dakota, Minnesota, and our own North West,
would have little or no influence on the world s supplies. By its

I 62 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

agency, therefore, fortunes were soon made on these fertile lands
for several years after its inception, until production far exceeded
those demands made even by an increasing- population. This
resulted in a depression of prices such as had not been known for
over a quarter of a century. Farmers in Perth County, and,
indeed, throughout Canada, soon found that, though they had
been relieved of much severe toil, the remedy was more disastrous
to their financial condition than those ills they had formerly to
contend with.

Every year brought lower values than that preceding it, until
wheat, which had been sold for many years at a remunerative
price, was fed to cattle and pigs on nearly every farm. About
1885, farming in this county had reached its highest point in
success, and during the next ten years suffered a period of
depression, such as many had not previously experienced. It must
be noted here, that previous to 1860, scarcely any winter wheat
was produced in this county. Spring wheat, which had been the
great staple, was in 1863 or 4, attacked by an insect midge, and
with such injurious results, that its cultivation had to be almost
wholly abandoned. Winter wheat was subsequently introduced,
and being impervious to the midge, was cultivated with great
success. The profits arising from winter wheat culture, combined
with prices obtained for stock, soon affected land. Prices advanced
rapidly, and previous to 1885, when the collapse came, it was sold
for from $70 to $100 per acre. After this period, in less than five
years, it had depreciated not less than from fifteen to twenty per
cent. To those farmers who had mortgaged their property, raising
funds to increase their acreage, in many cases for their sons, this
depreciation simply meant ruin. Under those favourable
conditions which had prevailed, a margin of twenty per cent,
would be considered a sufficient payment on an adjoining property.
During that depressing period, however, this amount was soon
lost. Thus, with commendable intentions and thrifty endeavours,
many a farmer in this county lost his all, in his efforts to make
provision for his family.

It is said that misfortunes never come singly, and this was

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 163

exemplified to a great degree by our agriculturists at this par
ticular crisis. That sleepless and ever restless spirit of progress
which gave him the binder, destroying his market for cereals, was
like a nemesis still on his track. In its gropings in that dark sea
of possibilities it seized and brought to light the electric street car.
This beautiful and economic achievement of science fell on him
again with crushing effect from another direction. For several
years previous his energies were taxed to their utmost limits sup
plying horses at remunerative prices to street car companies.
These, being now supplanted by electricity, were turned like a
torrent back on himself. In this case, as with his grain, he was
perfectly helpless. When electricity became general as a motive
power on street cars, thousands of horses were thrown on the
market, and sold at whatever price a purchaser chose to offer.
United States farmers also had imported from Canada immense
numbers of young Clydes for the purpose of improving their own.
As soon, therefore, as Americans felt that they were able to supply
their own market, an embargo was placed on Canadian horses,
which has for years virtually killed the trade. All these circum
stances had a depressing effect on agriculture, and my brother
farmers will be my judges when I say that those five years, from
1890 to 1895, constitute the most depressing period that has over
taken them since the early settlement and development of this
county. Every day farms were advertised for sale under mortgage
and otherwise, for which no buyers could be found, and told all
too well that the position of a husbandman at this period was not
an enviable one.

If the self-binder effected a shrinkage in the price of bread-
stuffs, which for a time was disastrous to agriculturists, it has in
other directions been of great advantage. High prices obtained
for cereals, previous to its introduction, led the farmer to adopt a
system in their production which was rapidly depleting the soil
of its fertility. His whole energy was expended in producing
wheat, almost exclusive of other branches of husbandry. This
exhausted his land, leading to frequent failure of crops, which he
attributed to every cause but the correct one. Weeds became so

1 1

164 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

prevalent that they could scarcely be controlled, and were fast
completing- what he had begun, a total extinction of plant food on
his farm. New methods had to be adopted. To compete with
the western prairie in wheat growing was impossible, and his vain
efforts in that direction hitherto had resulted in financial embar
rassment and disaster. At this point in our history, therefore,
may be said to begin our present operations in high class farming.

Co-operative dairying, introduced by Hon. Thomas Ballantyne
in 1867, had now, in many sections, become general and remunera
tive. In 1 88 1 the first creamery on the Fairlamb, or cream gather
ing system, was erected in Blanshard. In 1876 T. O. Robson and
others first exported cattle to Liverpool from Perth County. Ex
periments at Guelph College taught the farmer that feeding swine
under a covering of snow in a fence corner was not the most
profitable method. It taught him also what was of equal import
ance that to realize the greatest profit from his operations his
animals must not exceed a certain weight. He is now charged
with disposing of this product at weights so light as to endanger
his market. Be this as it may, he is not farming purely from
philanthropic motives. So long as buyers do not discriminate in
prices he will likely produce that which is most profitable to him
self. In consequence of these changes in his method fertility is
being restored to the soil. By growing clover, and by pasture,
weeds are being eradicated. A better and more profitable system
is being carried on, greatly to his profit.

It is asserted that a discontinuance of wheat growing by intro
ducing the binder is largely responsible for a decreased population
in rural municipalities. This is no doubt true, but it is not an
evil. If the waggon maker, shoe maker, tailor, and other rural
tradesmen, who were located at the "corners," are no longer to
be found, their absence is not detrimental either to themselves
or those surrounding. He is not lost to our country. He has
simply removed to the workshop or factory, where his labour is
still in demand at a fair compensation, and his earnings promptly
paid at the period agreed upon. Improved machinery is now
available, and he can construct a better implement or vehicle,

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 165

which is sold at one-third less cost to a consumer than he possibly
could do in his little shop on the concession line. This argument
will also apply largely to farm hands. Many of these have left
the farm, it is true, but, like the mechanics, they are not gone
from Canada. What has taken place is a change of residence
and vocation. If they are not swinging a cradle in the harvest
field, they are constructing machines that will do better work than
could be done with a scythe, and at much less cost. Evolution of
farm life during the last 20 years has been great, and, even if the
rural population has decreased in number, there is no cause for
alarm. Farmers have not been losers, and let us hope that those
who were farm laborers have been benefited by the change. In
Perth County over 80 per cent, of the land is now cleared, of which
in 1900 about 57 per cent, was under crop. The valuation of
field products in that year was $4,347,468 ; orchard and garden,
$250,000, Live stock sold, $1,653,595. Twenty-five cheese
factories produced goods valued at $500,000. Creamery butter
brought $100,000, making our produce for one year in these
departments $7,000,000.

The value of real estate, returned by assessors, exclusive of
Stratford and St. Marys, was $20,000,000, to which may be added
at least 12 per cent, to find its actual market value ; buildings,
$7,752,736 ; implements, $2,016,159 ; live stock, $4,663,431, or a
grand total of about $38,000,000, as being the working capital of
farmers in this county.

Meantime, as agriculture was passing through this period of
depression, evolution in other departments of husbandry was
opening up new avenues of profit. Commercial and transportation
facilities had made great progress, completely revolutionizing old
methods. Poultry, previous to 1860, was not profitable. For
this class of goods no market had been established. The system
of storing eggs for export, introduced by J. D. Moore, of St.
Marys, in 1867, created this now important source of agricultural
income. On every farm this forms a large portion of its cash
revenue. A system of cold storage was long in existence in Mr.
Moore s warehouse before it came into general use in other

1 66 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

sections. In marketing farm products of various kinds, cold
storage has been of marked advantage. By establishing dairy-
mens associations, through the instrumentality of Hon. Thomas
Ballantyne and others, and introducing co-operation in the factory
system, much has been done for this county.

Another important factor in evolution of later years is the
Agricultural College at Guelph. Experiments carried on in that
institution, and disseminated to every corner of Ontario, have been
characterized by their scope and reliability. This innovation was
looked upon by many farmers, in whose interest it was founded,
for years with suspicion. They regarded it as not being introduced
for their benefit, but as a quiet retreat for superannuated
politicians. Here they could regale themselves in innocent
retirement, on dairy skimmings, and that more nutritious product
made from the first milk of renewed cows. Here could thev rest

j

after their patriotic labors in nation building, innocent of personal
advantages, guileless as the prattle of new born babes. For
tunately for Ontario, it was saved by the good sense and
honest conduct of Principal Mills, under whose management
it has become an institution of which this country may boast.
In proof of this assertion, I refer my readers to those thousands
of farmers who visit it every summer, with increasing pleasure
and certainly with increased profit. Farmers institutes, introduced
twelve years ago, have also been prominent factors in agricultural
education. Those discussions, which take place at their meetings,
have aroused a spirit of enquiry, and provided a means for an
interchange of methods and ideas amongst farmers, productive of
lasting good.

Evolution in this department of education has done more than
1 have hinted at so far in this chapter. It has developed a faculty
in the agricultural class, which was supposed not to exist even by
themselves. That a farmer, nay, that a large number of farmers,
are not only able to speak in public, but are able to speak well,
would be a matter of surprise to those orators who launched
their political thunderbolts in the log school house forty years ago
to an assemblage of what they considered gaping clowns, redolent

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 167

of perspiration and bad tobacco. Still, away in an obscure corner
of those old buildings, eyes were even then peering- through the
light emitted by the solitary tallow candle, that in later years
shone with greater brilliancy than ever did those of the champion
elucidator, who stamped, raved and roared, thumping the teacher s
desk, in order to give point and force to an argument, which in
reality was destitute of both.

In every department of agriculture now, educational facilities
are afforded those desiring them, without money and without
price. Horse breeding, cattle breeding, sheep, hogs and poultry
associations, are all engaged in disseminating knowledge to the
Canadian farmer. As we have stated elsewhere, a survival of the
fittest no longer applies to muscular effort, in agricultural success.
Progress arises now from that higher intellectual development,
which enables us to change material things, rendering them sub
servient not only to our happiness, but largely extending our
sphere of usefulness. Thus, we are smoothening the path for other
wayfarers journeying on the same road, who may not be possessed
of such exalted attributes as ourselves.

It is hardly possible at this present time that any farmer can
plead ignorance of the theory or practice of agriculture as a cause
of his non-success. The transactions of all those various societies
and associations are scattered broadcast throughout our country
every year. In those records are found the experience of our
best men ; aye, there will be found the accumulated experience of
many great men who are no longer with us, but whose work
remains to show as a clear path where they had trod when all
around was darkness. This work of these old husbandmen is
now a nebulous constellation, whose light will shine in remote
years into the home of every farmer in Canada.

On every hand, therefore, we are pleased to note in this county
the path of progress is beaten smooth by an onward marching of
many restless feet. Old methods are set aside. They have served
their time as instruments of development, and, like cast-off gar
ments, are laid away never to be restored. If the self-binder has
rendered wheat cultivation less profitable, those various associa-

l68 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

tions with the Guelph College, through its experimental work,
have so plied the farmer at his own fireside with such an array of
facts as compelled him, in spite of his conservative character, to
adopt new methods. By introducing these suggestions and inno
vations, his success is a matter of surprise even to himself. If he
had been left alone, if no effort had been made to open up new
systems, where he could apply his energy with some hope of fair
remuneration, his condition would have been hopeless indeed. It
would have been vain for him to attempt these experiments himself.
He had neither time nor appliances at his disposal for their successful
prosecution if he had the training. Farmers in this county, and,
indeed, agriculturists everywhere, were fortunate in having David
sons, Laings, Millers and Ballantynes to urge upon our public
men the necessities of action to restore in some way that prosperity
which, for a while, appeared to have passed away. As a result of-
these efforts we have now attained a supremacy in the British
markets for nearly all our products. But, while this may be so,
we must not forget that we did not attain that position without a
severe struggle. Let us not forget that on the pinnacle of fame
there is no room to spare, and an ever present danger of falling.
Let us not forget that the price of supremacy is eternal watch
fulness. Let us not forget, that to retain our prestige, it must be
guarded with a miser s care. Let us not forget, that if once lost
it may be like virtue that never can be restored.

The outcome, therefore, of all this chipping and hewing, this
pulling down and building up, this clearing away old systems and
setting up new methods, has been to give the skilled and educated
farmer a preponderating influence amongst those of his calling.
Notwithstanding high prices paid for labour to a man who under
stands his business, profits in agriculture are greater now than
ever before. As might be expected, land is increasing in value,
buyers are now quite numerous, and sales are easily effected.
Interest on money is falling. Bank deposits by the farmers in
Perth County are increasing to such a degree as never previously
attained, all indicating that this period of depression has, happily,
passed away.

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 169

Meantime, while these great and salutary chang-es were being-
wrought out in agricultural methods, that agency which had been
largely instrumental in bringing- them into existence was ap
parently falling into senility or decay. If the rural exhibition or
show fair had not outlived its usefulness it was fast passing that
of its popularity. It had been a marvellous educator, and an
effective promoter of our advanced agriculture. It was the
nimbus from which radiated that great improvement in stock, as
well as many of those methods which have added greatly to our
profit. That agency which brought men together, to compare
products of skill, was an agency that promoted rivalry in the show
ring-. Rivalry in the show ring- broug-ht into existence a deter
mination to achieve greater success. This, again, created a spirit
of enquiry amongst exhibitors themselves how such results could
be further extended and made more beneficial still. This desire
led to associations being formed in every department of farm
industry, to discuss methods and relate experiences. These were
the class meetings in agriculture, where each in turn told others
all the good that had befallen him by adopting certain methods.
With a noble generosity, savoring more of philanthropy than that
selfish feeling which, to a greater or less degree, animates all men,
every new discovery was free to all. In .our agricultural system
there are no patent rights. What is known to our greatest and
most successful farmer is the property of every living soul if he
choose to look at it. It is this splendid aspect of rural life which
distinguishes it from all others.

Though these various agencies in agricultural evolution may
have accomplished much in Perth County, by a united effort they
might accomplish much more. It must be borne in mind, that
good as these associations are, and good as the local exhibitions
may be, there is a vast amount of knowledge in connection with
successful agriculture that cannot be communicated in a show
ground or association class meeting. This information must be
set forth and exemplified on the farm itself. In recognition of
this important principle, therefore, the Agricultural College has
been established at Guelph. At this institution, instruction is

I7O HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

imparted in practical husbandry. A young student at this school
may now be possessed of more practical knowledge of agriculture,
in a year or two, than his forefathers were, after a long- life of-
patient investigation.

A tree that has produced such fruit as our country fair, should
not be allowed to pass out of existence without a proper enquiry
into those causes which have led to its apparent decay. There
may yet be some sap in the old trunk, which can be utilized before
it is allowed to topple over and be laid with the ox-yoke, the sled,
and the old muley cradle. As a matter of fact, the country fair
has been assailed from without, and whatever inanition may exist
in it at present does not arise because its usefulness is gone.
Those principles underlying the country fair never can be gone.
Everything that is lasting and useful must rest on a sound found
ation. This foundation ought to be a concrete mass of elementary
knowledge, which, in progressive minds, evolves into great prin
ciples. A youth learns his alphabet. On these letters, therefore,
as a foundation, will rest all his equations, definitions, disquisitions,
"isms," and " ologies. " To send him to a university, at the outset
of his career, would be like inverting the order of creation. To
climb the hill " difficulty," all must start from the plain. It is
important when we begin our journey, which may or may not lead
to success, that our path should be smooth, and every step in our
ascent be as easy as possible. By and by, the wayfarer will gain
confidence in himself, as he proceeds, and obstacles that would
appear insurmountable at the outset of his career, will further on
only add zest to his determination.

If these elements lead to success in academic lines, they have
also a similar influence on agriculture, through the rural show.
Few men, entering on the business of stock-breeding, make their
first appearance at some great exhibition in Toronto or elsewhere.
Here they would have to enter the lists against old veterans, who
have made Canada s name great as an agricultural country. In
fact, it requires considerable courage and assurance for an
exhibitor to enter a show ring for his first time, even at a township
fair. It is quite possible he may have seen his neighbor s stock,

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

likely to come into competition, and is satisfied of the superiority
of his own, before he makes an attempt. His conduct in this case
may be called cowardly it is not cowardice, it is caution, and
caution well applied.

I may be asked, however, as only one can be first, what effect
would failure have on other competitors. Failure implies a want
of excellence in the goods on exhibition, and the act of comparing,
in itself, affords an object lesson for all parties to be found nowhere
else. If an exhibitor, who has to accept second or third class
honours, is possessed of those qualities essential to success, his
failure will stimulate him to greater exertions in overcoming those
defects, which led to his defeat. On the other hand, if defeat
drives him from the ring, agriculture has lost nothing. Any man,
who leaves the field at his first repulse, will never accomplish
much for himself nor any one else.

Before closing this chapter on our agricultural progress, I may
be permitted briefly to notice those arguments put forward by
those who desire to destroy the old pioneer institution of the rural
fair, which, in this county, since its general inception in 1852, has
done a great work.

i st. It has, they say, served its purpose, as did those old
pioneers who brought it into existence. They are now of the
past ; bury it with them.

2nd. These fairs have degenerated into a harvest field for fakirs,
who ply their nefarious vocations in a manner detrimental to our
youths from the rural districts.

3rd. Horse racing engrosses the attention of visitors, and there
is no time to glance at fancy quilts, needlework, big pumpkins,
fat steers, or overfed pigs. A young lady performing on a wire,
whose garments are suggestively scanty, in her frantic efforts to
arrange her hair with one of her feet, is an attraction for many,
especially vulgar male visitors. Times are now changed since
those good old days, when an exhibitor, with his wife and family,
sat near the sheep pen, or chicken coup, masticating a substantial
repast the good, careful woman had brought from her home. In
fact, it is asserted our country fairs are anything but an agricultural

I7 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

show. There is an apparent truthfulness on the surface of these
assertions, which ought to be noticed.

i st. Simply to assert that an institution has outlived its useful
ness is in no wise significant of the fact. That it was broug-ht
into existence by our old pioneers is true. It is also true that they
broug-ht into existence those farms, fields, and roads, and laid the
foundations of our present prosperity in Perth County. When
they organized the township fair, it exemplified those elementary
principles that nothing so far has superseded. If it is greater
to create than to destroy, then let those who are desirous of
pulling- down the old institution put forward something- to replace
it. We cannot afford to destroy public schools because universi
ties and colleg-es are being- multiplied. Neither can we afford to
destroy local fairs because larg-er institutions exist elsewhere.
Both are requisite ; let both remain.

2nd. To say that show grounds are infested with fakirs to a
greater extent now than they were fifty years ag-o is not correct.
If the presence of these people is not an unmixed good, neither
is it an unmixed evil. It is a peculiarity of many, particularly
of young- people (not by any means to their discredit), that at a
certain ag-e more knowledge than they now possess would be
superfluous. Whatever a fakir may know of his own business,
some untutored swain is satisfied he can teach something- more.
We also have ignorant, greedy old heads who want something for
nothing, and they think now is their opportunity. These two
classes comprise the patrons of all wheels of fortune and soap
fakirs. To be duped out of a few dollars by one of these men is
a positive gain to a young person, teaching a never to be for
gotten lesson, that, notwithstanding all our knowledge, there is
still something to be known.

3rd. It in no way detracts from the usefulness of a rural exhi
bition that all visitors do not stand in ecstasies admiring a fat pig
grunting in his pen, or an overgrown steer leisurely reclining- in
his stall. The great mass of people who attend agricultural shows
have certain proclivities, and the desire or taste of each will guide
him unerringly to that exhibit which is most agreeable to his

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 173

interest or his liking. Thus, horsemen will be found with the
horses, stock breeders will be found at the stalls or pens of cattle,
sheep, or swine. Others will eschew all of these, and feast their
eyes on a painting, fine needle work, or domestic manufactures.
This will occupy a portion of the day only, when all, having
enjoyed those triumphs of skill each in his own department, will
seek pleasure in other directions. Thus, every skillful manager of
an exhibition will provide means of rational entertainment for
its patrons along with that instruction to be received from
exhibits. In every department of farm husbandry there are only
a few who lead, and to these is relegated by common consent the
responsibility of maintaining and raising still higher the standard
of excellency, that all may profit thereby. By removing this means
of comparison, and taking away the honorable and public recog
nition of superior skill, a great incentive to all progress is
destroyed.

Again, to make life worth living, there must be some relaxation.
Amusements at all public gatherings are indispensable, and form
an important part in every condition of our lives. When all
departments have been visited and commented upon, a place on the
grand stand is enjoyed by all. If the colt of one neigbour beat
another s in the farmers trot, failure is not disappointment. Let
it go ; we have had a good time, and the old show fair is getting
better every year. It would be as reasonable to take away our
churches, because some agriculturist attends punctually every
Sabbath day for no apparent purpose beyond enjoying a quiet
nap, his head rolling around on his massive shoulders, during
service, as listless as one of his own turnips. Churches are
indispensable in maintaining an exalted standard of good, as our
rural exhibitions are indispensable in maintaining a high standard
of agricultural progress. Rural shows are inductive, as public
schools are inductive, and both are essential to our development.

We have pointed out in this chapter the evolution of agriculture
in Perth County, although our deductions are in a manner appli
cable to all Ontario. I may be permitted to emphasize that
inductive transition, from the rural show to the various associa-

174 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

tions, thence onward to the central exhibition, thence onward to
the agricultural college, thence onward to the fat stock show at
Guelph, which seems to be the greatest triumph of all. It is a
marvellous skill that detects in a herd of cattle, all good, some
individual whose adaptability excels all others in beefing qualities,
by certain indications unknown to an ordinary observer, but clear
as noon-day sun to a skilled agriculturist. It is quite as marvel
lous, that having made a selection, he should be able to gauge its
powers of assimilation so correctly, that a ration supplied will
produce the highest possible results without endangering its
vitality. This show is more than educational or inductive ; it is
impressive, and a revelation to thousands of clever, intelligent
men who visit it that they will never forget.

Notwithstanding all that has been accomplished during the last
fifty years, there is yet no time to rest. No one of those old
veteran agriculturists, who have done so much to exalt their
calling, will say, here we must end. We have only begun to
ascend the hill, and may be said to rest on a ledge, where we can
trace our steps on the plain below. In agricultural evolution
there is no rest. We must continue to advance, but on other
lines from those of old pioneer days. Culture, skill, scientific
knowledge, and the accumulating conclusions of investigators,
will more and more become factors in agricultural success. Let
the husbandman, therefore, place his scaling ladder on the moun
tain side and prepare for a greater ascent, and a more extended
view into new fields yet unexplored.

I, therefore, beseech my brother farmer to acquire a true
appreciation of the dignity of his calling. His position is not that
of a peasant, but a country gentleman. His mission is not to till
the ground only, that the world may have food to eat and clothes
to wear. The Almighty Maker of heaven and earth has so or
dered, in His wise beneficence, that the life blood of the nation must
forever come from the pure source of farm life. The great centres
of trade must continuously draw their best elements from the con
cession lines. The country gentleman of the middle class, in
every age, has been the bulwark of freedom, and in Great

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION 175

Britain, on more than one occasion, saved the State. This is the
natural position of a Canadian farmer. Let him stand forward,
therefore, and assume those responsibilities that Heaven designed
he should bear. Let him lay aside his crouching- servility to party
politics, whose manipulators, under party leaders, are in too many
instances, base, unprincipled rascals. Let him assert himself as
the champion of a broad nationality, and if exigencies should arise
as of old, where his arm is required in defence of equal rights to
all, may he, like his forefathers, stand as a wall of fire in the best
interest of his country.

CHAPTER XII.

DOWNIE.

The Township of Downie was named in honor of Robert
Downie, Esq., a director of The Canada Company, It contains,
in round numbers, 49,000 acres of fine land, and is valued on the
roll of 1901 at $2,064,750. In 1829, that portion fronting- on the
Huron road was surveyed by Mr. McDonald ; concessions Nos.
2 and 3, in 1832 ; a further portion, in 1835 ; the whole being
completed in 1839, by Mr. Carrol. This latter part was a portion
of the Gore, adjoining- Blanshard. In its easterly section Downie
was swampy, extending- from the Avon at Stratford to Zorra. In
the Monteith settlement, about four miles from Stratford, a detour
of eight miles had to be made with ox teams in order to reach the
village. It is also worthy of remark, as indicating our marvellous
progress, that people still living can remember on one occasion
when an old settler kept watch during a long dreary night, listen
ing to a pack of howling wolves, in their frantic efforts, trying to
gnaw holes through a log building that they might regale them
selves on a young domestic animal that it contained.

The system of agriculture pursued in Downie is that of mixed
farming, and, having such excellent soil, has been attended with
abundant success. In every department a high point of farm
husbandry has been reached, as will be noted further on. Topo
graphically it is level in the eastern portion, rising to hilly in its
western parts. Excellent drainage is everywhere obtainable,
it being intersected by streams of considerable magnitude flowing
through well defined valleys.

Along these streams, therefore, will be found the earliest trace

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DOWNIE 1 79

of settlement. This is a peculiarity of all new countries, from the
beginning of all time to the present. In Perth County civilization
is first found on the Avon, at Stratford, next on Black Creek, at
Sebringville, then on Trout Creek, where first were located
Monteith, Rankin, and Dempsey, and ag-ain at Avonton, far away
in the wilderness, where John Murray came in 1842. It is also
worthv of note in a new settlement how various nationalities

J

group themselves together, doubtless for mutual sympathy and
friendly communication. Thus, in the south-east corner w r e find
a group from the North of Ireland, Monteith, Rankin, Dempsey,
Wilson, Nelson, Thistle, Dunsmore, Robb and Hesson. South
west, from the South of Ireland are Clyne, McNamara, Hourigan,
Killoran, Payton, Walsh, O Connor and McCann. North, along
the Goderich road, are Germans, and we have such names as
Seebach, Kastner, Sebring, Pfrimmer, Arbogast, Shelleberger,
Klein, Goettler, Goetz and Schweitzer. North-west is a Scotch
settlement, and here, particularly along the Avon, we find the
Ballantynes, Murrays, Dunlops, Strathdees, Thompsons, Grahams,
Mclntyres, Stephensons, Armstrongs, Muirs, Aitchesons, and
many others whose names indicate Scotland as their birth place.
Settlement in this township, which began in 1832, was not
completed till 1850.

Those commercial centres, developed and fostered by the
G. T. R., in building up St. Marys and Stratford, have absorbed
the entire trade of this municipality. Its facilities for shipping at
these two points, and at Sebringville and St. Pauls, are not
excelled by any township in this county. In addition, Downie has
splendid roads, rendering transportation of agricultural products
a matter of no difficulty. With such favourable conditions for
trade, it should not be a surprise if in so wealthy a township
within its limits no villages of importance are to be found.

Sebringville, partly in Ellice and partly in Downie, four miles
west of Stratford, is the greatest. This village is a station on
the B. & L. H. R. , and has several excellent business places.
Here are located one large general store, a drug store, tin, stove
and hardware store, three hotels, flour mill, chopping and planing

l8o HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

mills, two cider mills, one flax and two sawmills, furniture and
undertaking- establishment, two blacksmith and one waggon shop,
jewelry store, harness shop, and two shoe stores.

Sebringville was named in honor of John Sebring, an American,
who located here in 1834, and by erecting a sawmill thus became
its founder. His son David was first storekeeper and postmaster,
his place of business being erected on lot 18, con. i , Ellice. The first
hotel still stands, now known as the "Arlington," and was built
by a Mr. Kinnaird. Another old settler, and prominent man in
Sebringville, was Mr. Henry Scarth, now deceased.

Actual settlement first began in this neighborhood on lot 19,
con. i, now, and for many years, the property of Andrew Goetz,
J.P. Other pioneer settlers were Michael Stoskopf, Anthony
Goettler, Joseph Ackersviller and John Schweitzer. Of those old
business men, only two are now remaining, Andrew Goetz and
Ernest Schmidt.

In 1843, a school was erected on lot 12, con. i, Downie. This,
as will be found elsewhere, was organized by J. C. W. Daly, in
1842, and was for several years the most westerly in Perth
County. Its history is somewhat unique, having had two teachers,
whose united period of service was 47 years. First of these was
Hugh Hamilton, from 1843 till 1865, and Mr. George Hamilton,
now county treasurer, who was incumbent from 1875 to 1900.
Mr. Hugh Hamilton, now deceased, was a worthy man, and
greatly respected during his long tenure of office.

Kastnerville, a short distance east of Sebringville, was founded
by a family of Germans, named Kastner, also pioneer settlers in
this district. This is a pleasant country village, although its com
mercial progress has not been so great as that in the west.
Stratford, a few miles away, has absorbed all that trade which
naturally would have centred in Kastnerville, thus retarding its
advancement.

St. Paul s, or "St. Palls," as it was formerly known, is a station
on the G.T.R. , and contains a store and postoffice. In 1877, this
point was chosen as the capital of Downie, and a township hall
erected, where the municipal council meets for business. Con
siderable quantities of farm produce are shipped at this point.

DOWNIE 1 8 1

Avonton is a pretty village on the Avon, about seven miles
from Stratford, and an equal distance from St. Marys. This
place was founded by Mr. Archibald Shiels, in 1852. Mr. Shiels
was for several years clerk of Downie, and erected a store at
this point, afterwards obtaining a post office. There is also a saw
mill, blacksmith shop and a neat Presbyterian church. This
village, especially in summer, is very picturesque, nestling low
down in the valley along the stream. Avonbank, a short distance
further west, has a Presbyterian church, a large cheese factory,
public hall and post office. In other sections of Downie are
Conroy, Harmony, Fairview, and Wildwood, all post offices.
. Downie, with a population of nearly 3,000 souls, has fewer
churches than any other municipality in this county, there being
only three. Of these two are Presbyterian and one Methodist.
This does not imply, however, a disregard for religious observance.
On the contrary, no citizens could be more punctual in discharging
their sacred obligations.

Stratford and St. Marys, adjoining this municipality, are centres
where a large number attend divine worship every Sabbath day.

To an excellent pamphlet published by Avonbank Presby
terian Church we are indebted for many facts in connection with
the congregation itself, as well as throwing much light on the
early settlement of Downie in this section. Up to 1842 this whole
district was a wilderness, when John Murray located at that point
where is now Avonton. Scarcely a tree had been cut where St.
Marys is now built. Subsequent to Mr. Murray came Adam
Oliver, who penetrated about five miles deeper into the woods,
still following the Avon. These two being at that time alone in
this vast wilderness were considered near neighbours. In 1843
and 1844 came John and Neil Stephenson, William Rodgers,
James Gillies, David Muir, the Elliotts, and Thomas Brooks. As
their names indicate, these pioneers were Scotch, and Presbyterian
services were at once held, in 1843 and 1844, at Mr. Kennedy s
house, on the River Thames. Meantime Mr. James Gillies
organized a Sabbath school, which he conducted in his own
shanty, until those attending had out-grown his means of accom-

12

1 82 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

modation, when it was removed to that of Mr. Brooks. In 1845
a congregation was organized, upon a petition signed by 104
persons residing in Blanshard, Downie, and Fullarton. Hitherto
ministerial work had been done by Rev. Mr. Skinner, who was
first Presbyterian minister in this district. The prayer of this
petition being granted by London Presbytery, Rev. Mr. McKenzie
preached in Blanshard on February 24th, 1845, a few miles east
of St. Marys, at morning services, and in that village during
afternoon. On the day following elders were elected, viz., William
McGregor, James Muir, Duncan McVannel, and James Swan.
This was the first kirk session ever elected in Blanshard, Fullarton,
St. Marys, or Downie. In 1847 their first communion was dis
pensed in Mr. Adam Oliver s log barn, Rev. Mr. Skinner officiating.
Later on in that year a log church was erected on the site where
the present edifice now stands, the land being a gift from the
Canada Company. For nearly a year this structure stood roofless
and bare, there being no funds to complete it. When at last it
was made habitable a great storm passed over this section in
1852, " tirling the kirks," leaving four roofless walls to denote
where this one had been. This old roof was again gathered
together, and laid on the logs in a horizontal position, which, on wet
days, was not conducive to the comfort of the humble worshippers
beneath it. These disasters did not deter them from regular
attendance. On Sabbath mornings they came long distances
through the woods, the ladies barefooted, and the gentlemen in
their shirt sleeves. At their first communion, a lady, with her
husband and several other lady friends, walked from near St.
Marys, all barefooted, five miles to the place of meeting. Wine for
this occasion was procured in London, where William McGregor
and John Weir walked to obtain it, a distance of 30 miles.
During 1852 Rev. Dr. Proudfoot, who had been inducted a few
years previous, resigned his charge, and was succeeded by Dr.
Caven, now principal of Knox College, Toronto. Meantime St.
Marys was rapidly growing in population, and in 1856 was found
to have ample field for a minister without other stations. In
August of that year St. Marys was set apart from Avonbank, and

DOWNIE 183

became a separate charge under Rev. Mr. Caven. Subsequently
a union was formed between Avonbank and Motherwell, when a
call was extended to Rev. Robert Hamilton. This call promised
a stipend of $500 per annum. Dr. Hamilton, then a young- man,
accepted, and on June 3Oth, 1858, was inducted into that charge,
where he successfully laboured for a period of over 40 years. In
1860 this old pioneer church was replaced by a brick building,
which, in turn was, in 1890, replaced by the present brick edifice,
erected at a cost of between $4,000 and $5,000. Members attend
ing this church are now no. In 1857 Avonton congregation,
which, till this period, formed a part of that of Avonbank, was set
apart as a separate organization, and a small frame church erected.
Under the ministrations of Rev. Mr. Doak, who was its first
pastor, this church continued to prosper, and an addition to the
original frame structure was made. Services were conducted in

<j

this building for several years, until an increased number on its
roll of members rendered a more commodious building necessary
to meet the wants of the congregation. In 1894 the present brick
edifice was built at a cost of $8,000. This congregation is still in
a flourishing condition under the pastorate of Rev. J. H. Graham,
having a total of 214 members. There is also a good Sabbath
school in connection, where an average of 95 pupils meet for
religious instruction, under the superintendence of Mr. Frank Bell.
A bible class with about 20 young people is conducted by the
minister.

The Methodist Church at Harmony, situate on lot i, con. 7,
Dovvnie, was founded at an early date by J. H. Dunsmore, John
Libbins, Charles Lupton, sr. , Robert Timmins and James
Dunsmore. A Methodist missionary named Cleghorn, while on a
journey from Shakespeare to West Zorra, lost his way in the
woods, and, in the course of his wanderings, reached a settler s
house, where he remained for a time. Services were held, and
the surrounding backwoodsmen, manifesting an interest in these
religious exercises, decided to form a congregation to be known
as " Harmony." The little society continued to hold worship
weekly in private houses, and afterwards in a school building, until

184 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

1864, when a frame building- was erected. Its first stationed
minister was John S. Fisher. This church is still progressive,
and, under the present pastorate of Rev. W. M. Pomeroy, interest
in the work is still being maintained.

The municipal history of Downie begins in 1842. Prior to this
period all appointments were made by the Crown or Court of
Magistrates, who were appointees of Government. In terms of
the Act of 1841, a meeting of the inhabitants of Downie,
Blanshard, and Fullarton was held in the school house, Stratford,
to elect certain officers and pass such legislation for their local
government as they considered necessary. At this meeting George
Dixon was chosen chairman, J. C. W. Daly elected district
councillor ; Matthew Robb, township clerk ; William Cashen,
assessor, and George Gibb, collector. For school commissioners
were chosen, William Smith, James Monteith, John Gibb,
Samuel Robb and Arad Priest. This meeting also appointed
overseers of highways and poundkeepers. In 1842, Downie had
fourteen road divisions, which were in charge of James Carpenter
for No. i ; No. 2, Henry Reinstaller ; No. 3, William Dunn ;
No. 4, Edward Donkin ; No. 5, Samuel Monteith ; No. 6, Arad
Priest and Mathew Wilson ; No. 7, John Switzer ; No. 8,
Charles Rankin ; No. 9, Patrick Heron ; No. 10, George Dixon ;
No. n, Samuel Colter ; No. 12, Thomas Canville ; No. 13, James
Boyd ; No. 14, John Ballantyne. Fence viewers: Jacob Cramer,
Michael Bait, for Fullarton ; Richard Cawston and Thomas
Wilson, for Downie. Poundkeepers were John A. McCarthy and
Joseph Jeosswiller. These officers were the first elected by the
people in this county. In looking over these road lists an
approximation may be arrived at, as to population in Downie at
that period. There can be very little doubt that the name of
every able-bodied person was placed on the lists, every person
being required to perform statute labour. In 1842, one hundred
and twenty-three ratepayers were recorded, this, of course, includ
ing that portion of Stratford situate in Downie. These performed
three hundred and ninety-five days labour. Assuming each of
those ratepayers represented a family of three, this would give

DOWNIE 185

Downie a population, including" a portion of Stratford, amounting
to less than four hundred souls.

Their electoral duties being thus completed, that of legislation
was next taken up, and by-laws were passed : "ist. That every
rail fence should be four and one-half feet high, above which was
to be posts and a sing-le rider, the lower four rails not more than
four inches apart. 2nd. Breachy cattle, not allowed to run at
larg-e, unless yoked with a T, having- two sharp nails opposite the
nose, and also to carry a bell. Stag s not allowed to run. No
pigs allowed to run under two months old ; all above that to be
free commoners. Any hog, whatever, committing damage
within a legfal fence, to be impounded, and all breachy hogs to be
sufficiently yoked. All poultry shall go at large, except from the
time the grain begins to ripen until it is in the shock. If a tree
falls across a road, it must be removed by the nearest settler
within twenty-four hours. " These by-laws were again amended
in 1845, 47, 48 and 49. Mr. Robb appears to have been a
careful officer, dilig-ently performing- those duties appertaining- to
his office. On January 3, he says he attended the election of a
district councillor. He put up notices for township officers to
attend at Stratford, and sig-n their declarations. He sent a copy
of his proceedings to the Clerk of the Peace in Goderich, and
posted another on the school house door in the village.

In connection with this meeting- a cash account was submitted,
of funds expended on roads by the magistrates. In Downie
these disbursements amounted in 1842 to ^33, iys., 9/^d- 3
was paid to William Monteith for money expended in 1839. Mr.
Thomas Patrick was paid 2 for repairing- Stratford bridge. Mr.
Robb received a further sum of ^4, as a fine levied on Elizabeth
Nichols; also i, 8s., gd., wild land taxes. He also received
i2s. , 6d. from J. J. E. Linton, statute labour commutation, and
which he paid to J. C. W. Daly. Of this sum, 6s., 6d., was
afterwards refunded to Mr. Linton, which closed the first state
ment of account submitted in Downie.

On November 8th, a meeting of overseers of highways was held
in Stratford to report on their several divisions. These reports

1 86 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

tell a strange story of those old days, and present such conditions,
on even our main travelled roads, as to the people of Downie
are now unknown. Mr. William Dunn, who was overseer in
division No. 3, must have been a son of the Emerald Isle, his
report displaying a quiet humor, when he says : "That I consider
that the road is passable enough, considering circumstances, except
a bridge that is required to be built across the Avon, and although
we have petitioned to have the same done by the district, yet we
are willing to withdraw the same, and do the work ourselves
without any public expense." Mr. Edward Donkin, No. 4
division, says : "I have to report that the road in my division is
impassable ; although we have expended our statute labor to the
best advantage, we are now compelled to abandon the road and
take by-roads through the bush."

Mr. Matthew Nelson, division No. 6, reports " That the road
in my division is totally impassable; although we had a number
of men working extra statute labour yesterday, yet the road is
not fit to be travelled by teams of any description. My division
comprises the south part of the line of road from Stratford to
Embro, in the township of Zorra. Although intended for a public
road, it is avoided by all travellers except those on foot. Although
we have a grist mill in Stratford, within seven miles of the most
remote settler, yet we are compelled to go to Embro, a distance
of eleven miles, or run the risk of having our oxen killed on cross-
ways, besides having to unload our teams, and carry our grists
over logs across the river on our backs to where we can load
again, on account of the flood carrying off all the bridges."

Mr. Arad Priest reports " That the road in his division, which
is a part of the leading road from Stratford to Embro, thence to
Woodstock, is not fit to be travelled on by teams. Although we
have had fourteen men yesterday working extra statute labour,
yet I have seen this day a yoke of oxen break through in several
places that were going to mill. There is one crossway in my
division which is nearly a mile long, besides several others, all of
which are totally out of repair. On the whole line of road from
Stratford to the Zorra line, a distance of about seven miles, five

DOWNIE 187

of which I consider to be crossways, most of which have been
swept away."

Mr. Samuel Monteith reports "That the road in my division,
which commences at Stratford, running south as far as the turn in
the Zorra road, on which there are thirteen crossways within a
distance of one mile, which have been carried away by the river,
leaving the road impassable for teams, although our statute labour
has been laid out to the best advantage."

These reports present a phase of life unknown in Downie to
day. When we consider that in a distance of seven miles there
were five miles of corduroy, or, as in Mr. Monteith s division,
where there were thirteen sections of corduroy in a distance of one
mile, the condition of a settler who resided far away in the woods
must have been not only lonely, but deplorable indeed.

During the ten years that local government was managed by
district councils, very little was expended in improvement of high
ways in Perth County. In May, 1847, Mr. James Simpson,
district councillor, obtained a grant of ^41, 155., od., proceeds of
wild land tax. This was supplemented by a further grant of
2, i os. , od., or a total of ^44, 53. This amount, excepting
178., S^d., as remuneration to the township clerk, constituted the
whole expenditure on roads for that year. There was also ex
pended ^4, 6s., 8d. , on the boundary line between Downie and
South Easthope, the first appropriation for any town line. This
account was audited by Arad Priest, James Clyne, and William
Smith, wardens, and found correct. Another statement of account
is dated in January, 1849, amounting to ^5, is., 3d. This appro
priation was all expended on roads excepting 2s. for clerk s salary.
On January 7th, 1850, a final audit under the Act of 1841 took
place, when it was found Downie had 6s., qd. to her credit. With
her finances in this flourishing condition, she now entered on her
career of prosperity under those liberal and very practical con
ditions of the new Municipal Act.

On January 2ist, 1850, therefore, in Mr. Andrew Monteith s
house was held the first council meeting in Downie under the new
Act. On that august occasion, Andrew Monteith, William Smith,

I 88 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

William Byers, William Hyslop and William Clyne signed their
oaths of office. Mr. William Smith, on motion of Messrs. Byers
and Monteith, was chosen reeve, and Mr. J. J. E. Linton, township
clerk. Having discharged these important functions, they ad
journed for an hour. During recess they were not idle. On
resuming, a by-law was introduced and passed, fixing officers
salaries for 1850. The township clerk was to receive 4, IDS. ;
assessors, 2^ per cent. ; collector, 3)^ per cent. ; superintendent
of schools, 2 ; treasurer, 2, los. ; auditors, each, los. No
mention is made of remuneration for themselves. Very likely
such distinguished honours as had been conferred on them by their
elevated position, they would consider as ample recompense for
any sacrifice made in discharging their gubernatorial duties. In
February an important meeting was held, extending over two
days, beginning at 8 a.m. each day. At this meeting, "the clerk
was instructed to procure a seal of the following form, M. C.,
Downie, and about the size of a Sterling shilling." Other busi
ness being disposed of, "an adjournment was made for half an
hour, Eo die ; 3 o clock, business again resumed, disposing of
the balance of their funds, amounting to 6/9 ; council adjourned
for half an hour, Eo die ; seven o clock p. m., council again
resumed, passing several by-laws, adjourning till 8 o clock
to-morrow morning." In March, another meeting was held,
lasting two days, when a by-law was passed, imposing a penalty
of not less than ten shillings nor more than two pounds for refusal
to accept office, by any ratepayer, to which he had been appointed.
They also fixed their own remuneration at 5/3 per day. An
excellent motion was introduced by Mr. Hyslop, seconded by Mr.
Byers : "The owner or harbourer of any dog, or dogs, within the
township shall pay a tax of one shilling and three pence currency
for the first dog he may keep, and for every additional dog a tax
of five shillings." A rate was also levied for schools and local
improvements of 120. A counter motion by Messrs. Hyslop
and Byers was carried, of 100, of which 60 per cent, was for
education, and 40 per cent, for ordinary expenditure.

At this meeting was also passed a dangerous measure,

DOWNIE 189

constituting- a concentration of power, antagonistic to the spirit of
municipal law. Mr. William Davidson, a resident of Downie,
was appointed inspector of licenses, and empowered to make
"diligent search and enquiry in any house he suspected of keeping
liquors in contravention of the License Act."

Mr. Davidson was allowed "a salary of i per annum in
addition to any fines which may belong to him as complainant."
To complete this autocratic measure, the reeve was empowered
"to grant licenses to any person applying to him as he may see
fit." At this present day such legislation would very likely be
transformed into a scheme to compel an important influence in
support of those political powers that be. In the early days,
however, it does not appear to have been followed by any
disastrous consequences, either to any political party, or to those
who conducted their business under its provisions. In 1852, was
made the first grant for gravelling, when it was moved by Mr.
Martin, seconded by Mr. Brown, "that William Cashen expend all
his labour on the main road, from the village boundary westward,
taking out the old logs and laying in gravel, nine feet wide and
twelve inches deep, the side of the gravelling to be well made up
with earth." At a meeting in August two important motions were
passed. By that of Mr. Monteith and Mr. Clyne, "Stratford
school trustees were empowered to borrow ^300 to erect a new
school house." A letter was read from J. C. W. Daly respecting
the Toronto & Guelph Railway, when it was proposed by Mr.
Monteith, seconded by Mr. Clyne, "that the reeve put himself in
communication with the commissioners of the Canada Company,
and, if possible, ascertain what prospect there is of the Toronto,
Guelph, Stratford & Goderich Railway going on the ensuing
season, and if he is satisfied it will go on, to subscribe ten pounds
from the township funds." In January, 1855, was established a
public library, at a cost to the municipality of ^30. It does not
appear that those efforts of our first councils, in providing reading
matter, had been appreciated, its management very soon forming
no part of their work. As in Blanshard, the books were distri
buted amongst the several wards, where librarians were

1 90 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

appointed, receiving as remuneration for their services i per
annum. Another grant was a distinguishing mark of progress
by the people of Downie, amounting to fifteen dollars, made in
1863, to the County of Perth Agricultural Society, and in the
following year a further grant in support was made to Blanshard
Agricultural Society, of ten dollars. These two grants are import
ant as pointing out this fact, that a section of our people, at least,
had passed over the early stages of pioneer life, and the greatest
interest in this county was now stretching out its hands for aid
from public funds. A motion was also passed at this meeting,
instructing the reeve to petition His Excellency-in-Council, to have
the governing lines of the township re-surveyed, and stone monu
ments planted thereat, and that Joseph G. Kirk, P. L. S., be
named to make the survey. In the following year Mr. Kirk was
ordered to complete the work applied for in the petition. During
the Fenian raid, in 1866, Downie council gave ample testimony of
that patriotic feeling which animated all classes at that period, by
instructing the reeve and deputy reeve, to "support any measure
that may be brought up at the county council, for making an
additional allowance towards the support of the volunteers from
the county, now serving on the frontier, as, in their opinion, the
amount granted by the Government is quite inadequate to the
support of these persons, so serving, who have families." When
the council met on June 6th, 1870, it is recorded that they
entered into a discussion with James Sutherland, and other intelli
gent farmers, regarding the state of the crops. It was resolved
that the clerk "should publish what they unanimously considered
the crops in the township would average. Fall wheat, 8 bush.
per acre ; spring, 6 bush, per acre, and in the xvest and south not
more than 4 ; oats, 25 ; peas, 10 ; barley, 15 ; hay, i^ tons per
acre ; potatoes, large crop, but much diseased." This is a most
doleful aspect, and the council, with those intelligent farmers,
must have been in a pessimistic mood, to indulge in such dismal
forebodings. We suspect that few farmers would be able to say,
at so early a period as the 6th of June, what crops were likely to
be. During that period from 1850, when the Municipal Act was

DOWNIE

introduced, up to 1870, the position of a township councillor was
a laborious one. The whole machinery of government had to be
set in motion. At a number of meetings no business appears to
have been transacted, beyond that of denning the limits of road
divisions. Other meetings would be occupied discussing the
boundaries of school sections. The conditions of settlement
changed so rapidly, that every year alterations had to be made.
The war of the school sections appears to have been as prolonged,
as intricate, and surrounded with difficulties in Downie of equal
magnitude to those in other municipalities.

At this period a large section of our people in this county were
in a transitional condition. Old pioneer systems were fast giving
way, and being supplanted by methods more suitable to our
advanced agricultural ideas. This led to constant change in those
plans adopted to meet our improved environment, compelling
certain modifications to be made from time to time. To meet
these requirements $3,000 was borrowed in 1871 from Logan, at
a rate of 6 per cent, per annum. This sum was intended to
improve roads and bridges. Prior to this a great number of road
divisions had been, or were quickly being, gravelled by statute
labour, supplemented with municipal grants. A better class of
bridges was now necessary to ensure public safety. At present
many of these structures erected by this loan have again been
replaced by costly erections of steel, and in a more advanced style
of bridge architecture. Since steam threshers have been intro
duced, and traction engines are now moved from place to place,
bridges have to be built of the best material, and made capable of
supporting heavy traffic.

Downie seems to have been well supplied with houses of public
entertainment, for whose government, from time to time, were
passed very stringent laws. On February gth, 1850, it was
enacted that all persons keeping houses for the sale of beer, ale, or
other manufactured beverages, not spirituous, by the glass or
quart, if drunk on the premises, and for the sale of victuals, fruits,
clams, oysters, as an eating house or ordinary, shall pay a license
fee of 2, IDS. per annum. If any gambling or disorderly conduct

IQ2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

was allowed on the premises, then the proprietor was subject to a
fine of not less than 2, ios., nor more than ^5, upon conviction
thereof.

By-laws regarding hotel licenses were more stringent still, and
regulated on a sliding scale as to locality, where such business
was carried on. It was enacted that every applicant must be a
person of good moral character; in fact, he must satisfy the
inspector of such facts in order that a certificate may be issued.
His house must contain at least three rooms and three beds over
and above those used by his own family. He was also required
to have a driving house with stabling for at least three horses,
and a yard enclosed to hold cattle. Having these equipments for
accommodating the public, and the inspector being satisfied as
to his moral character, and steady, sober habits, a license
would be issued to keep a house of public entertainment,
and to sell beer, ale, wines, and all spirituous liquors. For
this privilege granted, if an applicant resided in the village of
Stratford, he paid therefor ^7, ios. ; if on the Huron road, 5 ;
if on the Zorra and St. Marys road, 4 ; and in any other part of
the township ^3, ios.; with, in all cases, a fee of 55. to the clerk.
For any infringement of this law, heavy penalties were inflicted of
not less than ^5, nor more than 20, with the pernicious rider,
that one half should go to the informer. Downie does not appear
to have had within her limits, at any time, more than eight hotels,
the number at present (1902) being four. Subsequent to passing
the Crooks Act, in 1876, no legislation has been enacted affecting
the traffic or requirements of houses of public entertainment.

On the 3ist day of May, 1880, the first code of by-laws relating
to rules of order, and the duties and responsibilities of officers,
was submitted, and finally passed. This code remained in force
for a period of fifteen years. In 1895, under the reeveship of
Nelson Monteith, Esq., it was re-considered, when, with several
alterations and amendments, rendered necessary by changed con
ditions in the municipality, it was again adopted, and now forms
the latest revised statutes of Downie.

In 1844, Downie contained 1,370 inhabitants, including that

DOWNIE 193

portion of Stratford within its limits. In 1845, 2 >777 acres were
under cultivation. In 1850, the population had increased to
2,375, and 7,621 acres were under cultivation. The product of
the crop of 1849 was 2 7>ooo bush, of wheat, 24,000 bush, of oats,
5,000 bush, of peas, 19,000 bush, of potatoes, 13,000 bush, of
turnips, 20 tons of maple sugar, 4,900 Ibs. of wool, and 6,000
Ibs. of butter.

Downie has now ten school sections, one of which is a Separate
school, and five unions.

The various officers of Downie township from 1850 to 1902,
inclusive, are as follows :

Reeves. 1850-4, William Smith ; 1855-6, Robt. Ballantyne ;

1857, Wm. E. Byers ; 1858, James Boyd ; 1859, Robt. Ballan
tyne ; 1860-4, Andrew Monteith ; * 865-6, Wm. Elliott. Elected
by the people: 1867-8, Thos. Ballantyne ; 1869, Chas. Wilson ;
1870-3, Thos. Ballantyne; 1874-81, Jacob Brunner ; 1882-4,

.Cornelius McNamara ; 1885-90, Geo. Frame; 1891-3, Oliver
Smith ; 1894-6, Nelson Monteith ; 1897-8, Geo. Wood ; 1899-
1900, John Arbog-ast ; 1901-2, Geo. Kastner.

Deputy- Reeves. 1851-3, Andrew Monteith ; 1854-7, Wm. Clyne;

1858, Richard Browne ; 1859-64, Wm. Clyne ; 1865-6, Martin
Brennan. Elected by the people: 1867, Wm. Elliott ; 1868-73,
Jos. Salkeld ; 1874-9, Jhn Fairless ; 1880, Thos. Steele ; 1881, C.
D. Swanson ; 1882, Geo. Frame ; 1883-4, Oliver Smith ; 1885-6,
Wm. Dunsmore ; 1887-8, Wm. Welsh ; 1889, Robt. Thistle ;
1890-1, Aurelius Moses ; 1892-3, Nelson Monteith ; 1894-5, D. K.
Erb.

Councillors. 1850, Andrew Mortteith, Wm. Byers, Wm.
Hyslop, Wm. Clyne ; 1851, Wm. Clyne, Jas. Simpson, Wm.
Byers ; 1852, Wm. Clyne, Thos. Brown, Jas. Martin ; 1853, Wm.
Clyne, Wm. Byers, David Muir ; 1854, Andrew Monteith, Wm.
Byers, Wm. Youle ; 1855, Jh n Barton, Adam Oliver, Andrew
Monteith; 1856, John Barton, A. Oliver, Jas. Boyd ; 1857, Wm.
Elliott, Richard Brown, James Boyd ; 1858, Wm. Elliott, Wm
Clyne, Michael Kastner ; 1859, Wm. Elliott, M. Kastner, J. Boyd;
1860-3, M. Kastner, W. Elliott, Thos. White ; 1864, Geo. Russell,

194

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Michael Kastner, Wm. Elliott ; 1865, Geo. Rupel, M. Kastner, A.
Monteith ; 1866-7, A. Monteith, John Ballantyne, M. Kastner ;
1868, Cornelius McNamara, Joseph Iredale, M. Kastner ; 1869, C.
McNamara, Wm. Laing-, Mr. Pfrimmer ; 1870, Mr. Pfrimmer, C.
McNamara, Mr. McLauchlin; 1871-3, John Fairless, C. McNamara,
Mr. Pfrimmer; 1874-5, G - Wood, G. Frame, C. McNamara ; 1876,
G. Frame, Geo. Wood, Wm. Thistle ; 1877, Michael Quirk, Wm.
Thistle, G. Frame ; 1878-9, Jas. Quirk, G. Wood, Thos. Steele ;
1880, A. Moses, C. D. Swanson, J. Quirk; 1881, Jas. Dunn, John
Arbogast, Oliver Smith; 1882, J. Arbogast, J. Dunn, D. Mclntosh;

1883, D. Mclntosh, Arthur Robb, B. Payton ; 1884, Wm. Duns-
more, A. Moses, Wm. Welsh ; 1885, John Dempsey, Wm. Welsh,
B. Payton ; 1886, A. Moses, B. Payton, Wm. Welsh ; 1887, Wm.
Porter, B. Payton, A. Moses ; 1888, Robert Thistle, J. Russel, A.
Moses ; 1889, G. Wood, J. Russel, Robt. Clyne ; 1890, J. H.
McCully, Geo. Hoffman, R. Clyne : 1892-3, D. K. Erb, Charles
Jickling, Geo. Wood ; 1894-5, J. Arbogast, Dennis Clifford, C.
Jickling ; 1896, G. Wood, C. Jickling, J. Arbogast, D. Clifford ;

1897-8, J. Arbogast, Hugh Hanan, C. Jickling, Samuel McKay ;

1899, Geo. Kastner, S. McKay, C. Jickling, D. Clifford ; 1900, D.

Clifford, C. Jickling, G. Kastner, S. McKay ; 1901, Thos. Steele,

Mr. Ballantyne, H. Hanan, John Murray; 1902, J. Murray, Wm.

Ballantyne, Jas. Bradshaw, S. McKay.

Clerks. 1850, J. J. E. Linton; 1851-5, James Redford ; 1856-7

Thos. Ballantyne ; 1858, Hugh Hamilton ; 1859, Archie Shiels ;

1860-4, Wm. A. Higgs ; 1865-6, Thomas Ballantyne ; 1867-73,

Archie Shiels ; 1874, W. A. Higgs ; 1875-83, H. A. Scarth ;

1884-1902, Peter Smith.

Assessors. 1850, Wm. Watson, Thos. Mullawney, Jas. Redford;

1851, Wm. Watson, Adam Heron ; 1852-3, Wm. Watson, W.

Teahan ; 1854, John Thomson ; 1855-6, Wm. Watson ; 1857,

David Swanson ; 1858, Wm. Watson ; 1859-64, Chas. Wilson ;

1865, D. Swanson ; 1866, Geo. Russell ; 1867-68, W. S. Bolger,

1869, Henry H. Cole ; 1870, John Watson ; 1871, Chas. Wilson ;

1872-4, Thos. Tucker ; 1875, Henry H. Cole ; 1876, Geo. Russell;

1877, Wm. Dunsmore ; 1878, John Gibson ; 1879, Wm. Duns-

DOWNIE 195

more ; 1880, Geo. Frame ; 1881, Wm. Dunsmore ; 1882, John
Gibson ; 1883, Wm. Dunsmore ; 1884, Jacob Brunner ; 1885,
James Dunn ; 1886-91, Wm. McKay ; 1892-93, Wm. Dunsmore ;
1894-1902, Wm. McKay.

Treasurers. 1850-59, Alex. McGregor ; 1860-7, Wm. Doug-las;
1868-74, Geo. Hildebrand ; 1875-99, James Clyne ; 1900-2, Patrick
Pay ton.

Collectors. 1850-55, Chas. Wilson ; 1856, Wm. Byers ; 1857,
Wm. Watson ; 1858-61, Wm. Teahan ; 1862-64, Cornelius
McNamara ; 1865-7, Michael Quirk ; 1868, Chas. Wilson ; 1869,
James Bettridge ; 1870, John Eller ; 1871, Thomas Tucker;
1872-3, James Clyne ; 1874, J. Gibson ; 1875-79, Chas. Wilson ;
1880-5, John McKellar ; 1886-1900, Wm. McG. Murray ; 1901-2,
John McKellar.

Aiiditors. 1850, Wm. Watson, Jas. Redford ; 1851-3, Thomas
Mullawney, Archie Shiels ; 1854, Archie Shiels, Hugh Hamilton;
1855, Hugh Hamilton, Thos. Ballantyne ; 1856, H. Hamilton,
T. Mullawney ; 1857, T. Mullawney, A. Shiels ; 1858, D.
Swanson ; 1859, Thos. Ballantyne, Wm. Byers ; 1860-63, Thos.
Ballantyne, Geo. Russell ; 1864, Thos. Ballantyne, Thos. Tucker;
1865, Chas. Wilson, Henry Cole ; 1866, Jas. Bennoch, Joseph
Salkeld ; 1867, John Thompson, Wm. Smith ; 1868, H. H. Cole,
D. Swanson ; 1869, J. A. King, John Kane ; 1870, Wm. A.
Higgs, D. Swanson ; 1871-3, Wm. Higgs, Geo. Russell ; 1874,
Chas. Wilson, H. Cole ; 1875, P. Smith, Geo. Russell ; 1876-7,
P. Smith, John Dempsey ; 1878-9, P. Smith, C. D. Swanson ;
1880-2, P. Smith, Thos. Blackmail ; 1883-6, Wm. Porter, Geo.
Russell ; 1887-94, J onn Dempsey ; 1895-99, J. Dempsey, Wm.
Porter ; 1900, Wm. Porter, John McKellar ; 1901-2, John
Worden, Thos. Armstrong.

CHAPTER XIII.

FULLARTON.

This municipality was named in honor of Mr. Fullarton, a director
of the Canada Co. In area it is smaller than most of the others in
Perth County ; in fertility of soil, second to none. Generally,
more rolling than Blanshard or Downie, its long sweeping valleys
and gentle undulations make perfect drainage easily available to
every section within its limits. This township is well watered,
being intersected by several streams of considerable magnitude.
The river Thames flows through a most beautiful valley, almost in
a direct line from north to south. Along its banks are many fine
farms, and, although the ancient forest is now nearly gone, there
are a few places that tell of a former glory. Who can wander
along these old streams, and mark those quiet, sequestered spots,
still found here and there, and not think of the period previous to
pioneer days, ere yet ruthless hands had destroyed forever their
impressiveness and beauty ?

Fullarton contains over 42,000 acres, exclusive of the river
Thames, which, in the field notes, is held to be 2^ chains wide,
with an additional 50 links on each side as a tow path. This
river in Fullarton is still held by the Crown. In that section
north of this township it becomes private property, there being no
allowance in the field notes either for tow path, or bed of the
stream.

In 1829, a range of lots was surveyed on the Huron road, and
thrown open for settlement. A further survey was made in 1832,
the whole township being completed in 1835 by John McDonald,
P.L.S. Subsequent to 1832, when the first settler entered Fullar-

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FULLARTON 199

ton, progress up till 1843 was extremly slow. During- this year
(1832) Hugh Kennedy Junck located on lot 20, first concession.
He was the first settler in this township, and was like a thorn in the
flesh to the council for many years. He erected a saw mill on
Whorl Creek, near Mitchell, which was doubtless a great con
venience to the new settlement. His mill pond was a source of
great annoyance, however, always overflowing-, flooding- his neigh
bours property, and seriously injuring- those hig-hways in its
vicinity. Complaints were constantly being- made to those in
authority. Cold official letters, couched in languag-e of terrific
dignity, were sent to Mr. Junck, pointing- out that unless an
abatement of the nuisance complained of was at once effected,
recourse would be had to extreme measures. He appears, how
ever, to have kept on the even tenor of his way, quite reg-ardless
of threatened official vengeance. For a quarter of a century this
warfare was kept up without any serious mishap to Mr. Junck,
and it was not till time and circumstances brought a change that
the source of complaint was removed.

Meantime, between 1840 and 1845, a great influx of settlers had
taken place, and previous to 1850 Fullarton may be said to have
beeri fully settled. It was, like nearly all other municipalities in
Perth County, located by a mixed population. The north-east
corner from the fifth concession was settled by Germans. From
lot 15 to the Mitchell road was a mixed population. West of the
Thames, from the Huron road to concession 9, were English, from
Devonshire and Cornwall. On the Mitchell road, from Fullarton
village to the south boundary, including concessions 17 and 18,
were Scotch, from Dalhousie. Near Russeldale was a mixed
population, Scotch predominating. In that section, of which
Carlingford is centre, was a mixed population, English predomin
ating.

Several miles east of -Mr. Junck s, a number of Alsatian families
settled near Seebach s hotel, spreading south and west. Amongst
these we find such names as Rohfreitsch, Kramer, Schelleberger,
Pauline, and Bartle, and further south Hoffmeier, Kruspe, and
Stosko pf. On the river Thames were Andersons, Watsons >

2OO HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Browns, Rogers, Mclntoshs, and Youngs. On the Mitchell
road were Pridhams, Heals, Moores, Harris, and Beers. In
1843, came the Woodleys and Bakers, locating where Fullarton
Corners now is, then a great unbroken wilderness. In 1844, the
Canada Company opened the Mitchell road, extending through
Blanshard. This important highway formed a connecting- link
between those older settlements at London, and soon brought a
great increase to the population of Fullarton.

Fullarton, like the adjoining township of Downie, contains few
villages, and those not of great importance. The whole trade of
this municipality is diverted to Mitchell, Stratford, and St. Marys.
Roads everywhere throughout are of the best description, afford
ing easy facilities for moving farm produce. Summervale,
better known as Fullarton Corners, is the capital, and beautifully
situated in the valley of the Thames. This village was founded in
1853 by James Woodley. In 1854, he applied for and obtained a
post office, with John Buchan as first postmaster. As the place
grew in importance a hotel was added in 1855. When it had been
decided that this point should be selected as the seat of govern
ment, a survey was made by Mr. William Rath, of Mitchell, in
1864, at the instigation of Mr. Woodley, when a village plot was
laid out and named Summervale. The hotel has long since been
closed, and the building is now occupied as a general store and a
post office. Here also is the township hall, a school with two
teachers, two churches, harness shop, doctor s office, cheese
factory, with several other lines of business usually carried on in a
country village. A sawmill represents the manufacturing indus
tries, in connection with which is carried on a cheese factory,
chopping mill, cider mill, the whole employing from eight to ten
hands, and in certain seasons a much larger number. About two
miles west, along the Thames road, is Russeldale. In the early
days this was a point of some importance, situated, as it was, in
the direct road from London to the north. This village was
founded and named in honour of James Russell, an old pioneer
Scotchman, who owned the adjoining lands. There is a good
general store here, with a post office, blacksmith s shop, etc. Here

FULLARTON 2OI

also is located the only hotel in Fullarton, last remaining one of
four which were licensed to sell within the municipality. Mother-
well, in the valley of the Thames, was founded by James Brown,
who was also first postmaster. Mr. Brown was for many years
an official of Fullarton, and taught its first school, erected in 1847
on lot 25, East Mitchell road. Motherwell was named by Mr.
Brown after a Scotch town in Lanarkshire, the original home of
his family, and is now composed of a blacksmith s shop and
general store. For many years the most important village in
Fullarton was Carlingford, situate on lots 5 and 6, in the 6th and
7th concessions. On lot 5, concession 7, was erected in 1849 a
log school house, known as No. 4. The lot on which this build
ing stood had to be previously cleared, the whole county being
still nearly covered with wood. In 1850, the school was opened
by a Mr. Reilly, an odd character, who was described as not
very prepossessing in appearance, but a fairly good teacher,
and blessed with a goodly portion of common sense. The build
ing was used for all purposes. Those who were religiously
inclined were often found there, and, after addresses had been
given by some visiting ministers, as Revs. Thomas Dawes,
Thomas McPherson, Stratford ; Tapp, Eastman, or Findlay, of
Mitchell, much earnestness was manifested. If those voices who
joined in Old Hundred, Martyrdom, or Rock of Ages, were neither
classical nor melodious, they were at least sincere. About 1854, a
log building was erected by Hartman Cook for a residence and
shoemaker shop. Subsequently another building was erected by
Mr. Abraham Davidson as a general store and post office. This
house is still standing. These two settlers in Carlingford differed
as to naming the new town, each being desirous of an immortality
in perpetuating their own name in Davidsonville, or Cooksville.
The postmaster-general settled the dispute by calling it Carling
ford in honour of the birth place of Thomas D Arcy McGee, who
was then prominent in politics, and appointing Mr. Davidson first
postmaster. Mr. Cook sold out to Mr. W. M. Janes, who subse
quently erected a hotel. Mr. Davidson s successor as postmaster
was James Hamilton, father of our present county treasurer, who

2O2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

was succeeded by William Davidson, present county clerk, and it is
now in possession of Mr. Cowie. During this period a black
smith s shop had been added by Mr. John Fink, who subsequently
sold to Mr. Babb. This gentleman further extended his business
by entering into carriage building, in which he is still engaged.
Meantime, Mathew Brydon had erected a sawmill on Black Creek,
and conducted the enterprise with success until 1862, when he
lost his life by drowning. Mr. William Knott afterwards came into
possession of this property, converting it into a grist mill. This
was a great convenience, and is now operated by his son Samuel.
In the words of a valued correspondent, " Carlingford at this
time was a lively place, having two stores, Mr. William Davidson
having meantime built a second one in 1860. Carlingford, in its
palmy days, could boast of a good band, under the leadership of
Mr. F. Yeo, now of Mount Forest. It also possessed a great
genius called Peter the Hermit. : At present it is composed of
a general store and post office, boot and shoe business, black
smith s shop, and carriage shop. There is also a public school
with two teachers, two splendid churches, and the residences of
two of Fullarton s old pioneers, Robert Clark and William Lever-
sage, who are creeping onwards in the evening of life and full of
reminiscences of long ago. In Fullarton Christianity is fully
represented, there being no less than nine churches within its
limits. At Carlingford the Methodist church was organized in
1848. Those pioneers in church work who founded this mission
were George Leversage, sr. , William Dickey, Thomas Reid, and
William Cole. Services were held in the shanty of Mr. Leversage
for several years. Rev. Mr. Dunnett was first minister, and on
one occasion when making his way from St. Marys, became lost
in the wood, wandering until discovered by Mr. Leversage, who
was attracted by his cries for aid. When a log school was erected,
services were held there until a union church was built on lot 8,
con. 6. Subsequent to Methodist union a brick edifice was con
structed at a cost of $5,000, and which now affords comfortable
accommodation to those attending service. The first stationed
minister was Rev. Mr. Davis ; present pastor is Rev. Mr. Fergu-

FULLARTON 203

son, in whose charge are about 83 members. There is also a
Sabbath school, having- an attendance of 48 pupils, with Mr. John
Smith as superintendent. Branches of the Ladies Aid and
Epworth League are also actively engaged in church work.

Knox church, Carlingford, was founded by William Davidson,
who followed teaching as a profession, and who was a brother of
Abraham Davidson, long prominent in municipal politics. He
was a Presbyterian of the old school, a man of strong sympathies
and kindly feelings, devoted to church work. For many years he
was precentor, elder, manager, trustee, Sabbath school superin
tendent, and caretaker, giving his time and attention from his
devotion to the cause. Amongst those old pioneer families in
this congregation were McEwens, Bains, Davidsons, Crawfords,
Hamiltons, Thompsons, Campbells, Mitchells, Browns, Stewarts,
Millers and Colquhouns. In 1851, Rev. Mr. Findlay, then of
Mitchell, held service in the school house, until a church was
erected, Rev. Mr. Doak being first stationed minister. Subse
quent to its organization, Carlingford was united with Avonton,
which connection is still maintained under Rev. Mr. Graham,
as pastor. In 1866 the present church was erected, which still
suffices for all congregational wants. There is a membership
at present of 52 ; a Sabbath school, with Mr. Andrew Stewart as
superintendent, is also conducted in connection, having a good
attendance of pupils.

Roy s church, also Presbyterian, and connected with Hibbert,
will be found in the history of that township.

A short distance north of Carlingford is Fullarton congregation
of the Evangelical Association, which originated from Sebringville
church. Rev. John Anthes was first minister, who held services
in Peter Bitner s house, where a great revival took place among the
people. A class was formed, among its first families being those
of Peter Bitner, John Riehl, Michael Goetz and Conrad Shiels.
After a short period this class had increased to sixty members.
In 1871, Mr. Bitner donated a piece of land, on which a large
frame church was built, whose tall, tapering spire can be seen a
long- distance away. Its membership, at present, is 75, under the

204 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

pastorate of Rev. H. J. Holtzman. A Sabbath school is also in
connection, under C. K. Shiels, with an attendance of 81 pupils.

Fullarton Presbyterian church, situate on the Mitchell road,
formed a part of Avonton congregation till 1857, when thirty-five
members in that township petitioned to be erected into a separate
charge. A call was extended to Rev. J. M. King, who declined.
In January, 1858, a call from Downie and Fullarton was extended
to Rev. Robert Hamilton, who accepted, and was inducted on June
3oth of that year. The congregation at this period erected their
first church on the Mitchell road, a frame structure, considered a
grand one at that time. This building was again enlarged in
1863, and continued to be the place of worship till 1882. During
those years its membership had greatly increased, not only in
number, but in wealth also, and the present brick edifice was
erected at a cost of $6,000. Mr. Hamilton has been a long and
faithful servant, and his name will stand alone among our pioneer
preachers, as retaining his position for forty years with acceptance
to his people.

A Sabbath school, in connection with this congregation, was
organized at an early day by John Caven, and conducted in the
log school house, near Motherwell. In 1880, Mr. Charles Baird
was chosen superintendent, who has continued ever since faith
fully to discharge the duties of that office. The roll shows a
large attendance of pupils. A bible class also meets in connection
with this school, conducted by Mr. William Stirritt. Motherwell
Sabbath school supports a pupil at Pointe-aux-Trembles school.
Avonbank, also, contributes to the same purpose. Present
membership at Motherwell is 130.

Methodism was first established in Fullarton by Rev. Philip
James, who established a mission of Bible Christians, in 1844, at
Fullarton Corners. Service was held in those shanties erected by
the settlers, and in a log building which was subsequently built
for a school. In 1848, a Sabbath school was organized by James
Moore, who came a long distance through the woods to discharge
his duties in this self-imposed task. Dr. Aylsworth, a medical
practitioner from Mitchell, was first stationed minister. A frame

FULLARTON 205

church was erected (now used for a Sabbath school building-), in
which service was held until the union in 1883, as Wesleyans,
Episcopals, and Bible Christians then became one body. A new
church was then constructed at a cost of $1,200, in which service
is now held. This circuit is at present in charge of Rev. T. A.
Ferguson. An excellent Sabbath school is also conducted by Mr.
Harry Rogers as superintendent.

At Fullarton village is a Baptist congregation, which was
organized by Elder Milne at an early period. Service was held in
the school till a church was erected. This congregation, when
founded, had a small membership, which has not increased to any
extent, owing to removals from this section of many who wor
shipped in its sanctuary. Its present minister is Rev. Mr.
Marshall, with John McNeil as Sabbath school superintendent.

Bethel church, Mitchell Road, was organized by Rev. Philip
James in 1854, being one of the oldest in Fullarton. Its first
stationed minister was Rev. Mr. Tapp, who, like all other pioneer
preachers, held services in the shanties and school houses. A
church was erected in 1859, at a cost of $1,200, which is now to be
replaced by an elegant and costly structure of brick on which will
be expended about $7,000. This congregation at its inception
had seven members, Jasper and Mrs. Pridham, James and
Mrs. Moore, John Harris and Elizabeth Harris. Mr. Jasper
Pridham was a strenuous worker in this church, to whom it owes
much of its success. This little nucleus of seven members has
increased to 120 at the time of our writing. A Sabbath school is
also conducted, with Henry Neal as superintendent, having an
attendance of 80 pupils.

Mount Pleasant Methodist church, Fullarton, was not organized
till 1855, when Dr. Aylsworth, of Mitchell, held service amongst
the people. Its first members were Nicholas Roach and wife,
Hugh Mitchell and Mrs. Mitchell, Thos. and Mrs. Allan and Mr.
John Cole. In 1865, a church was erected, which was superseded
in 1901 by a handsome brick structure costing upwards of $5,500.
There is now a membership of about 70 under the pastorate of
Rev. Mr. Ferguson. A Sabbath school is also conducted in con-

206 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

nection with this congregation by Mr. H. C. Facey, having an
attendance of 80 pupils.

The political history of Fullarton begins in 1842. Subsequent
to 1841, and prior to 1844, when it was separated from Downie
and Blanshard, its history is merged with that of those municipal
ities. In 1844, it contained 419 inhabitants, and had 393 acres
under cultivation. In 1850, the population was 1,400, with 4,128
acres under cultivation. Its products for this period were : for
1849, 17,000 bush, of wheat, 10,000 bush, of oats, 20,000 bush,
of peas, 13,000 bush, of potatoes, 18,000 bush, of turnips, 32,000
Ibs. of maple syrup, 2,000 Ibs. of wool, and 2,000 Ibs. of butter.
In 1842, Fullarton had two road divisions, Mr. Joseph Cramer
being pathmaster for No. i, and Mr. Michael Bait for No. 2. On
these road lists there appear as ratepayers : No. i, Jacob Cramer,
Jacob Seebach, Theobald Brunner, John Coran, George Switzer,
Hugh Kennedy Junck ; No. 2, Michael Bait, Christian Geddinger
and Peter Bitner.

At the first council meeting, in 1842, accounts were sub
mitted showing that ^24, 55., gd. had been expended for public
improvements in Fullarton, and ^38 in Downie. In 1843, five
pathmasters were appointed: No. i, Hugh Kennedy Junck; 2,
John Arbogast ; 3, Peter Bitner ; 4, James Smith ; 5, Daniel Ney.

In 1844, Fullarton was set apart from Downie, as a separate
municipality. There are no records up to 1847, but, from inform
ation I have been able to obtain, Hugh Kennedy Junck was
elected district councillor in 1845 ; Thomas Boyle, clerk ; Duncan
Campbell, assessor. A meeting was held in January, 1846, at
Mitchell, when it appears James Brown was chosen collector, who,
with great difficulty, and long trudging through forest and swamp,
succeeded in gathering together ^50, which he carried to
Goderich, travelling on foot. Subsequent to separation, the first
meeting of which we have a complete record was in 1847. This
was held on January 3, and called by ^ virtue of a warrant under
the hands of William Chalk and Ludwig Meyers, Esquires, two of
Her Majesty s Justices of the Peace for the District of Huron,
and held in Fishleigh s tavern, Mitchell.

FULLARTON 207

At this meeting Thomas Boyle was elected chairman. Other
officers elected were : John Mclntyre, district councillor ; Thomas
Boyd, township clerk ; William Irvine, assessor of taxes ; Duncan
Campbell, collector of taxes ; Daniel Kerr, William Davis, John
Arbogast, town wardens ; John Arbogast, William Smith, Thomas
Scott, commissioners of highways. Subordinate officers were
also appointed, forming the first complete list on record. As
poundkeepers, were Andrew Timming, Francis Fishleigh, John
Babb, John Parker, Abraham Davidson, and Nicholas Harwick.
Fenceviewers were William Small, Nicholas Tomlinson, Michael
Shellebery and Richard Gill. Pathmasters lists contain thirty-
five names, a marvellous increase since 1842, indicating that, in a
short period of five years, settlement had made great progress.
These were George Roy, Andrew Kennedy, William Levey, Wil
liam Jardine, Frank Livingston, Robert Nichols, Joseph Russel,
John Shellebery, Gilbert Mclntyre, George Brett, Jacob Seebach,
John Arbogast, Michael Goetz, Thomas Scott, Robert Clark,
Daniel Egmire, John McCurdy, Charles Stuffs, Thomas Worth,
Henry Yeo, William Haines, Jasper Pridham, William Elger,
William Greenside, William Hewer, Hugh Kennedy Junck, James
McLarty, Thomas Moss, Christopher Baker, Nicholas Tomlinson,
Charles Beer, William Porteous, William Davis, Robert Mclntosh,
and Thomas Babb. This meeting also passed by-laws regulating
cattle running at large, and defining the construction of a lawful
fence. We have inserted copies of by-laws elsewhere, whose
provisions will apply to Fullarton, and, indeed, to all municipalities
in this county, each code being nearly alike.

Those officers elected in 1847 appear to have retained their
several positions till January, 1849, when a meeting was held at
the school house on lot No. 25, East Mitchell Road, and a new
list was chosen: James Brown, clerk ; Henry E. Anson, assessor;
Duncan Campbell, collector. For superintendents of highways
were elected, John Lambert, Robert Roger, and Joshua Cole.
For town wardens, William Davis, William Martin, and Thomas
Reid. A financial statement for the preceding year was read at
this meeting. This account was not a large one, receipts consist-

208 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

ing of two items: a balance on hand of 12, igs., g^d., and
cash received from Mr. John Mclntyre, being- wild land tax money,
amounting to 12, os., ud., making a total of ^25, os., 8}^d.
Total expenditure, ^"23, i8s. , $*/>&., was composed of orders for
improvement of roads, clerk s salary of ten shillings, and four-
pence halfpenny for postage.

The first township board, elected in 1850, met on January 2ist,
and was composed of James Hill, Robert Porteous, Robert Roger,
George Leversage, sr. , and John Arbogast. James Hill was
chosen first reeve of Fullarton ; John Mclntyre, clerk. This
concluded their business, when an adjournment was made to Feb y
9th, at No. 3 school house. At this meeting other officers were
appointed, and their salaries fixed. Clerk was to receive 5 per
annum. Treasurer, whatever may have been his duties, watching
over his own remuneration was not one ; he was to receive 2
per annum. For this allowance he was "to take care of all
township moneys, pay orders, keep books, and find security in
^250, to the satisfaction of the council." Auditors were more
liberally compensated, with an allowance of 15 shillings each.
Superintendent of education received 2 ; surveyor, 7/6 per day,
while actively engaged ; constable, 3/4 per day. Members of
council were very economical in fixing their own remuneration at
3/9 per day, or five pence per day more than their messenger.
Assessor was allowed 2)4 per cent, on all taxes levied, and the
collector 3^ per cent, on all taxes collected.

At a meeting held in March the clerk and school superintendent
each gave bonds for ^250. There was also levied a rate for con
tingencies and local improvements amounting to ^150. ^30 was
also levied in S. S. No. 4, to build a new school house. A resolu
tion was also passed in May, clearly demonstrating the condition
of roads in this township, setting forth "that logs for crossways
should not be less than one rod in length, nor less than eight inches
in diameter, and no basswood to be allowed." In September 155.
was granted in payment of a seal for the municipality. On April
26th, 1857, the auditors presented their first statement, showing
a total collected of m, which had not all been expended,
16, 2s. , id. still being on hand.

FULLARTON 2OQ

In August, a great flood swept away many bridges in Fullarton,
and a special levy was made for replacing these and repairs on
others. This amounted to ^50, of which ;io was expended at
Brown s school house, 12 on a bridge ninth concession line,
10 for Black Creek bridge; also ^5 for bridge in 6th concession.
Further sums were to be expended by Mr Fishleigh and Mr. Hill,
amounting to ;7, in repairing roads. During this year a grant
was made to found a public library of ^30, on the following
conditions, viz. : " If within ten days petitions liberally signed be
presented to the reeve in favour of it, and if petitions be presented
both for and against said grant, then if the great preponderance
of such petitioners be in favour of said grant, in such case the
town reeve shall have authority to order the same to be placed
o.n the collector s roll, but not otherwise."

It is to be regretted that the good intentions of Fullarton
council in this case were frustrated by those plans adopted for its
management. The system was theoretically good, but subse
quently proved to be practically bad. There can be no doubt that
a circulating library in any community must be productive of good
results in promulgating wholesome literature, and in promoting a
taste for high ideals, the creating of which is, or ought to be, the end
and aim of all writers who feel the responsibilities of their mission.
Each councillor was appointed librarian in his own district, and
received a share of books equal with other members. For these
he was responsible during his tenure of office. If all councillors
were men of literary taste, such arrangements would be quite
applicable. I may be permitted here to remark, if to be educated
on academic lines were a crime, very many, indeed, of our old
public men would be held perfectly guiltless. If, on the other
hand, an education gained by observation, or the stronger and
imperative demands of stern necessity could be considered enlight
enment, nearly all old backwoodsmen were eligible to a degree.
It was only a few years, therefore, after the introduction of the
library when it was so decimated that its total extinction became
evident.

Previous to 1854 a license inspector had been appointed in each

210 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

division, whose duty it was to inspect all houses of entertainment
and grant certificates as to all legal requirements being- fully ob
served. An officer was now appointed whose jurisdiction should
extend over the entire municipality. He was known as "Revenue
Inspector," and was empowered to grant hotel licenses, as well as
those to auctioneers. He gave security in 20, and one surety
for 10. Mr. Thomas Dunn, township clerk, was appointed to
this responsible position with a compensation of 2 per annum.
This was certainly a very modest allowance for so important an
officer. Mr. Dunn s operations were limited by by-law, and
which, considering society at that period, speaks well for Fullarton,
when it was declared that only two hotel licenses should be issued.

Considered in connection with other municipalities at that period,
temperance principles must have made great progress in this
township. It was decided also in 1855 that applicants for hotel
licenses should pay in Mitchell ^,8, in the township proper ^3.
All keepers of houses of public entertainment were entitled to
transfers, provided a due observance of the law was maintained.

In 1856, Fullarton divested herself of all responsibility in con
nection with library affairs by apportioning it amongst the schools.
This plan was adopted upon petition of a large majority of rate
payers for its dispersion that way. A codification of municipal
by-laws was now decided upon, in order that all officers and rate
payers generally might be made fully acquainted with local
municipal legislation.

Mr. McPhail moved, and Mr. Abraham Davidson seconded,
"That with a view to the more efficient discharge of the duties
devolving upon this council, a by-law should be drafted embracing
and setting forth rules of order to be observed by the council at
their meetings, and defining the liberties and privileges of those
who may attend such meetings, in connection with business or
otherwise, and imposing suitable penalties for the contravention
of such rules." Mr. McPhail, Mr. Clark, the reeve and clerk were
appointed to make a digest of all laws and submit it at next meeting.
Having been assented to by a full board, it was then to be printed
for circulation in pamphlet form. During this year a grant was

FULLARTON 2 I I

made in aid of agricultural societies of ^5, the first given to these
hig-hly useful organizations.

In 1857, a motion was made regarding- the construction of a
gravel road to St. Marys. A motion was also introduced in
January ordering" the clerk to correspond with Blanshard regard
ing this road. Fullarton was desirous of improving- this highway
within her limits, and, by a concerted action with Blanshard, a
leading road could be constructed of great advantage to both.
The Mitchell road, therefore, which had been cleared in 1844,
became then, and is still, one of the leading highways in both
townships. At a subsequent meeting a plan was submitted by
what was known as "The Southern Gravel Road Co.," offering to
gravel that section of highway extending from Mitchell to the
Thames road, and also a section from lot 10 to the W. M. R.

These motions indicate a lively interest in good roads, and were
several years in advance of municipal action either in Blanshard or
Downie. A meeting was held in ward No. 3, which would be
greatly benefited by these contemplated improvements, and $3,000
voted to carry them into effect. While these innovations were
being made in its more advanced sections, in other portions of
Fullarton matters were not in such a favourable condition. The
1 2th concession was not yet opened throughout, nor was it till
1858 that a grant of 20 was made in order to make it passable
for travel.

At its first meeting, in 1861, the board took their seats under
happy auspices, and, amidst hand-shakings and congratulatory
compliments to each other, recorded that " after a vote of the
whole township being taken on them, they were all returned,
which plainly indicates their services for the past two years have
been highly appreciated by the intelligent ratepayers of
Fullarton."

In 1864, Fullarton was first entitled to send a deputy reeve to
the county council. Mr. Abraham Davidson, an old member of
the board, was raised to that dignity. An important amendment
to the Municipal Act came into force in 1867, by which all reeves
and deputies were elected directly by the people. Formerly, they

212 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

were chosen by the council, which was elected by general vote of
the ratepayers. Under this provision, in 1868, Mr. William
Davidson was elected reeve, and his father, Abraham Davidson,
as deputy. Abraham Davidson had been a representative since
1855 ; his son William had never sat at a council table, except as
clerk. These conditions indicate a high appreciation of those
services rendered by both father and son. Perth County affords
no other illustration of a man occupying his first seat at a council
table as chief magistrate, and by that honor taking precedence
over his father, who sat as his deputy.

Prior to 1873, a g" rea -t question was being agitated in this county
as to granting aid for constructing a railway from Stratford to
Wiarton, north, and Stratford to Port Dover, south. This road
was of immense consequence to Stratford and the northern part
of the county. A bonus of $120,000 was, therefore, warmly
supported by the people of those sections. In Fullarton, Hibbert,
Blanshard, and a portion of Downie, a very different order of
things obtained. These municipalities were almost unanimously
opposed to the scheme. The representatives from the south were
led by Mr. Wm. Davidson, reeve of Fullarton ; those of the
north, by Mr. D. D. Hay, of Listowel, an able man. It was a
bitter struggle, and fought out on both sides with unflinching
determination. On Mr. Davidson and his deputy returning at
that period to their constituents, they were hailed as the champions
of right and liberty. A great meeting being held, a motion was
passed by standing vote, amid tremendous enthusiasm, expressing
entire concurrence and confidence in their representatives in
trying to defeat this nefarious project. We insert this motion, as
indicating that determined opposition to an improvement which
has resulted in enormous benefit to this county.

It was moved and seconded, "That this council highly approves
of the action of the reeve and deputy reeve in opposing the
by-law submitted at the last session of the county council granting
$120,000 of a bonus to the Port Dover & Lake Huron and the
Stratford & Lake Huron R. R., and would urgently request every
qualified ratepayer to turn out to the several polling places in the

FULLARTON 2 I 3

township, on Monday, the first of December next, and vote do\vn
unanimously the absurd proposition of saddling- the municipality
with $12,000, being the amount we will have to pay in case the
by-law is carried, without receiving any corresponding- benefit, but
merely to satisfy the people of Stratford and Listoivel, led on by
self-interested persons in those places. " Carried unanimously.

At this meeting was passed another motion, indicating- that,
while the sentiments set forth w r ere no doubt perfectly honest,
tHey discover in a marked degree that the council of Fullarton was
not at all deficient in political tactics. It may be considered a
cardinal principle in successful politics that what cannot be easily
disposed of in a straightforward manner must be passed on the
other side, with such an appearance of fairness and honesty of
purpose as to draw the people s attention from the main question
and centre it on a side issue. We submit the following- motion
on a very important matter, as a splendid illustration of this theory,
and exhibiting a marvellous insig-ht into political science. Moved
and seconded, " In reference to the circular asking- the council to
petition the Legislature of the Dominion of Canada for the pro
hibition and sale of intoxicating liquor, That, while we are of
opinion that the said liquors are injurious to mankind morally,
mentally, and financially, when used to excess, and have cause to
deplore their use in many cases ; yet we are of opinion that pro
hibition would not remedy the evil, for experience has proven that
legal restrictions have not justified the promoters of such doctrines
in their results, and in our opinion, instead of petitioning- the said
Legislature, we would sug-g-est to those who have the moral and
religious training of the community to impress iipon those over whom
they come in contact of being temperate in all matters, and par
ticularly in intoxicating drink, and try and raise the standard of
morality in all its bearings. 1

Before dismissing this part of our subject, it is worthy of notice
the great confidence the people of this township appear to have
placed in those whom they had elected to power. In other munici
palities there seems to have been almost a continuous struggle
for representative position, which, while it may have indicated a

214 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

healthy public spirit, was not, on some occasions, conducive to
their material interests. In Fullarton, however, when a man was
elected as reeve he seemed as one elevated to a dignified sphere.
From his position on the township woolsack he could survey with
delightful magnanimity those scenes transpiring around him as
one who was monarch of all he surveyed. No reeve of this town
ship appears ever to have been removed by an adverse vote of his
constituents. The late George Leversage resigned to accept the
county treasurership, after having been reeve for eighteen years".
Mr. William Davidson resigned after eleven years to accept the
position of county clerk. Mr. Thomas Ford, after a period of
six years, retired. Mr. James Watson also retired after eight
years, and Mr. Hill, the first reeve, served three years, when he
also retired. The reeves of Fullarton for many years exerted a
decided influence in the councils of this county, and have given
more wardens to preside over its deliberations than any other
municipality. Although this township has been undoubtedly
represented by able men, we are yet of the opinion that a portion,
at least, of their influence arose from their long and intimate
knowledge of county affairs, which their constant re-election by
the people enabled them to acquire.

It is not surprising, therefore, that strong feelings of personal
friendship sprang up between the reeve and those who had been
so long with him around the council table. It is not surprising,
too, that on the evening of their last meeting, when the adjourn
ment is recorded sine die, that melancholy retrospects should be
indulged in. Although they may have been conscious of having
done their duty honestly, fearlessly, and well, an appeal to the
electorate, a court often notoriously fickle, and inconsistent in its
judgment, always produced misgivings of results. It is not sur
prising neither, after the "weeping hour" is passed, that with
sobs in their hearts, and tears in their eyes, we find them join
hands and sing as they did at one meeting in Fullarton, -

Then long live the Queen,
And happy may she be,
And may her subjects have
Peace and prosperity.

FULLARTON 215

The various officers of Fullarton township from 1850 to 1902,
inclusive, are as follows :

Reeves. 1850-2, James Hill ; 1853, Thos. Ford ; 1854-61,
James Watson ; 1862-7, Thos. Ford ; 1868-78, Wm. Davidson ;
1879-96, Geo. Leversage ; 1897-1902, James Russell.

Deputy- Reeves. 1864-5, Abraham Davidson; 1866, Geo. Lever-
sage ; 1867-9, A. Davidson ; 1870-3, Richard Francis ; 1874-6,
R. H. Bain ; 1877-81, R. Francis ; 1882-7, Thos. Currelley ;
1888-9, Nicholas Roach ; 1890-96, Joseph Jackson ; 1897-8, Peter
Arbogast.

Councillors. 1850, Robt. Roger, Robert Porteous, Geo. Lever-
sage, John Arbogast ; 1851, R. Rogers, R. Porteous, John Fish-
leigh, Valentine Rohfreitsch; 1852, J. Fishleigh, Wm. Martyn, Jas.
W T atson, V. Rohfreitsch; 1853, John Fishleigh, Wm. Martyn, Jas.
Watson, Wm. Dickie ; 1854, T. Ford, W. Martyn, Wm. Dickie,
Payton Botterill ; 1855, Robt. Clark, Abraham Davidson, Daniel
McPhail, Wm. Martyn ; 1856, R. Clark, A. Davidson, D.
McPhail, John Cole ; 1857, D. McPhail, J. Cole, Edwin Dodds,
A. Davidson ; 1858, T. Ford, E. Dodds, J. Cole, A. Davidson ;
1859-61, T. Ford, A. Davidson, E. Dodds, Alex. McConachie ;

1862, Geo. Leversage, A. Davidson, E. Dodds, H. E. Hanson ;

1863, Geo. Leversage, H. Hanson, F. Ullrick, A. Davidson ;
1864-65, Geo. Leversage, H. E. Hanson, F. Ullrick ; 1866, F.
Ullrick, A. Davidson, Wm. Dickie ; 1867, Geo. West, F. Ullrick,
Wm. Dickie ; 1868, Richard Francis, Samuel Gourlay, Jos Bald ;
1869, Jas. Brown, R. Francis, Edwin Ross ; 1870, Jas. Brown,
Geo. Roy, Jas. Moore ; 1871-2, Geo. Roy, Michael Arbogast,
James Moore; 1873, M. Arbogast, Francis Standeven, N. Roach ;
1874, N. Roach, M. Arbogast, Jas. Moore ; 1875, N. Roach,
Horace Fawcett, M. Arbogast ; 1876, N. Roach, M. Arbogast,
Richard Watson ; 1877, N. Roach, R. Watson, Henry Heal ;
1878, N. Roach, R. Watson, Geo. Johnson ; 1879-80, N. Roach,
Geo. Johnson, Thos. Currelley ; 1881, N. Roach, T. Currelley,
Jacob Ney ; 1882-87, N. Roach, Nesbitt Potter, J. Ney ; 1888, N.
Potter, Joseph Jackson, Thos. Edwards ; 1889, Jos. Jackson, T.
Edwards, Jos. Mclntyre ; 1890-1, P. Arbogast, Jos. Mclntyre,

14

2l6 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Thos. Edwards ; 1892-3, T. Edwards, P. Arbog-ast, John Butler ;
1894, T. Edwards, John McNeil, P. Arbog-ast ; 1895, P. Arbog-ast,
J. McNeil, Jas. Russell ; 1896, J. Russell, P. Arbogast, Oliver
Harris; 1897-8, O. Harris, L. Turner, C. Ratz; 1899, P. Arbogast,
L. Turner, C. Ratz ; 1900-1, P. Arbog-ast, O. Harris, L. Turner,
C. Ratz ; 1902, L. Turner, O. Harris, P. Seebach, C. Ratz.

Clerks. 1850-2,. John Mclntyre; 1853-7, Thos. Dunn; 1858,
Daniel McPhail ; 1859-67, Wm. Davidson ; 1868-72, Richard
Moore ; 1873-8, Geo. Leverag-e ; 1879-1902, John Wilson.

Assessors. 1850, John Lambert ; 1851-2, Wm. Rath ; 1853,
Thos. Smith ; 1854, Jas. Anderson ; 1855-8, Robt. Porteous ;
1859, Wm. Aldred ; 1860, Robt. Porteous ; 1861, Thos. Shilling-
ton ; 1862-3, R. Porteous ; 1864-7, Edward Turner ; 1868, Henry
Hanson ; 1869-70, Richard Watson ; 1871, Jas. Brown ; 1872,
Thos. Skinner ; 1873-4, Jas. Brown ; 1875, Richard Watson ;
1876, E. Turner ; 1877-83, Jas. Brown ; 1884-5, Wm. Courtice ;
1886-94, Richard Francis ; 1895-1902, Jos. Mclntyre.

Treasurers. 1850-9, James Brown ; 1860, Wm. Davidson ;
1861-1902, John Cole.

Collectors. 1850-55, Duncan Campbell; 1856-61, Angus Camp
bell ; 1862, Edwin Turner ; 1863-4, Wm. Davidson, sr. ; 1865,
Jacob Bald ; 1866-7, William Davidson, sr. ; 1868-70, Thos.
Skinner ; 1871, Samuel Gourlay ; 1872-7, Ferdinand Ullrick ;
1878-9, Thos. Skinner; 1880, F. Ullrick; 1881-3, Wm. Courtice ;
1884-94, Alex. Bothwell; 1895-7, Jno. Butler; 1898-1902, Jno. Roger.

Auditors. 1850, John Buchan, Wm. Rath; 1851 , John Buchan,
Chas. Thorn ; 1852-4, Chas. Thorn, Thos. Sloane ; 1855, Thos.
Matheson, Chas. Thorn ; 1856, Thos. Matheson, John McGill ;
1857, Chas. Thorn, John McGill; 1858-60, Wm. Davidson, Hugh
Chisholm; 1861, John Mitchell, Andrew McPherson ; 1862-3, Wm.
Riley, H. Chisholm ; 1864, Geo. West, H. Chisholm ; 1865, Geo.
West, J. Buchan; 1866, Jos. Hunt, J. Buchan; 1867, H. Chisholm,
Jas. Woodley ; 1868, Jas. Brown, H. Chisholm ; 1869-73, Wm.
Davidson, sr., Jas. Brown; 1874-5, J onn Buchan, Jas. Brown;
1876-90, Jas. Brown, Wm. Davidson; 1891-2, Wm. Sterritt, J. H.
Keeler ; 1893, Wm. Sterritt, Jas. H. Harper; 1894-1901, Wm.
Sterritt, Jas. Ward ; 1902, Wm. Sterritt, Richard Pomeroy.

BLANSHARD OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. John Fothcringham, Reeve. 2. William Johnston, Auditor. 3. Egglcson
McDonald, Councillor. 4. John H. Jameson, Clerk. 5. Charles Robinson, Coun
cillor. 6. Joseph Pearn, Councillor. 7. David Bonis, Councillor. 8. Augustus
Brethour, Collector. 9. MacCausland Irvine, Auditor. 10. Robert Bcatty, Treas
urer. 11. TCdward Kennedy. Assessor.

CHAPTER XIV.

BLANSHARD.

Blanshard township is situated in the centre of a great triangle,
formed by the Huron road, Governor s road, and the London and
Goderich road, extending- from London to Clinton. It received
its name in honor of Mr. Blanshard, a director of the Canada
Company, and was not surveyed till 1839. This municipality was,
therefore, the last to be opened up in the Huron Tract. That it
should thus have remained so long did not arise from undesirable
conditions in the soil. On the contrary, it contained no swamp,
rocky, or waste lands to interfere in any way with pioneer opera
tions. Indeed, it contains, perhaps, a larger block of unbroken
surface than can be found elsewhere in this county. Like Hibbert,
its backward position arose from circumstances connected with
the surveys of surrounding municipalities.

When opened for settlement no township in this county was
more rapidly taken up. Its soil was uniformly so good, that in
a period extending from 1841 to 1848, every acre was claimed by
owners, lessees, or "squatters." A contiguity of pioneers to each
other in a new country has a marked effect in its progress. Where
swamps exist, or land is broken by rock, sand, or other obstacles
to retard operations of the woodman, settlers become isolated
from each other. This condition renders road making and building
of schools and houses too heavy a task to those few so sparsely
located on suitable intervening lands. No such obstructions
affected this township. Blanshard had no difficulties extraneous
to those inseparable from life in the woods under favourable con
ditions. Progress was, therefore, rapid, extending in a very short

220 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

time to every section. It is also noticeable in a new country that
advancement is largely dependent on the character of those by
whom it is settled. Indeed, this is of greater consequence to
development than extreme fertility of soil. This county was most
fortunate in being located by people of British origin and Germans.
A better class of bushmen could not be obtained from any other
nationalities, and results afford ample evidence of this fact.

Blanshard was settled almost entirely by people from the north
of Ireland, particularly that portion west of the river Thames.
East of the river, surrounding St. Marys, Scotch predominated.
West of the river, north of Ireland people were immensely in the
ascendency. Settlement began almost simultaneously north and
south of the Little Falls. The McGregor family, Legg, Mackin
tosh, Forrester, Weir, Delmage, Sinclair, and Jickling were
pioneers. Southward were Bradly, Pickard, McVannel, Weston,
Tasker, and Hutchings. Extending north and south on the
Mitchell road were Christie, Henderson, Doupe, Switzer, Spar
ling, Armstrong, McKinnett, Cameron, Carrol, Rea, Warren,
Sansburn, Bell, Draper, Willis, and Hayes. On concession one
were Bell, Meighen, Irvine, Robertson, and Gowan. On two
and three were Cameron, Dickinson, McCullough, McCallum,
Anderson, Switzer, Beatty, and Sparling. On four and five were
Spearin, Shier, Kennedy, Irvine, Berry, Robinson, Hazlewood,
and Burns. On six and seven, Benner, Marriott, Cathcart,
Creighton, Paynter, Chappell, Riordan, Morrill, Murphy, and
Miller. On eight and nine were Rea, Willis, Mclntyre, Stafford,
Moutray, Sawyer, McDougall, Parker, Dwyer, and Quinn. On
ten and eleven were Somerville, Slack, Crawford, Dinsmore,
Shipley, McDonald, Styles, Gilpin, and Hopkins. On twelve
were Hayes, Byfield, Radcliff, Crawford, Foster, Gunning, and
Morley. By far the greatest number of these were north of
Ireland people, and apparently drawn from the better class. Many
were characterized by intelligence, high sense of honour, and an
air of refinement much in advance of those coming from a land
where education could scarcely be obtained. They were intensely
loyal to their country, and proud of its achievements by land and

BLANSHARD 221

sea. In those feelings were hid the elements of success. A
people who have no pride in former historical records of their
country are in the first stage of national decay. An individual
who has no pride in his family or ancestoral honour has lost the
highest incentive to honour in himself, and is on the verge of
moral decrepitude. Between 1841 and 1848 the whole township
may be said to have been " taken up." During that period, how
ever, comparatively little of it had been patented or "deeded."
In fact, as late as 1850 very few titles had been granted in Blan-
shard. According to the system adopted by the Canada Com
pany in disposing of their lands first by leasehold tenure, it was
not till these agreements had expired that a settler applied for his
patent. As these indentures covered a period of ten years, all
those issued between 1841 and 1848 expired between 1851 and
1858. In this interval, therefore, a large portion of land was
patented. In cases where a settler was unable to secure his deed
another lease was granted at a slightly increased price, if desired,
by adding 2^ per cent, to the original cost. A number adopted
this plan of holding their land rather than borrow money to pay
for it. At the same time we regret to say that names appear in
many of our first title deeds of men who never endured the hard
ships of pioneer life. Recourse was had to mortgaging for securing
their patents by quite a number, at rates of interest from 15 to 25
per cent, per annum. At such prices for money it is not surprising
that very few were ever able to redeem themselves. While this
occurred in too many instances, it is gratifying to know that a
large number were able to discharge all their obligations from
their own earnings, and obtain that much coveted, long hoped for,
and hard earned piece of parchment, on which were written the
magic words " the said lands to have and to hold to him and his
heirs for ever."

The Canada Company s records in Toronto show that the first
patents for land were granted in Blanshard, as follows : On
concession No. i to Gordon Meighen, November 27, 1844, and
three days later another on the same concession was granted to
William Beatty. On concession No. 2, Donald Cameron, on

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Sept. 25th, 1843. On concession No. 3, to Archie McCallum, on
October the 7th, 1844. On concession No. 4, to Adam Shier, on
June 18, 1844. On concession No. 5, to Gerard Irvine, on Sept.
13, 1846. On concession No. 6, to Alexander Jamieson, on Oct.
3, 1846. On concession No. 7, to David Smith, on August 6,
1846. On concession No. 8 to Neil McLennan, on June 20, 1851.
On concession No. 10, to Thomas Dinsmore, on February 26.
J ^53- On concession No. 11, to Samuel Radcliffe, on February

26, 1847. On concession No. 12, to Peter Watson, on December

27, 1849. On concession No. 13, to Thomas Christie, on March 5,

1844. On concession No. 14, to Thomas Skinner, on August 6,
1853. On concession No. 15, to William Fleetford, on November
i, 1842. This patent granted to William Fleetford appears to be
the first issued in the township of Blanshard, and was for lot 15, on
concession 15. On concession No. 17, to Adam St. John, on July
18, 1848. On concession No. 18, to Walter Stinson, on May 12,
1848. On concession No. 19, to Robert Patterson, on May 20,

1845. On concession No. 20, to Caleb Richardson, on September,
1848. On the north boundery concession, to Edward Delmage,
1848. On the south boundary concession, to George Jackson, on
December 22, 1848. On the east Mitchell road concession, to
John Sparling, on June 8, 1844. On the west Mitchell road
concession, to Donald Cameron, on August 6, 1845. On the
west boundary concession, to Jasper Ward, on August 27, 1852.
On the Thames concession to ThomasTngersoll, on February 19,
1844. To James Ingersoll, on August 13, 1849, was granted a
patent for an island below the falls, in the river Thames, contain
ing one acre and seven perches, and for which he is to pay therefor
the sum of five shillings. On the 6th day of August, 1845, a
patent was granted to the Rev. Ephraim Evans, of London, for
part of lot No. 22, concession No. 8, for a place of interment.
This grant was made to Mr. Evans, who applied on behalf of the
settlers in the district for a plot to bury their dead, and was made
by the Canada Company without any consideration.

From the time the first settler erected his solitary shanty by the
River Thames, in 1841, every day brought some new adventure to
the municipality.

BLANSHARD 223

In 1844 Blanshard contained 972 inhabitants and had 619 acres
under cultivation. In 1850 her population had increased to 2,562
souls, with 6,140 acres under cultivation. In 1861 the population
was 3,774, exclusive of St. Marys. Her total product raised in
1849 was 24,000 bush, wheat, 13,000 bush, oats, 4,000 bush, peas,
17,000 bush, potatoes, 41,000 bush, turnips, 41,000 Ibs. maple
sugar, 4,000 Ibs. wool, and 4,900 Ibs. butter. It was necessary,
therefore, that some local authority should be set up for the govern
ment of the people and regulating affairs in this now important
settlement. Previous to that period (1844) Blanshard, Fullar-
ton and Downie had been formed into one district for municipal
purposes, and a meeting was held in the school house in Stratford
on January 3, 1842, to elect certain officers and pass by-laws.
In these meetings of our old pioneers a practical illustration of
those socialistic principles of initiative and referendum was a
prominent feature in their legislative deliberations. Conditions
in some directions have not greatly changed since the first meet
ings of these local parliaments. Much of the legislation enacted
regarding fence viewers, pound keepers, and animals running at
large, still form the primary principle of the municipal enactments
at the present day, with scarcely any modifications. It appears from
the minutes of this meeting that Blanshard was unrepresented.
It is doubtful if any organized system of government obtained in
this township till 1844. In that year a meeting of ratepayers was
held in the village (St. Marys), to form a local government under
authority of the legislative enactment of 1841, Mr. Thomas
Williams being chosen clerk. Of the business transacted at this
meeting we have no record. On the third of January, 1848, the
people of Blanshard again met, at Joseph Casey s tavern, to pass
by-laws and appoint certain officers for the current year. At this
meeting Mr. George Birtch was elected chairman, Milner Har
rison, township clerk; Thomas Shoebottom, councillor (for the
district, I presume); Rody Hanley, assessor; Edward Styles, col
lector; poundkeepers for the village, Samuel Fraleigh, Thomas
Skinner; in the township, John Switzer and Daniel Powell. The
wardens were Rody Hanley, Christopher Sparling, and James
Pangburn.

224 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

At the close of their electoral duties the assembled ratepayers
next assumed the functions of a Legislative Assembly. On this
occasion the result of their deliberations was embodied in certain
enactments : That every pathmaster should be a fenceviewer in
his own division; no fence should be less than 4^ feet high, staked
and sidered or locked; no seed animals to run at large; no breachy
cattle to run; no hogs under thirty pounds to run, all above forty
pounds to be free commoners. Their legislative functions being
thus completed, the House was prorogued with three cheers for
the Queen. With that supreme wisdom which characterizes
many of our legislators of to-day, they no doubt sought the
means of recuperation to their exhausted faculties in that exhil
arating cordial dribbling from Mr. Casey s barrels. It appears,
however, that some irregularity in connection with this election
had occurred, which led to a warrant being issued by William
Chalk, Warden of Huron, to James Clendinning, of St. Marys,
for a new election. This nomination was held at Ashel Morris
German s tavern, village of St. Marys, when Thomas Christie and
Thomas Shoebottom were candidates. At the close of this
contest Mr. Christie was declared elected by a majority of sixteen
votes. It will be noticed from reports of these meetings that
Mr. Hanley held the dual office of assessor and township warden
for that year. On January ist, 1849, another meeting of rate
payers was held at Ashel Morris German s tavern to elect officers.
At this meeting Mr. William Patterson Smith was elected chair
man, Milner Harrison clerk, Rodey Hanley assessor, Edward
Styles collector, Samuel Fraleigh poundkeeper for the village of
St. Marys, and C. G. Sparling, Rody Hanley, Henry Willis, town
ship wardens.

Previous to 1850 I find no statement as to salaries paid town
ship officers. The first statement of accounts is dated July 2ist,
1847, where the total receipts are set forth as amounting to
90, 8s., 3d., with an expenditure corresponding to this amount
exactly. In an item dated September i5th, Mr. Harrison is
allowed for clerk s fees >i, 8s., 3d. This account is certified as
being correct by Mr. Hanley, Mr. C. G. Sparling, and James
Pangburn, wardens.

BLANSHARD 225

In the records of March, 1847, is found a statement which will
be somewhat amusing to the people of Blanshard at the present
day. The first entry is in March 8th, 1847 : " Milner Harrison s
mark is a split in the right ear ; James Smith s mark is a piece cut
out of the end of the right ear ; William Carroll s mark is a small
round hole in each ear ; Thomas Ingersol s mark is a piece of the
left ear split in and cut out under to make a square notch ;
Jeremiah Crysler s mark is a split in the left ear ; Peter Smith s
mark is a three cornered burn of the hip ; George Tracey s mark
is a split in both ears, forming a swallow s tail ; Joshua Brink s
mark is a piece cut out of each ear, on the upper side, in the
shape of a half moon ; Christopher G. Sparling s mark is a round
hole in the right ear, the size of a musket ball ; Parden Fuller s
mark is a round hole in the right ear, and a half round in the left
ear ; Robert Birtch s mark is a round hole and a split in the left
ear ; Caleb Richardson s mark is a piece cut square out of the left
ear ; Noah D. Carrol s mark is a piece cut off from the right ear."
This completes the list of gentlemen who appear to have placed
themselves on record. There is no explanation why such a mark
is necessary, whether it was to distinguish the parties themselves,
or any animal of which they were possessed. Neither is it peculiar
to the officers, although a number of them appear to have received
it. This town meeting of 1849 was the last under the old system.
In 1850 a new order of municipal government was introduced. A
great piece of legislation it was, and productive of great good to
the people of this country. The old system was swept away.
Those old town meetings, where all the ratepayers meet together
for legislative purposes, and in a most hilarious mood, often inter
spersed with a snatch of an old Irish song or humorous story
between their several enactments, passed more effective legislation
in a couple of hours than both our Houses of Parliament could
after a long period of incubation. A district councillor was no
longer elected. The office of township warden was abolished. A
position of real dignity and honour was conferred on our public
men. The manner of their election was conducted with formality
and a certain amount of decorum, unknown at the town meeting.

226 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

This gave those who were chosen a prestige never before enjoyed
by our representatives.

In compliance, therefore, with this new Municipal Act, the first
council of Blanshard met to transact business, January 20, 1851,
at William Guest s tavern, at ten o clock a. m. At this meeting-
were Thomas Boy Guest, reeve ; Arundel Hill, Henry Willis, Geo.
Adair and William Chambers, as councillors. Officers elected
were Thomas Ingersol, clerk ; J. K. Glendining, assessor ; Thos.
Christie, treasurer ; William Sparrow, collector ; William Patter
son Smith and John Ingersol, auditors. A list of officers is
subjoined from 1852 to 1902 :

Reeves. 1852, John Robinson ; 1853, T. B. Guest ; 1854-5,
Arundel Hill ; 1856-9, David Cathcart ; 1860-1, John Dunnell ;
1862-5, Benjamin Stanley ; 1866, John Gould, 1867, E. R.
Gooding ; 1868, James Dinsmore ; 1869-71, David Cathcart ;
1872, Andrew Driver ; 1873-4, David Brethour ; 1875-6, Robt.
Beatty ; 1877-8, James Dinsmore ; 1879-80, Andrew Driver ;
1881-2, William F. Sanderson ; 1883, William Johnston ; 1884,
W. F. Sanderson ; 1885-6, James Dinsmore ; 1887-8, Thomas
Lawton ; 1899-90, Robert Beatty ; 1891-2, William Hutchings ;
1893, David Johnson ; 1894-5, Daniel Sinclair ; 1896-8, Robert
Berry ; 1899-1900, George Elliott ; 1901-2, John Fotheringham.

Deputy Reeves. 1852, George Adare; 1853, Arundell Hill; 1854,
Gilbert Mclntosh ; 1855, David Cathcart ; 1856-7, Amos Doupe ;
1858-9, John Dunnell ; 1860, David Cathcart ; 1862-5, E. R.
Gooding ; 1863, Frank Anderson ; 1866, Hugh Thompson ;
1867, James Dinsmore ; 1868, George Huston ; 1869, A. M.
Driver, 1870-1, George Huston ; 1872, David Brethour ;
1873-4, Robert Beatty; 1875-6, John Dinsmore; 1877-8, William
McCullough ; 1879-80, W. F. Sanderson ; 1881-2, Jas. Spearin ;
1883, Thos. Lawton ; 1884, Wm. Hutchings ; 1885-6, Thos.
Lawton ; 1887-8, Geo. Hudson ; 1889-90, Wm. Hutchings ;
1891-2, David Johnson ; 1893-5, Robt. Berry ; 1894, Robert St.
John ; 1896-7, Geo. Ulliott ; office abolished.

Councillors. 1851, Arundel Hill, Henry Willis, Geo. Adare,
Wm. Chambers ; 1852, H. Willis, Moses Sinclair, T. B. Guest ;

BLANSHARD 227

1853, H. Willis, David Cathcart, Wm. Beatty ; 1854, David
Cathcart, Samuel McDonald, Richard Tims ; 1855, Amos
Doupe, James Dinsmore, A. McDonald; 1856, James Dinsmore,
J. Dunnell, J. R. Burrit ; 1858, James Dinsmore, C. Switzer,
Thos. Williams ; 1859, Jas. Dinsmore, Thos. Williams, Reuben
Switzer ; 1860, Thos. D. Hamilton, James Dinsmore, Frank
Anderson ; 1861, Adam Shier. Rody Hanley, Benjamin Stanley ;
1862, Adam Shier, J. Dunnell, F. Anderson ; 1863, J. Whimster,
Wm. Sparrow, E. R. Gooding; 1864, W. Sparrow, Thomas
Lennox, T. Anderson ; 1865, John Gould, Hugh Thompson,
T. Anderson ; 1866, F. Anderson, E. R. Gooding, Benjamin
Stanley ; 1867, Duncan McDougall, Adam Shier, Geo. Huston ;
1868, Adam St. John, A. M. Driver, D. McDougall ; 1869,
A. St. John, Alex. Jamieson, D. McDougall ; 1870-1, Alex.
Jamieson, W. Johnston, G. D. Lowrie ; 1872, John Dinsmore,
Robt. Beatty, Wm. Sterritt ; 1873-4, J. Dinsmore, William
McCullough, Peter McVannell ; 1875, W. McCullough, P.
McVannell, Aaron Sawyer ; 1876-7, A. Sawyer, A. St. John, Jas.
Spearin ; 1878, A. Sawyer, Jas. Spearin, W. F. Sanderson; 1879,
A. Sawyer, Jas. Spearin, W. Roger ; 1880, Jas. Spearin, Thos
Lawton, Wm. Hutchings ; 1881-2, W. Roger, W. Hutchings ;
Thos. Lawton ; 1883, Wm. Hutchings, W. Roger, W. H.
Graham ; 1884, W. H. Graham, Thos. Pearn, Geo. Hudson ;
1885-6, W. H. Graham, G. Hudson, George Spearin ; 1887-8,
David Johnson, Peter McVannell, Jno. Dickenson ; 1889, Robert
Berry, Daniel Sinclair, D. Johnson ; 1891-2, R. Berry, Robert
St. John, D. Sinclair ; 1893, R. St. John, Wm. Robinson, George
Ulliott ; 1894, W. Robinson, Jno. Fotheringham, W. Dinsmore ;
1896-7, J. Fotheringham, Amos Marriott, Geo. Ulliott ; 1897-8,
J. Fotheringham, W. Dinsmore, A. Marriott, G. Ulliott ; 1899-
1900, A. Marriott, David Bonis, Egleson McDonald, Charles
Robinson ; 1901, David Bonis, Jas. Donald, Chas. Robinson,
Egleson McDonald ; 1902, David Bonis, Chas. Robinson, E.
McDonald, Jos. Pearn.

Clerks. 1851-3, Thomas Ingersol; 1854, Thomas Christie;
1855-72, William Wilson; 1873-81, William Johnston; 1882, A.

228 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

M. Driver; 1883-6, Samuel Clark; 1887-8, William Johnston;
1889, John H. Jameson, present clerk.

Assessors. 1851-2, J. K. Glendining ; 1853*5, George Adare ;
1856-7, William N. Ford; 1858-9, Amos Doupe ; 1860, William
Raymond; 1861, Amos Doupe; 1862, Jas. Livingston; 1863,
John Campbell ; 1864-7, Edward Delmage ; 1868, Jas. Livingston;
1869, Edward Delmage; 1870-1, Jas. Livingston; 1872, William
McCullough ; 1873, George White; 1874, John Morris; 1875-6,
Edward Delmage ; 1877, A. M. Driver; 1878-85, Robert Beatty;
1886-1902, Edward Kennedy.

Treasurers. 1851-4, Thos. Christie; 1855, Johnston Armstrong ;
1856-71, William Miller; 1872, George Huston; 1873-6, Joseph
Stephens; 1877-80, David Cathcart ; 1881-3, George D. Lowrie ;
1884-6, A. M. Driver; 1887-93, George D. Lowrie; 1894-1902,
Robert Beatty.

Collectors. 1851-5, William Sparrow; 1856-60, Rody Hanley;
1860, George Adare; 1861, C. D. Sparling; 1662-67, David Cath-
cart, 1868-71, David Brethour; 1872-82, William H. Graham;
1883-9, Jhn Anderson; 1890-3, P. S. Armstrong; 1893, Aug.
Brethour; 1894, P. S.Armstrong; 1895-7, William Cade ; 1898-
1902, Augustus Brethour.

Auditors. 1851-2, John Ingersol, William P. Smith; 1853, J.
K. Glendining, Rody Hanley ; 1854, Wm Barren, J. R. Burrit ;
1855, W. Miller, W. Woods; 1856, Thos. Williams, W. Woods;
1857, John Dalzell, W T . Woods; 1858, Arundel Hill, William
Woods; 1859, Arundel Hill, Thos. Wilson ; 1860, Hugh Pater-
son, Thos. Wilson; 1861, John Campbell, W. Woods; 1862,
David Dinsmore, W. Woods; 1863, Mathew Rooney, D. Dins-
more; 1864-6, W. Woods, Robert Somerville ; 1867, M. Rooney,
R. Somerville; 1868, John Campbell, J. Stephens; 1869-71, John
Campbell, William Robinson; 1872-3^. Campbell, T. O. Rob-
son; 1874, J. Campbell, Edward Delmage; 1875-8, J. Campbell,
Philip Kerr; 1879-80, J. Campbell, G. D. Lowrie; 1881-2, J.
Campbell, Thos. Pearn ; 1883, J. Campbell, William Ford; 1884,
J. Campbell, Robert Somerville; 1885, J. Campbell, W. Ford;
1886, W. Johnston, W. Ford; 1887, W. Ford, W. Roger; 1888-9,

BLANSHARD 229

Thos. Armstrong-, W. Roger; 1890-2, John Campbell, W. Roger;
1893, John Burns, J. Campbell; 1894-5, J- Campbell, W. F. San
derson; 1896, J. Burns, W. F. Sanderson; 1897-8, W. Johnston,
J. Burns; 1899-1901, Jas. Morrison, MacCausland Irvine; 1902,
W. Johston, Mac. Irvine.

The council of 1851 had most important duties to perform.
There were no precedents for their guidance in the various
functions given to them by the new Act. The whole machinery of
municipal action had to be set in operation, and of necessity there
would be some friction. A set of officers had to be appointed to
assist in administration, who, whatever their qualifications may
have been, certainly knew nothing of those duties they were
required to perform. It is not surprising, therefore, if we find
that municipal business was frequently conducted in a manner
which would not be acceptable to-day. To us it appears marvel
lous how township councils did so well. If errors were made,
they were in most cases on the side of economy. Any remunera
tion granted to officers for their important services indicates a
jealous watchfulness over the public purse. The clerk, on whom
rests a great responsibility, received 12, IDS. ; collector, 12 ;
assessor, i6s. , IDS. per annum ; councillors, each per day,
6s., 3d. ; auditors, i each for each audit ; and returning officers,
I2S., 6d. for each election ; treasurer, 2^4 per cent, for all monies
passing through his hands. In July of this year a rate of six-
eighths of a penny in the was levied to build a new bridge over
the Thames, at St. Marys. This was an old frame structure on
Queen street, that occupied the site of the present stone bridge,
which replaced it nearly 40 years ago. Previous to erecting this
wooden bridge in 1851, there had been one constructed of logs,
an old pioneer, swept away by a freshet. The contract on the
frame was let by tender to William Noble for ^150, approaches
not included. In 1851 was also organized the London and Proof
Line Gravel Road Company, which constituted the first gravel
road west of St. Marys. This road extended from the River
Thames westward to the Mitchell road, and south to Prospect
Hill, where it entered Biddulph. The council, recognizing the

230 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

utility of this work, borrowed ^2,000 to assist in its construction,
the first and last loan ever obtained by this municipality.

In February of 1853 the board met at Mr. James McKay s hotel,
St. Marys, and fixed a rate for tavern licences at ^5, IDS. for St.
Marys, and ^3, IDS. for Blanshard. They also appointed five
inspectors of hotels to compel an observance of the law by those
holding licences. Both village and township in those days appear
to have been well supplied with hotel accommodation, Blanshard
having thirteen and St. Marys about as many more. In this year
of 1902 Blanshard has not, nor has it had for three years, a
hotel within its limits, and St. Marys, with a population of 3,500,
has only six. Those inspectors appointed for the onerous work of
viewing hotel premises and sampling liquors kept in stock were
J. K. Clendining, Ruben Switzer, Rody Hanley, William Mc-
Cauley, and Thomas Anderson.

In 1856, remuneration to municipal officers was again con
sidered by the board, and increased allowances were made in
several instances. Clerk, 20 ; assessor, ^13; collector, ^15;
auditors, each i, IDS. ; councillors, each per day, IDS. ; inspectors
of licenses, ^i, IDS. each ; returning officers, 155. In this year
the capital of Blanshard was located at Skinner s Corners, which
has been the seat of government ever since. The council con
sidered the change necessary. St. Marys being incorporated in
1855, assumed all management of its own municipal affairs. An
allowance of 2^ per cent, was still made to the treasurer, and
continued to be so till 1870, when it was withdrawn, and an
annual salary given instead.

At this period roads were still in bad condition, although they
were all chopped out and cleared, excepting a portion on the
south-west corner, which, from its swampy nature, was several
years later in its improvements than those more favoured localities.
In many sections the corduroy was still uncovered, and served as
a monument to the ingenuity of our old pioneer in his primitive
construction of roads under most adverse circumstances, and with
an utter disregard of comfortable travel, or those consequences
arising to life and limb in traversing their rough wooden ridges. In

BLANSHARD 231

1859 was constructed the St. Marys and Exeter gravel road, extend
ing- along what is known as the Base Line from the Mitchell road
to the western boundary. This road was a great boon to those
people residing in the western part of Blanshard, enabling them
to reach a good market in St. Marys with comparative comfort.
These gravel roads were kept up by tolls, levied on all vehicles
passing through toll gates erected every five miles. About 1865,
our pathmasters had recourse to a system of gravelling on those
divisions under their authority, and so rapidly did this work pro
ceed that in the course of a few years nearly all the roads in this
municipality were gravelled. This rendered those highways which
had been built by joint stock companies unproductive and unprofit
able to stock holders. In 1870, therefore, the council bought the
London and Proof Line Company s stock, removing the toll gates;
and three years later they became owners of the St. Marys and
Exeter gravel road, from which the gates were also removed.
Since that period, excepting two years, no toll gate nuisance has
existed within this municipality. From its first settlement till
1900, all roads had been under the authority of pathmasters, and
were kept in repair by statute labour. During that year, how
ever, the council had recourse to a new system of road making,
and, by a sweeping measure, abolished statute labour altogether.
This was the greatest innovation made by any council since the
abolition of the toll gates. Our experience of this new system,
although short, is satisfactory, and affords a proof of the wisdom
and progressive character of that council who were sufficiently
bold to strike down an old established usage, which, in its life
time, had been productive of much good. We will have occasion,
however, to refer to this matter in another part of this work.

Building schools early engaged the attention of our people in
Blanshard, but at what period of time our first school section was
formed it would be impossible for me to say. There are no
records regarding those transactions of our local government
earlier than 1847, and even those till 1851 are of a meagre de
scription. It is also unfortunate that in the archives at Goderich
there are no records from 1842, during nearly all that period that

232 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

a district government existed. Our first Council, in 1851, how
ever, passed a motion adopting certain by-laws then in force,
"and the said by-laws remain in full force and virtue until re
pealed." By Law No. 8 of this code relates to a division of the
municipality into school sections. This township, therefore, must
have been divided for school purposes prior to municipal organiza
tion in 1850. Subsequent to this period, that conflict over exist
ing boundaries, and those changes constantly being made in
forming new sections, soon began, and which continued to rage
with more or less fury for a period of thirty years. It is but fair
to say, however, that this war did not arise from selfishness in
those affected, nor from a contravention of existing rights. In
deed, it arose from an opposite principle, and was the natural
outcome of a spirit of equality and an assertion in its widest sense
of that primary principle underlying the School Act. In forming
original sections, regard was had only to a settlement, as it then
existed, and not to any future extension or other circumstance
that might affect it. When a new section was formed, a school
building was erected in as central a portion as possible, that all
could derive an equal advantage as to distance. Time brought
new settlers, whose location naturally implied connection with a
school. By accepting these new comers, existing boundaries were
extended in a manner that may have placed the school building
already erected altogether to one side, rendering those arrange
ments of a few years before no longer equitable. It was not for a
long period of years that an abatement of school-section legisla
tion took place, and a termination reached suitable to nearly all
parties.

In 1853, schools having been established, the council turned its
attention to a further extension of our educational facilities through
a township library. On November 2^th of that year, Mr. Miller
and Mr. Cathcart introduced a motion granting ^50 to establish
a public library. This was carried by a unanimous approval of
the board. On December 2ist the council, feeling themselves
unable to grapple with such a momentous question as supplying
mental pabulum to the people of Blanshard, appointed themselves

BLANSHARD 233

a committee of the whole to deal with it. They also associated
with this committee several gentlemen of literary merit, as an
advisory board, comprising-: Mr. William Woods, Johnston Arm
strong, Rev. Mr. Lampman, Dr. Wilson, J. K. Glendining (C.E.),
J. R. Bennett, Dr. Wood, Dr. Coleman, and clergymen of all
denominations. A township librarian was appointed in Mr.
Thomas Mclntosh, with a salary of ^4 per annum, and who had
to furnish security in ^40. Ward librarians were to receive 2
per annum, and furnish security in 20 each for a due perform
ance of their duties. In Ward No. i Mr. Mclntosh was also
ward librarian, and received 65 volumes. In No. i was also ap
pointed Duncan McVannell, who received 57 volumes. This
division of Ward No. i into two districts was rendered necessary
in order to better accommodate that portion of the municipality
lying north and south of St. Marys. In Ward No. 2, John R.
Bennett received 133 volumes. In Ward No. 3, William Sans-
burn received 136 volumes. In Ward No. 4, Mrs. Cathcart
received 137 volumes. In Ward No. 5, David Mericall received
137 volumes, making a total of 665 volumes. These apportion
ments were exchanged at stated intervals, in order that each rate
payer in turn would share the whole. This institution does not
appear to have been successful, although, from many of the books
we have seen, selections appeared to have been made with excellent
judgment.

Prior to 1859, Blanshard had but few churches, and those of a
not very substantial order. In the western portion there were no
churches at all. Still no lack of religious observances prevailed
because of no churches. The old log school house served a
double purpose of seminary and sanctuary. The shanty of a settler
was always open as a place of worship, and within its rude portal was
always a place of rest for the minister. All the denominations
that exist in this township to-day, existed then. Previous to
1845, Mr. Johnston Armstrong and others organized what is now
known as Zion Congregation, on the Mitchell road. At Prospect
Hill, the Anglican Church established a mission at a very early
date. This body had also erected a log church in the 6th con. ,

234 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

near Woodham. In 1860, however, this old log" building- was no
longer used for public worship, and a new church was erected at
Kirkton, on the boundary between Usborne and Blanshard. In
1900 this building- was removed, and a brick edifice erected,
which, over and above its utility, is very ornamental. Previous
to 1859, a Presbyterian mission had been established at what is
now Anderson P.O., by Mr. Alexander Wood, but this did not
long survive Mr. Wood s removal from Blanshard, when it was
discontinued, a portion of its members joining- Motherwell church,
and another portion annexing- themselves with Usborne, erected a
stone building in 1861, which still stands, and is known as Kirk-
ton Presbyterian church. About the same time was erected by
the Methodists in Kirkton a small brick building, which was
removed some years ago, giving place to the largest house of
worship in Blanshard. At this period there seemed to be a mania
with reg-ard to building- churches, and the people of Blanshard
must have contributed to nearly a score of such structures.
Subsequent to the union of those branches of which the Metho
dist Church was then composed, many of these old buildings
were found to be unnecessary. Larger congregations were made
up of those former disjointed elements, when more commodious
structures were erected. The first move was made at Kirkton,
followed by Mclntyre s, on the 8th concession; Woodham, Zion,
Anderson, Cooper s, on the base line; Salem, on the 4th concession,
and the Methodist church at Prospect Hill. All these churches,
with the exception of Cooper s and Prospect, are substantial brick
buildings. The Presbyterians have no churches in Blanshard,
Church of England only one. The Methodists, it may be said,
possess all church property in this township.

In a municipality possessing so many natural advantages, one
would suppose that many villages would be found within its bor
ders. Such is not the case. St. Marys seems to have absorbed the
trade of nearly the entire country. All leading roads converging
near or in the town, together with the railway, give St. Marys a
predominance which has effectually barred all other trading
centres for several miles in every direction. Of those few villages,

BLANSHARD 235

or "corners," which have sprung up, Kirkton is the most import
ant. This pretty hamlet is located ten miles west of St. Marys,
and is partly in Blanshard and partly in Usborne. Its first build
ing was of logs, and was a general store kept by Timothy Eaton,
now of Toronto. On the corner of lot 8, W. B. concession of
Blanshard, a small brick cottage was erected in 1857, afterwards
occupied as a general store. South and southwest still waved old
primitive forest trees. Kirkton, for several years, made slow
progress, being retarded, strange to say, by a certain proprietor
refusing to sell lands for building. A survey was made by
Alexander Kirk of lot No. 8, and lot No. 9 having changed hands in
the meantime, a survey was also made. On these two lots is built
the principal part of Kirkton, being regularly laid out into streets.
Since those necessary improvements toward settlement, progress
has been made until its present population is now about 200.
Kirkton was named in honor of the Kirk family, who were pioneers
in this section of Blanshard. Three brothers, Alexander, Lewis
and James, located on the lands where Kirkton is now built.
Streets in the village are now provided with sidewalks and
adorned with shade trees, from whose foliage peep several
residences that would do honor to more pretentious places.

Woodham, next in importance, is situated one mile and a
quarter south of Kirkton, on the same concession line. This
place was founded in 1859 by an English gentleman named
Walker Unwin, who built a general % store in the spring of that
year. During next summer a hotel and grist mill were erected.
This new centre was known as the " Corners" for several years,
until a post office was opened by Mr. Unwin, when it was named
Woodham. There is now located here a grist mill, saw mill,
pump factory, two general stores, with several small industries.
Its population is about 150.

Blanshard has only another village, known as Prospect Hill,
and situated on the boundary line of Biddulph. This hamlet is
wholly in Blanshard, but has not made much progress for many
years, although surrounded by a splendid agricultural country.
Its situation is most desirable, occupying as it does what is, per-

2T.6 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

v^

haps, the highest elevation in Blanshard. From this point an
excellent and very extended view may be obtained over a large
section of country of surpassing richness and beauty. The first
post office west of St. Marys was established near this place by Mr.
John Bell. Long before Kirkton or Woodham were in existence
this was a place of importance, and contained two hotels. Rail
way construction through Granton diverted its trade into other
channels. It now contains a general store, blacksmith s shop,
and one house of public entertainment (unlicensed) to accom
modate the travelling public.

Blanshard, although rapidly settled and improved, contained no
post office outside of St. Marys till 1853, when Fish Creek was
opened. That large and magnificent extent of fertile country
lying between St. Marys and Exeter, a distance of twenty miles,
had no mail accommodation till 1856, when Mr. Timothy Eaton
opened an office at Kirkton. In cases of sickness or accident,
medical assistance could not be procured nearer than St. Marys or
Exeter. When we consider, also, that there were no horses for
years subsequent to settlement, a journey to either place having to
be made on foot, the condition of any one requiring medical aid
was deplorable indeed. In 1868 Dr. Stubbs, a young graduate,
located in Kirkton, and at once found a large practice. Kirkton s
first doctor was a most amiable man, and at his death, a few years
subsequent to his locating, was succeeded by Dr. T. V. Hutchin-
son, now medical health officer in London, and he again by Dr.
William Irving, a most kind hearted and good man. Dr. Fergu
son, at present in Kirkton, has an extensive practice, and is also
medical health officer of the township. In this village, a few years
ago, located Dr. W. R. Carr, veterinary surgeon, who enjoys an
extensive and lucrative practice.

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CHAPTER XV.

HIBBERT.

The township of Hibbert was named in honor of William Hib-
bert, Esq., a director of the Canada Company. Its soil is of good
quality, road-building- material is plentiful in every section. There
is excellent drainage, and facilities for transportation are con
venient to all. The first concession was surveyed in 1829, con
cessions 2 and 3 in 1832, and in 1835 a survey of the whole was
completed by John McDonald. Excepting- South Easthope and
Fullarton, Hibbert ranks smallest in Perth County, containing
about 42,300 acres. This is all, or nearly all, available for agricul
ture. Its topographical aspect is undulating, and in some sections
hills rise to a considerable height. In its northwest corner is a
section of level country, a portion of which at one time was con
sidered swampy. Northeast it is undulating, while passing-
through between Staffa and Cromarty a range of hills rise to quite
an altitude. Cultivation is carried on with skill, and has been
remunerative, a system of mixed farming having been adopted.
The Scotch element predominate in several sections, who carry
out their predilections for stock raising in a marked degree.
Their success in this department has encouraged others to adopt
their system, which is now carried on throughout. About 1867,
when co-operative dairying was introduced into Ontario, a cheese
factory was established by Mr. George Hamilton, of Cromarty.
This was not a success, and not encouraging for further develop
ment. Since creameries were introduced, a factory was estab
lished at Staffa, which, unfortunately, was destroyed by fire, and,
so far, has not been rebuilt. Dairying, therefore, in this town-

240 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

ship has had very little influence in making wealth, and those
agencies which have produced such marked results must be
looked for in other departments of farm husbandry. Wherever
a soil obtains of the description found in Hibbert we believe
that a system of mixed husbandry will be found the most
productive of material prosperity. Specialism in agriculture is
never desirable where soil is of such a character as to admit of
mixed farming. Transportation is always an important question
with farmers, and lies next to production; in fact, it may be
considered a part of it. Whatever can be saved in cost of
transporting goods from one point to another lowers that of
production, and profits arising from farm operations are enhanced
in a corresponding degree. The B. & L. H. Ry. has created
markets at Dublin, Seaforth and Mitchell, all convenient for
delivering farm products. Within easy distance on its west side
is the L., H. & B. Ry. , affording excellent market facilities to the
southwest portions. These railroads, all easy of access, have
contributed largely in developing this township. The centre
gravel road, leading through Cromarty, Staffa, and north to
Dublin, is a most important highway, and was opened at an early
day. In 1854 this road received a small grant from the county
road improvement fund, and was supplemented by further grants
later on. The improvement followed the pioneer in Hibbert more
rapidly than in some municipalities having priority of settlement.
A wealth of road material, distributed over so wide an area, was
a great boon in road construction, rendering development in
highways easy and rapid.

Settlement in this township did not take place to any extent for a
number of years after a survey was made. This did not arise from
natural disadvantages in soil, but to one of those circumstances
which accelerate or retard settlement in new countries. Pioneers,
on their onward march, are not unlike grasshoppers in movement,
each one, as he comes onward, passes those already located, who
have immediately preceded him. In this manner settlements were
planted along the Huron road (at long intervals in some places) to
Goderich. At this point it was more rapid than further east,

HIBBERT 241

nearer civilization, simply because Lake Huron formed a barrier
beyond, which they could not pass. A road had also been opened
from London to Goderich, throug-h Exeter, Brucefield and Clinton.
Settlers thus came from the south into Tuckersmith, from the east
along the Huron road into Downie, Fullarton and Blanshard.
Hibbert, therefore, being east of Tuckersmith, and far west on
the Huron road, was comparatively isolated, and not settled till
these municipalities were all taken up.

Mr. Robert Donkin was probably the first settler in Hibbert. He
erected a log tavern on lot 16, first concession. Between
Mitchell and this point was level land, having no streams. Car-
ronbrook was the first watercourse from Mitchell westward, and
on that account would be at once selected as a place for settle
ment. A short distance west is Irishtown, or St. Columban,
founded by Father Schneider, which formed the first real settlement
in Hibbert. Ten years subsequent to this period, in 1842, the
total assessment was only ^314, or $1,256. This sum was
assessed, as ratepayers, to : Thomas Fox, ^54 ; Michael
Guppin, ^33 ; Daniel Kennan and Peter McCann, who had, so
far, no improvements ; Miles McCann, ^67 ; Hugh McLaughlin,
^30; John Borillion, 20; James Mollineaux, 20; Edward
Downie, 26, and Arthur McCann, ^64. These were all settled
near St. Columban. In 1844 it contained 321 inhabitants, and in
1845, 789 acres were under cultivation. In 1850 its population
had increased to 695, and 1,808 acres were under cultivation, pro
ducing, in 1849, 7,000 bush, wheat, 5,900 bush, oats, 2,000 bush,
peas, 5,500 bush, potatoes, 9,600 Ibs. maple sugar, 1,500 Ibs.
wool, and 2,300 Ibs. butter.

In 1841 Hibbert and McKillop were set apart as one municipal
district. A meeting was called under a warrant signed by Daniel
Lizars and Henry Hindman, Justices of the Peace, and held on
January 4th, at John Cameron s house. Adolphus Meyers was
elected chairman ; John Govenlock, clerk ; James Young, assessor;
Dennis Downie, collector; William Lee and James Cluff, pound
keepers. Three overseers of highways were appointed Alexander
Cameron, Robert Watt, and Adolphus Meyers. Rules and by
laws were also passed.

242 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Progress hitherto had been slow, and fifteen years subsequent
to the survey of 1829, apart from a few settlers near Irishtown,
there were few people in Hibbert. Robert Donkin, who after
wards became prominent in municipal affairs, located prior to
1840; Thomas Fox, Thomas McGoey, David Oug-hton, and
William Maughan were early settlers. In 1848 a few people had
located near Spring- Hill, as Staffa was formerly called. Thomas
Shillinglaw, Charles Tuffin, John Drake, William Worden, Richard
Hotham, and Daniel Weese were old pioneers. In other sections
were Martin Feeney, James Norris, Arthur Colquhoun, John
Miller, Daniel Wood and Charles Fox. Subsequent to 1851 set
tlement became rapid, and Concessions 10, n, 12, and 13 were
located, and so great an influx had now taken place that in 1857
this township may be said to have been all settled.

Pioneers in this municipality were nearly all of British origin.
In the northwest, Irish ; southwest, Scotch and Eng-lish ; south
east, nearly all Scotch ; northeast, a mixed population of British
and German. Like all new sections, early settlers in Hibbert
experienced all the hardships and difficulties inseparable from
poverty in a new country. In early days, obtaining- flour for
family use was a problem too difficult to solve. Many an old
settler has plodded for miles, through a trackless forest, with a
quantity of flour on his back to relieve the pressing- necessities of
his famishing children. No doubt, in looking back over these
trials, everyone thinks his own individual difficulties were
unequalled by all others. Wherever there is poverty there
must be hardship. Where hopeless poverty exists, distress is
greater still. It was a glorious feature in pioneer life that there
was always hope. A repast of cow cabbag-e and turnips was more
nourishing- when eaten with hope. Almost superhuman efforts
were made by pioneers to obtain food for those under his roof, for
as Burns has well said :

Thae moving things ca d wife and weans
Wad move the very heart o stanes.

Manufacturing potash and black salts afforded some relief, and
was the only commodity for which money could be obtained,

HIBBERT 243

and usually sold for about $25 per barrel. Those settlers who
located around Cromarty, comprising the families of Hogarth,
Moon, Taylor, Ferguson, McLarens (Duncan and Alexander),
Butler, Chapel, White, and George Hamilton, had great hard
ships to contend with. Although the Gardners were further back
still, their location was preferable, being in closer proximity to the
Thames road, which had been opened in 1844. At Francistown
mills had been erected at an early day, affording conveniences to
this section unattainable elsewhere.

Since 1857, when settlement was completed, Hibbert has become
a wealthy municipality. A fertile soil skilfully cultivated, combined
with thrift and industry, and excellent transportation facilities, has
given an impetus to prosperity not excelled in Perth County.
Dublin, a station on the B. & L. H. Ry. , is an important commer
cial shipping point. This village, formerly known as Carronbrook,
was founded about 1849, when U. C. Lee opened a store on the
farm now occupied by Mr. John Carpenter. A small stream enters
the village at its northern limit, passing southward, and was
named "Carronbrook," by which the place was known till 1878.
At this period it seems to have reached the summit of its glory.
A number of years prior to this time, Mr. Joseph Kidd, a most
enterprising man, had located, and through a successful prosecu
tion of his commercial schemes, added greatly to its growth.
Salt was discovered at Seaforth, five miles west, which, through
Mr. Kidd s agency, soon became a factor in developing
Carronbrook. This product was brought in conduit pipes from
Seaforth. Salt blocks were erected, giving employment to a
large number of workmen. He also built a sawmill, and on main
street a block of brick stores, which would have been a credit to
larger places. Application was now made, in 1878, to be created
a police village. The day set apart to change its municipal life
and its name was a great day. A pageant was arranged such as
had never been seen in this section of Perth County. At dawn was
a firing of guns and a great flourish of trumpets, proclaiming the
event. A queen of youth and beauty was chosen in Miss
McConnell, who, seated on a triumphal car, drawn by beautiful

244 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

caparisoned horses, proceeded along- main street. In advance was
a g-arter king-at-arms, with a drawn sword, followed by trumpeters,
pursuivants and heralds, in gorgeous apparel. At a certain point
the trumpets sounded, the men-at-arms drawing- their swords, as
the heralds proclaimed the advent of a new Dublin, that in
material features would some day rank above its namesake lying-
under the shadow of the Hill-o -Houth.

The trumpets ag-ain sounded, and the great men, the elders
among the people, came forth in their robes, and presented with
all due respect to the queen of love and beauty the keys of the
city, which she as graciously returned. This ceremony being
concluded, the trumpets ag-ain sounded, and the pageant moved
forward. On this day Dublin reached the zenith of her glory, and
her future greatness as far as human foresight can go seems as
if it were laid in the grave with the mortal remains of that young-
innocent girl who played so conspicuous a part in this pageant.
Failure of Mr. Kidd s schemes proved disastrous to its commercial
progress, from which it cannot scarcely be said to have recovered.
Dublin contains on its main street a few reminders of its former
greatness in those brick blocks which were erected to facilitate its
trade. At present there are several excellent stores, two hotels,
one of which is in Hibbert, spacious public halls, comfortable
private residences, telegraph and express offices, with all those
smaller industries usually found in a country village. It is sur
rounded by a fine agricultural country, and will always be a large
shipping point for surplus farm produce. Its present population
is under 300, with one resident medical doctor (Dr. Michel). A
mag-nificent church, erected in 1900, will be noticed further on.
On July ist, 1878, therefore, Carronbrook became a police village,
named Dublin, and elected as her first trustees Joseph Kidd,
Thomas King, and Alexander Ross, the first named, Joseph Kidd,
being chosen as inspecting trustee.

Springhill, or Staffa, the name by which it is now known, is
situate on the centre road five miles south of Dublin, and was
founded in 1854. In 1855 a grist mill was erected, which, for
some reason, was not operated for several years. During 1856 a

HIBBERT 245

store was opened by Mr. Hill, of Mitchell, as a branch of his main
establishment. This was placed in charge of Mr. Dunn, who was
clerk and manager. A few years later a saw mill was also put in
operation. In 1859 was opened a hotel, although refreshments
for man and beast were obtainable almost since the advent of the
first adventurer in a log shanty which had been erected in pioneer
days on Main street. In 1856, Mr. John Butler built a black
smith s shop, which was soon followed by that of several small
industries, whose products were in demand by the settlers. When
Hibbert was set apart as a separate municipality, Staffa was
chosen as its capital, and a hall erected at a cost of $700, for the
accommodation of the municipal government. Staffa at present
contains a good hotel, two stores, churches, grist mill, saw mill,
a number of neat private residences, and has a daily mail from
Dublin.

Cromarty, one mile and a quarter south of Staffa, was founded
in 1853, by John McLaren, who built a log building, used for a
dwelling and general store. A year or two subsequently to this
place being opened, Mr. Joseph Reading erected another store,
and a hotel was built in 1855. These commercial ventures were
followed by a blacksmith s shop, carriage factory, and a planing
mill. This hotel was closed some years ago, although an excel
lent house of public entertainment is still maintained for the
travelling public, no liquors being sold. At present this little
hamlet comprises two good stores, blacksmith s shop, several neat
private residences, having a daily mail from Dublin. This village
was named by John Ferguson, in honour of Cromarty, in Scotland,
birth place of Hugh Miller.

With an influx of settlers, religious services became a necessity.
It is characteristic of pioneer life, equally with those hardships
and inconveniences inseparable from it, that wherever a few people
located, some old backwoods preacher soon found his way there.
A pioneer minister was like a pioneer bushman to some extent in
his life and character. He was energetic and brave. He disre
garded toil and hardship in performing his duty. He travelled
through trackless forests to fill engagements and break the bread

246 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

of life to a few hardy ones who wandered far in search of a home.
His visits were made on foot. There were no roads. Streams
were crossed on fallen trees. His resting place at night was a
pioneer s shanty. Through its walls and trough-covered roof an
opportunity was afforded for making astronomical observations of
heaven s numberless stars. His fare was such as could be pro
cured in a new settlement. His appetite was like that of a back
woods man, however, robust and healthy, apparently ready for
action at all times, night or day. If the cuisine did not embrace
a wide range, still there was a healthful bill of fare. A clever
appetite is not usually sensitive in its gratification, and in a range
of dishes from cow cabbage to beachnut pork, nothing was
unacceptable to the pioneer preacher after a journey of ten or
fifteen miles through the woods.

The first denomination to hold service in that section near
Cromarty was the Presbyterian. From Mr. Donald Park, who is
in possession of the Congregational records at Roy s and Cromarty,
we are able to mark the progress made during a period of fifty
years. In 1849 a brother of Mr. Park had settled on concessions
10 and 11, himself arriving in 1850. At this period a number of
Scotch Presbyterians had settled in Fullarton, and were followed
by many of their countrymen, extending their locations away up
into Hibbert. The Huron Tract at this period was under the
ecclesiastical jurisdiction of London Presbytery. This body sent
the Rev. Mr. Eraser to visit this new section. Early in 1851 a
meeting was called at Mr. William Roy s house to consider the
advisability of erecting a church. Only five settlers had then
located on the eleventh concession, Mr. Andrew Morgan being on
lot No. i. At this meeting it was decided to accept half an acre
from Mr. Roy, whereon to erect a church, and as a place of inter
ment. This is a very beautiful site, and is called Roy s church to
this day. I may be pardoned here for introducing a melancholy
episode which occurred on the day of this meeting, as indicating
those trials and dangers inseparable from backwoods life. Mr.
Park says : "On the day of the meeting, Mr. Alexander Clark and
his son were chopping in the woods, when a tree fell, killing the

HIBBERT 247

young- man. As Mr. Gilbert Mclntyre was returning from the
meeting, he assisted in removing the body to the little rude shanty
in the forest. After two days he was buried, being first to be laid
in that quiet resting- place at Roy s churchyard.

Meantime an organization meeting was held at Alexander Park s
house, and Communion dispensed. On this occasion a membership
of sixteen were present: Alex. Park, Mrs. Roy, John Hamilton,
Agnes Donald, Duncan Stewart, Alexander Clark, John Barr,
Jane McVey, Mary Park, James Russell, Robert Christie, George
Hamilton, Andrew Morgan, James Christie, Elizabeth Hamilton,
and Ag-nes Christie. In 1851 a log church was constructed,
where services were held until the present stone building was
erected in 1872, at a cost of $3,000. During- those three years
between 1849 and 1852 a larg-e number of settlers located near
Cromarty, when it was resolved to erect another church in that
villag-e. A meeting- was therefore called, and it was decided to
proceed on lot eleven, eleventh concession, one-half acre being
presented to the congregation by Mr. Francis Hamilton for a site
and burying ground, which was accepted and a church built.
On March 3d, 1853, Rev. Mr. Proudfoot, of London Presbytery,
met the people in Mr. Park s house, organizing them into a con
gregation. In November, 1853, Rev. Dr. Caven, now of Knox
College, Toronto, was appointed to moderate in a call in favor
of Rev. Mr. Barr. This charge at that period was composed of
Kirkton, Flatcreek, Roy s, and Cromarty, and the stipend pro
mised was ,6$ per annum. This call was declined by Mr. Barr ;
no wonder. In 1854, London Presbytery met in Goderich, when
a call was presented to Rev. Mr. Carruthers. The records do
not say whether the stipend had been brought under the law of
augmentations in the meantime, but it appears this call was not
very successful. The first stationed minister in these four con
gregations was Rev. John Fotheringham, who remained in charge
until their separation, when Roy s and Cromarty were set apart
under Rev. Mr. Scott, who was pastor for over thirty years. In
1863, Cromarty congregation erected a new stone church at a cost
of $3,000. On Mr. Scott s retirement, in 1900, he was succeeded

248 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

by Rev. Robert A. Cranston, present incumbent. The member
ship of these congregations, at present, is 230, with Sabbath
schools under the minister s charge of 100 pupils.

At what time the Methodist Church was organized in this town
ship it would be impossible to say. In the neighborhood of Staffa,
services were held by Rev. Mr. Stephens, in the house of George
Weese, at an early day. In this work was associated with him
Rev. Mr. Tapp. In 1856 the first Methodist church probably in
Hibbert was erected in Staffa under Rev. A. A. Smith. This was
a sort of frame building, the contractor being William Hill, of
Mitchell. In new settlements, the rule was to hold services in a
schoolhouse, but in this case school was kept in a church. This
old building has long since been superseded in its ecclesiastical
uses by a comfortable brick church, and educational work is now
carried on in a commodious brick schoolhouse. In Staffa, the
liberality of this connection has made provision for its minister by
erecting a parsonage at a cost of over $2,000. Rev. John Hen
derson, present pastor, reports a membership at Staffa of 115
souls. In connection with the Staffa congregation is a Sabbath
school, with an average attendance of nearly 60 pupils. This de
partment of the work is under the superintendence of Mr. Hugh
Kennedy.

Grace Church, Staffa, was organized by Rev. Mr. Bridgman,
and at a somewhat later period than several other denominations
in Hibbert. Its principal promoters were Mr. Robert Livingston,
Anthony Allan, James Allan, John Richardson, and William
Worden. Services were held for some time in the Township
Hall, when a new church was erected in 1887, at a cost of about
$1,000. Membership in this congregation has not greatly increasd
since its organization, many having removed. A good Sabbath
school is maintained, with an attendance of about 80 pupils, Mr.
Henry Templeton, superintendent. Present incumbent is Rev.
W. J. Docherty, of Hensal.

Bethel Methodist Church, lot 6, con. 4, was first organized by
Rev. Mr. Hurlbert, a church being erected in 1863. Its pro
moters were Alexander and John Linton, Jas. Watson, William

HIBBERT 249

Fawcett, and John White, in whose barn and in the people s
houses services were first held. Twenty members composed the
first roll, which is now increased to forty, with Rev. M. J. Hender
son as present minister. A Sabbath school is also conducted by
Mr. William White, having- an attendance of 40 pupils.

Salem Methodist Church, on lot 10, con. 6, was organized by
Dr. Aylsworth, of Mitchell. Previous to erecting- a church, in
1863, services were held in the schoolhouse. This congregation
was promoted by Thomas Paff, John Dunkin, David and William
Hutchinson, Henry Finder, and John Young. A total member
ship of 20 at its inception has now increased to 40. There is a
Sabbath school also, conducted by Mr. George Small, having an
attendance of 35 pupils.

The English Church at Dublin was organized in 1866 by Rev.
Mr. Caulfield. During the autumn of that year, and in the spring
of 1867, a church was erected at a cost of $1,100. The first pro
moters in this congregation were James Green and Robert Donkin.
A few members only attended this congregation at its inception,
now increased to 50. A Sabbath school has been conducted here
since the church was opened in July, 1867, first under Thomas
Green, and now has an attendance of 30 pupils.

In this township, at Dublin, has been erected in 1900 the finest
church edifice in Hibbert, and compares favourably with any
ecclesiastical building in Perth County. This congregation was
formerly a part of that at St. Columban, a number of whose
members resided near Dublin. In 1899 steps were taken by the
Catholics in this section to erect a new building more convenient
for themselves. This movement resulted in a splendid brick
edifice, costing $20,000. The length is 145 feet, by 50 feet in
width, with a tower rising to 115 feet. Rev. Father Fogarty is
pastor, under whose charge are 140 families.

Zion Methodist Church, on the Huron road, was first established
in 1869, when a building was constructed. This was again
replaced by another church in 1889. The principal promoters of
this congregation were J. Jefferson, E. Annis, J. Hoskin, G.
Mordil, J. Aiken, J. Britton, and Wm. Bushfield. This is still a

250 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

good rural congregation, and is at present under the pastorate of
Rev. Mr. Henderson.

In this township municipal records are of a meagre description
up to 1857. This was unfortunate, as history was made rapidly
in early days. Those questions of schools, public libraries, roads,
liquor by-laws, with other manifestations of progress, are all
characteristic of early history. When it is found, therefore, that
records of a period so pregant with change are wanting, it
detracts from historical interest. As to who first occupied seats
at a council board in Hibbert I am unable to say. Mr. Robert
Donkin was first district councillor, subsequent to separation from
McKillop, occupying that position till our present system was
introduced in 1850. He then became first reeve, and John A. Sul
livan, first clerk. In 1851, Thomas McGoey was elected reeve,
being returned again in 1852. In 1853, Mr. Alexander McLaren
was reeve, and for many years at a subsequent period was a
prominent and respected public servant in Hibbert. In 1854 we
have a record of municipal officers, but for this year only, when
we find James Black, James Farr, Robert Donkin, Thomas
McGoey, and Alexander McLaren were elected. Mr. Donkin was
chosen reeve; John A. Sullivan, clerk; David Oughton, assessor;
James Murphy, collector; John Hogarth and George Miller, audit
ors. A committee appointed on salaries reported allowances to
each: Clerk, 10; assessor, ii] collector, g , councillors,
each, per diem, 5/3; auctioneer s license, 16/8, with a fee of 2/6 to
the clerk. A license for a hotel was granted upon payment of
2, us., 8d. , with a further sum of 2/6 to the officer by whom it
was issued ; an additional io/ was also paid for inspection. What
ever conditions may have been observed in our old taverns, there
was certainly no lack of inspectors, one being appointed for each
electoral division. This position apparently was a sinecure rather
than a place of emolument, compensation being only i t IDS. per
annum. Such responsibilities as those imposed on inspectors
were not unpleasant. For instance, sampling the contents of a
tempting array of decanters behind the bar was not an unpleasant
duty. Where a variety of stimulating fluids were kept in stock,

HIBBERT 251

a completion of inspection was often reached with the officer in a
hilarious condition. Mr. Edward Downie was appointed issuer
of licenses, with Mr. Robert Bell, William Harburn, Edward
Pursell, and Arthur McCann, inspectors.

In 1862, Mr. Carroll s election as reeve was protested by his
opponent, the only case of an election protest I have been able to
discover in a rural municipality. The cause of protest is not set
forward by complainant. In a second appeal to the people, Mr.
Carroll was again returned. It seems rather strange that the
costs of this proceeding, amounting to $90, were paid by the town
ship. Hibbert has signalized herself to a great degree by a liberal
and philanthropic spirit in her grants made from time to time in
aid of those in distress. In 1862 a mass meeting was held for
granting aid to the Lancashire operatives in England, which was
well supported. During this year a subscription was opened to
assist in raising a monument to the Prince Consort, which was
not supported at all. A liberal grant to the relief fund in Ireland
was given in 1863. In 1868 a goodly sum was also voted as
relief to the Red River Settlement, now the wealthy and populous
Province of Manitoba. There is a discrimination in making these
grants highly creditable to the people, in their fine appreciation of
a dividing line between charity and humbug.

As late as 1876 five hotels were licensed, one in Cromarty, one
in Staffa and three in Dublin. These are now reduced to two,
one in Staffa and one in Dublin. Modern hotels are now very
different from those of fifty years ago. Whatever we may think
of accommodations afforded now, which are really good, the old
log tavern of half a century ago was, in many instances, the most
wretched spot on earth.

The minutes of a meeting held on October 12, 1891, were the
last to be signed by Alexander McLaren, who may be called the
"Grand Old Man" of Hibbert. There is nothing in that signature
to indicate approaching dissolution. His hand appears to have
had all its old-time steadiness. The strings of a highly nervous
temperament, which were always keyed to their utmost tension,
seemed to part at once, and in a few weeks he laid down his cross

16

252 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

and passed beyond the bourne. A motion of condolence by Mr.
Thomas Ryan, who had been in the meantime elected reeve, closed
the scene on Mr. Alexander McLaren.

Population in this township has not increased during the last
twenty-five years, the number in 1902 being 2,000, and its
total assessment for that year being $1,606,850. The amount
collected by taxation for schools and other disbursements was
about $7,000. Buildings which have been erected in Hibbert
for educational purposes are equal to those in other rural
municipalities, and the teachers employed in them are doing good
work. Of the seven school districts, into which the township is
divided, there are three union public schools. There is also one
separate and three union separate schools. With the exception
of two localities, where drain tile is made, there are no manufac
turing industries in this municipality.

Before leaving this part of our municipal history, I may be per
mitted to subjoin a fac simile copy of an award of the fence
viewers, as an excellent representation of a public document
disposing of important interests in the olden time. Those of our
public municipal men who are accustomed to receive impressive
and elaborate awards made by engineers under the Drainage
and Watercourses Act of the present, will be struck by the

simplicity and finely condensed judgment of the pioneer fence
viewers court:

"hibbert, Oct. 6
"Award of fence viewers

"on dispute of thomas fell and William salary lot 25 in the 8th
and gth concessions of hibbert in regards of deepening ditch on
the said lot, they award that the extent south 8 rods commence
south and dig on a level to the fence on the concession at his own
place.

Signed

This award is signed by three excellent and responsible citizens
of the township, one of whom is still a prominent man in a certain
department of farm industry.

Officers from 1858, previous records being incomplete, all

HIBBERT 253

information I have been able to obtain under this part of the work
has already been stated :

Reeves. 1858, Finlay McCormick ; 1859-60, William Bell ;

1861, Robert Donkin ; 1862-4, J onn Carroll ; 1865-7, F. Mc
Cormick ; 1868-73, Thomas King ; 1874-80, Robert Gardner ;
1881-92, Alexander McLaren ; 1892-96, Thomas Ryan ; 1897-8,
Peter Campbell ; 1899-1900, Robert Hoggarth ; 1901-2, W. W.
Sadler.

Deputy-Reeves. First deputy, 1862-4, John Gardner ; 1865,
Thos. King ; 1866, Jas. Atkinson ; 1867, Wm. Givins ; 1868-73,
Robt. Gardner ; 1874-5, J onn McConnell ; 1876, Jas. Hopwood ;
1877-8, Jas. Harburn ; 1879-83, John Burns ; 1884-92, T. Ryan ;
1893-6, P. Campbell ; 1897-8, Wm. Feeney.

Councillors. 1858, Jas. McKenzie, Jas. Friel, George Kidd,
Maurice Carroll ; 1859-60, Robert Donkin, J. Friel, Jas. Atkinson,
John Gardner; 1861, Wm. Bell, J. Friel, J. Atkinson, J. Gardner;

1862, W. Bell, J. Friel, J. Atkinson ; 1863-4, W. Bell, J. Atkin
son, Mathew Deans ; 1865, Geo. Miller, J. Atkinson, J. Gardner;
.1866, G. Miller, J. Friel, R. Gardner ; 1867, Michael McAlier, R.
Gardner, Hugh Currie ; 1868, Wm. Givins, Wm. Worden, Chas.
Brooks; 1869, W. Givins, W. Worden, Francis Oliver; 1870-1,
W. Givins, F. Oliver, Jas. Harburn ; 1872, F. Oliver, John Mc
Connell, Jas. Harburn; 1873, Jas. Harburn, Thos. Pullman, John
McConnell ; 1874-5, Edward Molyneaux, F. Oliver, Jas. Hop-
wood ; 1876, Jas. Harburn, Peter Campbell, Edward Molyneaux;
1877-8, Peter Campbell, F. Oliver, John Burns ; 1879, F. Oliver,
Peter Campbell, John Jefferson; 1880, F. Oliver, Peter Campbell,
Andrew Caldwell ; 1881, Andrew Caldwell, J. Jefferson, Robert
Norris; 1882, J. Jefferson, R. Norris, William Oliver; 1883, J.
Jefferson, Donald McLaughlin, Jas. Barbour; 1884, J. Jefferson,
D. McLaughlin, John A. Norris; 1885-6, J. Jefferson, J. A.
Norris, Jas. Barbour ; 1887, J. A. Norris, Jas. Barbour, Robert
Hoggarth; 1888-9, J- A. Norris, Robert Hoggarth, Jas. Barbour;
1890, J. A. Norris, Jas. Barbour, W. T. Cassidy ; 1891, W. T.
Cassidy, Jas. Barbour, Samuel Harris; 1892, Jas. Barbour,
Samuel Harris, William Feeney; 1893-5, John A. McLaren, W.

254 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Feeney, Mathew Miller ; 1896, W. Feeney, Mathew Miller, Robert
Hoggarth; 1897, M. Miller, R. Hoggarth, W. W. Sadler; 1898,
R. Hog-garth, W. W. Sadler, Hugh Norris ; 1899-1900, Hugh
Norris, Mathew Miller, Wm. Dalrymple, Thos. Melady; 1901-2,
Wm. Dalrymple, T. Melady, Thos. Mahaffey, John A. McLaren.

Clerks. 1858-71, Thos. Dunn ; 1872-75, Jos. Reading ; 1876-
98, Timothy Carroll, 1899-1902, James Jordan.

Treasurers. 1858-64, Edward Dovvnie; 1865-7, Thos. Dunn;
1868-93, Alexander Ferguson; 1894-1902, James Hamilton.

Assessors. 1858, James Hoskins ; 1859, Hugh Currie ; 1860-1,
Jas. Hoskin; 1862-70, George Hamilton; 1871-8, John Gardner ;
1879-81, Jas. Hopwood ; 1882, Thos. King; 1883-5, James Gil-
lespie; 1886, James Atkinson; 1887-92, T. G. Hurlburt ; 1895,
William Cassidy ; 1896-9, F. R. Hamilton; 1900, Michael Raleigh;

1901, T. G. Carlin ; 1903, Patrick Feeney.

Collectors. 1858-74, Robert Rooney; 1875-81, Jas. Atkinson;
1882-7, John Carmichael; 1888-9, William Roberts ; 1890-1, John
Jefferson; 1892-3, Roderick Kennedy; 1894-8, John A. Norris;
1899-1900, R. G. Hoggarth; 1901-2, John Stacey.

Auditors. 1858, John Hoggarth, George Miller; 1859, Timothy
Carroll, Richard Sarvis ; 1860-3, T. Carroll, John Hoggarth;
1864-7, T- Carroll, Jas. Shillinglaw; 1868, T. Carroll, Jas. Atkin
son; 1869-72, T. Carroll, R. S. Sarvis; 1873, T. Carroll, John
Turner; 1874, T. Carroll, George Caldwell ; 1875, T. Carroll,
Jas. Harburn; 1876, Jas. Gillespie, Luke King; 1877-9, J ohn
Carmichael, Luke King; 1880, Jas. Harburn, Luke King; 1881,
A.C.Jones, Luke King; 1882-8, Dr. McTavish, A. C.Jones;
1889, Jas. Gillespie, A. S. Case (resigned), A. K. Ferguson (ap
pointed) ; 1890, Jas. Gillespie, A. K. Ferguson; 1891, Jas. Gil
lespie, John A. McNaughton; 1892, Jas. Gillespie, T. M. Hamil
ton; 1893-7, Jas. Gillespie, F. L. Hamilton; 1898, F. L. Hamilton,
James Jordan; 1899-1901, F. L. Hamilton, Donald McKeller;

1902, Jno. A. Norris, W. R. Bell.

Jt 1

TJD - W^^^^^f *(KH^y

SOUTH EASTHOPE OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. Philip Herold, Reeve. 2. Lorenz Arnold, Councillor. 3. John Plctsch, As
sessor. 4. John W. Hartleib, Councillor. 5. Samuel Zurbrigg, Treasurer. 6. Allan
Steckle, Auditor. 7. Henry Vogt, Councillor. 8. Fred. Oehm, Auditor. 9. August
Schaefer, Collector, 10. Peter McTavish, Councillor.

CHAPTER XVI.

SOUTH EASTHOPE.

South Easthope terminates the eastern limit of that great
wedge-shaped country known as the "Huron Tract." In Decem
ber, 1829, concession i was surveyed by Mr. McDonald. A
further portion was opened in 1832, Mr. Carroll completing the
whole in 1835. The soil in this municipality is of excellent quality,
such as that found in Downie and Blanshard. Like these two
townships, its surface is undulating rather than rolling or hilly.
In that portion extending from Shakespeare east and south it is
more diversified than west or southwest. In area it is the
smallest in Perth County.

Since its first settlement a system of mixed farming has been
carried on, most admirably adapted to its soil and its people.
Dairying, which has been introduced with such marked results in
other townships, has made little progress in South Easthope. A
cheese and butter factory was opened by Mr. Ballantyne, of Strat
ford, several years ago, and, although well patronized, has not
extended to other sections. Radical changes in farm management
have taken place here, as in other districts, greatly to the benefit
of those engaged in agriculture. At one period wheat and
potash were the only products having any commercial value.
These gave a quick return to those engaged in clearing land,
which was a first consideration of all new settlers. Their few
stumpy acres yielded nothing else which could be transformed into
money to purchase necessaries or contribute in any way to their
progress.

Seventy years have come and gone, however, since Mr. Fry-

258 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

fogle entered South Easthope, and have brought many changes in
farm life. Exigencies of commerce, and scientific discoveries in
its profound exemplification of transportation, have changed old
plans and methods in successful agriculture to a marked degree.
Wheat cultivation is no longer a basis on which a farmer can
build his hopes of future success. Those townships in North
Perth where natural conditions were not so favorable for wheat
culture, found in dairying a source of wealth even greater than
that arising from any system of mixed farming. Evidences of
progress in South Easthope are everywhere apparent. A high
state of cultivation is noticeable throughout, fertility in the soil is
maintained, and, indeed, augmented, affording a good illustration
of that thrift characteristic of those people through whose agency
it was largely settled.

In South Easthope material for constructing good roads is in
many sections not easily obtained. While several leading roads
are equal to any in Perth County, on ordinary side roads an
absence of gravel is apparent. Everthing has been done to over
come this difficulty by those having road management in charge.
Highways are well graded, proper drainage to water tables has
been secured, to overcome, as far as possible, those defects arising
from a scarcity of gravel. In this township transportation in farm
products is easily accomplished. Railway facilities are in advance
of any other township in this county. The G. T. , the B. & L. H.,
and S. & P. D. railroads all afford conveniences for shipping farm
produce. Where such excellent facilities exist, therefore, for
marketing goods, an absence of gravel is not so severely felt as
when an agriculturist has to transport his overplus for long dis
tances in farm waggons.

The settlers in this township, excepting a few, are Germans.
On the Huron Road, between Shakespeare and Stratford, are
several English speaking families, mostly Scotch, such as Capling,
Crerar, Robertson, Bell, Riddell, and McCallum. On the
boundary line of Downie are Matheson, Hislop, Lupton, Duns-
more, O Donnell, Flanigan, and Jackson. Elsewhere nearly all
are German.

SOUTH EASTHOPE 259

Settlement in South Easthope proceeded from east to west, a
characteristic of the march of backwoodsmen everywhere in South
Perth. Very little progress was made for a number of years.
The causes which led to a stagnant condition in so splendid a
country as Ontario at that period could be easily shown, but fall
within the province of national history rather than a work of this
kind. On Christmas Day, 1829, Sebastian Fryfogle, as first
settler in this county, located on lot 14, concession i. The day
was appropriate, and the man was appropriate. On this day came
into the world, over 1,800 years ago, one who proclaimed peace
and goodwill to all men. On this day one came into Perth County
who broke a great silence that from all eternity was unbroken by
a note of civilizing voices. This Sebastian was a herald who
bore on his own person many of those attributes from which great
men and great nations are made. He stood alone in that vast
wilderness, and planted the standard of an advancing civilization.
None saw it unfurled but himself. He could not hear in this
distant spot that trampling of feet marching onward to his resting
place. Did he dream, I wonder, of those mighty forces he was
destined to see, pressing on through this illimitable solitude ?
Did he think that, from the beginning of all time, it was given to
him alone to put forth his hand, saying, all things here shall be
transformed ? He was a pilgrim pressing on with his banner, on
which was inscribed in letters of gold " Excelsior." He was the
forerunner of a new agency, before which that old spirit of the
forest would shrink back and flee away, yielding its sway of thou
sands of years to a new transformation. We are proud to know
this Sebastian was a man of strong character, and in this regard
typical of many an old pioneer.

To facilitate settlement, the Canada Company had erected
several huts along this new road to Goderich, where travellers
might obtain rest and entertainment. To induce an occupation of
these places a bonus of 40 was offered to any person who would
open and keep a house of entertainment for six months in South
Easthope, as being more adjacent to an old settlement. Further
west a premium of ^50 was offered, and further west still a
premium of 60 was given.

260 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Mr. Fryfogle was born in the Swiss Canton of Berne in the
latter part of the eighteenth century, and emigrated to America
in 1806. Settling in Pennsylvania, he remained there for several
years. He came to Canada in 1827, and resided in Waterloo,
where he met VanEgmond, who induced him to remove into
South Easthope. He, therefore, accepted the 40 offered by the
Canada Co y, and became first settler in Perth County. We
quote from a former writer on the subject, who says : "It is not
necessary to follow his course in detail, as the subsequent history
of this district was so marked by his participation in the principal
occurrences which go to compose it, that his name appears in
almost every connection with it. Suffice it to say, he was a very
able and enterprising man, highly respected and implicitly trusted
through life, deeply lamented at his death, which occurred at his
old home in 1873." Those who followed him into the woods
honored him with the highest offices in their gift. He was a
district councillor, reeve of his township, warden of Perth County,
captain in the militia, and one of our oldest magistrates. The
whole conduct of this excellent man was honourable to himself
and useful to the people who had on so many occasions placed
him in positions of trust.

The second settler in South Easthope was Andrew Riddell, a
Scotchman from Berwickshire. He located on lot 17, a short
distance further west than Mr. Fryfogle, and also became a prom
inent man. Mr. Riddell was followed by Andrew Helmer, and a
year or two later a number of Scotch from Perthshire settled
along the Huron road in both the Easthopes. John A. McCarthy
settled in South Easthope in 1832. This gentleman will be
remembered by many as being for a great number of years chief
constable in Stratford. The trend of settlement extended slowly
toward Woodstock, more rapidly west to Stratford, and south
ward along the boundary line of Downie towards Zorra. In 1842
the first school section was formed, South Easthope being divided
into two school districts by the council in Goderich. The bound
aries of these sections will be found in a chapter on public schools.
In 1842 the families of McTavish, McEwen, McFarlane, with a

SOUTH EASTHOPE 2&I

great many Germans, had located; and previous to 1850 the
township may have been said to be settled. In 1832 a number of
German families had located near Mr. Fryfogle, and toward what
is now Sebastopol, the first congregation of any denomination of
professing Christians in this county being organized by the
Lutherans at this point during that year.

While this township has excellent trading facilities, there are no
places of importance within its limits. On the boundary lines are
several points where large populations are centred. On its north
west corner is a portion of Stratford. Seven miles south-east is
Tavistock. Three miles north of the latter point is Shakespeare.
Sebastopol lies wholly in South Easthope, about one-half mile
north of Tavistock. This village was founded at an early day by
Mr. Henry Heyrock, who was its first settler, and built its first
house. In 1845 Mr. Henry Eckstein came to Sebastopol, also
remaining in the village. This hamlet was named by its citizens
during the Russian War of 1852-5, to commemorate that long and
never-to-be-forgotten siege by the allied armies of a town of that
name in the Crimea. It is now a pleasant country village, though
its greatness has been to some extent overshadowed by Tavistock,
to which it now forms a suburb. There is a very fine church and
parsonage here, with several business places, supplying goods to
a fine agricultural country surrounding it.

Tavistock is an important village containing a population of
about 1,000, and has a number of fine stores and large manufac
turing establishments. This place was founded by Mr. Henry
Eckstein in 1848. Having removed from Sebastopol, where he
had settled in 1845, he erected a house on what is now the triangle
formed by Hope and Woodstock streets and the G. T. Railroad,
using it for a store. Mr. Eckstein named his new village Frieburg,
in honour of his birthplace in Germany. During the Crimean War
the citizens of Freiburg were so interested in that struggle on the
terrible field of Inkerman, that it was renamed in honour of that
place. Under this historical appellation, it continued to flourish
until the B. & L. H. R. was built and a post office opened in
1857. At this period its name was again changed, to Tavistock,
in honor of a town of that name in England.

262 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

In 1850, Mr. Eckstein erected a brick hotel on a site opposite
his former building, which has since been rebuilt, and is one of
several excellent hotels in this village. Where this building now
stands was a great bog, and it was not till large quantities of solid
material was swallowed up in quick sand that a foundation of
timbers could be laid in order to support the present fine structure.
Henry Schaefer, in 1848, built another dwelling on Hope street.
A third settler was Antoni Gluecklick. Other small tradesmen,
who seem to have belonged as much to an agricultural community
as either the plough or harrow, became settlers. John M. Holmer
opened a blacksmith s shop. Mr. August Bechberger and Duncan
Stewart were also early settlers. Mr. Bellinger was first harness-
maker. Progress was slow until railway construction was com
pleted and a station erected in Tavistock. This at once crippled
Sebastopol by centralizing trade at the point of shipment. It was
only a few years, therefore, subsequent to these events when a
number of large brick blocks were erected. Good streets and
sidewalks now extend in all directions, radiating to its residential
parts. There are three general stores here, some of which would
do credit to larger places, one hardware store, two tin shops,
three confectioneries, two jeweleries, a drug store, bakeries,
groceries, boot and shoe store, three hotels. Two medical
doctors are located here, Dr. Michael Steele and Dr. O. G.
Niemeier. Dr. Preiss, of Hamburg, Germany, was first physician,
deceased many years ago. On September 26th, 1895, was issued
the Gazette, printed by Mr. J. W. Green, editor and proprietor.
In May, 1900, this sheet became the property of Mr. F. H. Leslie,
who conducts it as an independent paper. Its present editor
endeavours to maintain its character as a good local organ rather
than making it a conduit of party politics. This ambitious village
has a good electric light system, well supported by its citizens.
In a place such as Tavistick this certainly indicates a progressive
spirit animating all classes. There is also a telegraph and express
office, an excellent public hall, where meetings are held. To
accommodate the business men a branch of the Western Bank has
been opened, and doing a large business. As in all Canadian

SOUTH EASTHOPE 263

towns, benevolent societies are well represented, and are no doubt
doing a good work to those who patronize them.

If progress in commerce has been marked, in manufacturing
departments it is equally apparent. In 1869, a planing mill and
furniture factory was established, employing three hands, of which
the proprietors, Messrs. Kalbfleisch and Schaefer, were two. This
branch of industry, under careful management, has been quite
successful, employing about thirty hands, and occupying a large
three-story brick and ironclad building. A saleroom is opened
from which goods are sent to every part of Canada. A saw mill
is run in connection with this establishment, and great quantities
of butter and cheese boxes are supplied to creameries and cheese
factories in the surrounding country. In connection with the
furniture department, undertaking is also carried on. To meet
the demands of an increasing trade, extensions are being made,
which will enable the firm to employ a still larger number of hands.
In 1885, the original partnership was dissolved, and operations
are now carried on by Mr. John Kalbfleish, as sole proprietor.
Mr. Schaefer subsequently opened another planing mill, which he
operated for many years. This mill is still running, although
it has passed into other hands.

In 1877, a woollen mill was established by Mr. J. G. Field,
employing four hands. Mr. Field has succeeded in building up a
large trade in manufacturing woollen goods of all kinds which
are shipped to every corner of our country. In this factory a
number of people are now employed, a substantial brick, and
other buildings have been erected to accommodate the trade. The
machinery here is operated by a ii5-horse power engine, which
is also used as motive power on the dynamos supplying electric
light to the village.

In 1868, a barrel and stove factory was established by Mr. John
Zimmerman, employing seven hands. This business was success
ful for many years, and is still carried on. Timber has now
become so scarce in the surrounding country as to cripple
industries of this description. It can be only a few years when a
removal will have to take place, not from a want of business, but

264 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

from exhaustion of the raw material which can no longer be
obtained in the vicinity.

Its other manufacturing" industries are a broom factory, a cider
mill, two carriage factories, and a flax mill.

In 1886 was organized the Tavistock Milling Company,
when a mill was erected with a capacity of 125 barrels. During
1893 the property was destroyed by fire. The company at once
set to work to rebuild, and constructed, perhaps, the largest
building for milling purposes in this county, being five stories in
height, with a capacity of 200 barrels. This is a fine structure of
brick and iron, and receives a large patronage. The business is
conducted by Mr. A. E. Ratz, and the machinery contained in
this great building is a sight for visitors to Tavistock.

While these evidences of material development in agriculture
and manufacture are apparent, education and religion has by no
means been neglected in South Easthope. As will be noticed
elsewhere, this municipality has had its difficulties in defining and
arranging local legislation to suit its educational requirements.
At present there are ten sections, five of which are unions. In
support of these schools, in 1901, a rate of $2,296 was levied and
collected. Excellent buildings have been provided for comfort
and convenience to those in attendance. In Tavistock is a school
building costing $5,000. In this seminary are four departments,
under Principal Charles Cameron and three female assistants, with
an attendance of 200 pupils. Continuation classes are kept up,
and it is a central point for junior and senior leaving examinations.

South Easthope has several churches. In priority of organization
for establishing religious services she has precedence over all other
municipalities in Perth County. Three years previous to the organ
ization of old St. Andrew s, in Stratford, a place of worship was
opened and a congregation organized by the Evangelical Lutheran
body in what is now Sebastopol. In 1832, or seventy years ago,
Rev. Mr. Horn conducted services amongst the Germans who fol
lowed Mr. Fryfogle into this new section. What its membership may
have been the church records do not say. A church was erected
in 1856, under Rev. Mr. Kaessmann. This was a frame building,

SOUTH EASTHOPE 265

in which service was held till 1884. During this year the present
fine brick edifice was constructed at a cost of $16,000. This is a
beautiful church, whose tall, tapering- spire can be seen a long
distance. In the great tower are three bells, approaching a
chime, whose mellow tones are heard far away in the adjoining
country. This tower also contains a clock, the only one in Perth
county on a sacred edifice. While this congregation has priority
in point of antiquity, it has not that distinction of membership,
which must be given to Knox Presbyterian Church, Stratford.
Rev. Frederick Veit, as pastor, has been successful during a long
period of thirty years in his ministrations, the present member
ship being about 800 souls. A Sabbath school is conducted by
the minister, with an attendance of 230 pupils. In 1897 this con
gregation constructed a parsonage at a cost of $2,400. This is a
spacious building of brick, and finished in a style of neatness
which characterizes much of the work of this thrifty people.

The Presbyterian Church in Tavistock, compared with the
Evangelical Lutheran, is a modern organization, and did not exist
prior to 1878. The prosperity attained subsequent to building
the railway had attracted others as well as Germans, and several
Presbyterians became residents. In 1878, therefore, Rev. Mr.
Fleming, a missionary, was sent to preach in Tavistock, and, if
possible, to organize a congregation. The number of adherents at
this period did not exceed twelve. In 1879 Rev. Mr. Stewart, of
North Easthope, became a stationed minister, and proper organi
zation took place. The congregation, who had hitherto held their
services in a hall over a hotel shed, rented the Baptist Church,
which they occupied for several years. Meantime a large increase
in members and adherents took place, and a new brick building
was constructed at a cost of $3,500. This little body has been
quite successful, its communion roll numbering at present 112,
and are still progressing under the ministrations of Rev. Mr.
McCullough. A Sabbath School is conducted in connection with
this congregation, Mr. Field being superintendent, having an
attendance of 75 pupils. The present elders who have done much
towards its success are Michael Steele, M. D., A. T. Bell, and
J. G. Field.

266 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

An old congregation in South Easthope is the Baptist in Tavi-
stock. This church was organized in 1851 by Rev. Mr. Snider.
Like all other church organizations in the olden time, services
were held in a log building, where its fifteen members and those
associating themselves with them, worshipped for a number of
years. In 1867, the growing demands of this body rendered a
new church necessary, when their present building was con
structed. Subsequent to this period a steady progress has been
made, if not a rapid one; its present members being 63, under
Rev. Mr. Roadhouse. Provision has also been made for religious
training of their children, and a Sabbath school is conducted by
Mr. J. D. Adam as superintendent, at which on Sabbath days
there is an attendance of about 65 pupils.

Fifty years ago a Presbyterian church was organized in Shake
speare, its principal promoters being Messrs. Alexander Mitchell,
M. Gibson, James Donaldson, and David Campbell, its first
stationed minister being Rev. Mr. Stephenson. Subsequent to
its establishment as a separate congregation a church was
erected in 1853, which is still used as a place of worship.
Previous to constructing this building, considered at one time ex
tremely handsome, services were held in the schoolhouse. A
union was subsequently formed with old St. Andrew s, north of
Shakespeare, both of which are under the pastoral charge of Rev.
Hugh Cowan. Steps are now being taken to erect a splendid
edifice in the village, to accommodate both charges.

No records of municipal government in South Easthope are in
existence prior to 1843. For this year they are incomplete, com
prising several declarations of office as pathmasters, with the usual
by-laws adopted by all municipalities regarding stock running at
large. At a meeting of ratepayers in 1843, a motion was passed
which to-day is meaningless, but in that olden time of sixty years
ago was of great importance. This motion we may be permitted
to insert here, as affording some insight into pioneer life at that
period, not only in this township, but everywhere in the Huron
Tract: "It was moved and seconded, that no restrictions be passed
as to cattle running at large and browsing; every chopper is to

SOUTH EASTHOPE 267

look after whatever cattle come into his chopping, and drive
them away without any hurt." Young- agriculturists of to-day
will realize the importance of this motion, when we say, that those
few cattle, then possessed by any backwoodsman, existed almost
during the entire winter on tree tops, thrown down in chopping a
fallow. When maple was plentiful, cattle wintered on their tops
or brush in good condition, until leeks and adder tongues brought
relief in spring. If this manner of keeping stock was primitive,
it was of a piece with many other operations in pioneer life, the
best that could be done. Legislation passed at this meeting was
signed by John T. Flynn, as township clerk.

In 1844, Mr. Flynn was re-elected clerk. Wm. Cossey, chair
man, was chosen assessor, and James Izzard, collector. Town
wardens of 1843 were re-elected, composed of Andrew Riddell,
Daniel Cook and Lorenz Arnoldt, with Andrew Helmer as district
councillor. Poundkeepers were Sebastian Fryfogle, William
McDonald and Daniel Cook. In the records of this meeting we
have names of the first pathmasters, 17 in number, as follows :
William Reid, Alexander Stewart, James Brown, Donald Stewart,
and Henry Dunn, from concession i ; John Wilcker, Klaus
Roet, John Wolff and James Balerow, from concessions 2 and 3;
Nicholas Sleigel, Adam Kalbfleisch, John Heinbuck and James
Berger from concessions 4 and 5, with Douglass McTavish, from
concession No. 6.

In 1845, Mr. Helmer was again elected district councillor, with
Sebastian Fryfogle, Andrew Riddell and Gad Curtis, as wardens.
William Cossey was chosen clerk, holding this office till 1850.
At this meeting James Izzard was chosen collector, and John
Zacky, assessor. It will be observed that no treasurer or auditors
were appointed, these offices being still held by officers of the
district council in Goderich.

In 1846, Alexander McTavish was appointed collector, and John
Zacky, assessor. A change was made in town wardens, Donald
McGregor, W T illiam Bayly, and William McDonald being elected.

In 1847, Sebastian Fryfogle was chosen assessor; Alex. Mc
Tavish, collector; Henry B. Nebb, Henry Izzard, and George
Kalbfleisch, town wardens.

268 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

In 1848, Sebastian Fryfogle was elected district councillor;
Henry B. Nebb, assessor; Lenord Wilcker, collector; George
McMillan, Valentine River, and Anthony Kostzer, wardens.

For 1849: Andrew Helmer, chairman; John Fitzcharles, as
sessor ; Andrew Helmer, collector ; William L. Bayly, Henry
Simmons, and James Williamson, wardens.

The first statement of accounts in South Easthope occurs dur
ing- 1843, and is as follows : Money received by clerk, ^3, 2s., 6d. ;
expended by J. C. W. Daly in 1843, 18, 8s., gd. At this period
local clerks acted as township treasurers, under a district treasurer
in Goderich. On the i2th day of July, 1848, the first audit
appears to have been made in proper form by the district auditors,
who found remaining in the hands of William Cossey, township
clerk, a sum of ^3, 35., 5^d. The total receipts for 1848
amounted to ^25, 45. ,8d. ; disbursements, ^25, 2s., 4d. , leaving
a balance in hand of 2/4. At the close of 1849 this sum was
increased to four shillings and four pence halfpenny. All trans
actions were now closed under the old law, and South Easthope,
on the first day of January, 1850, without any debt, began house
keeping on her own account with 45., 4/^>d. in her pocket.

On January 2ist, met the first council ever elected in South
Easthope, when Messrs. Philander Alvin Sebring, William Cossey,
Andrew Helmer and Peter Woods produced their oaths of office.
Mr. Sebastian Fryfogle also appeared, and declined to act as
councillor, for which he had been elected. Mr. Andrew Helmer
was elected reeve; Alexander Mitchell, clerk; Robert Johnston,
John Stinson, and William McLaggan, assessors; Geo. Kalbfleisch,
collector; Andrew Riddell, treasurer; Henry Roper, and James
Woods, of Stratford, auditors.

The first order of business was characteristic of the old pioneer,
and illustrates those feelings universally expressed in every muni
cipality regarding education. This was a petition praying for the
formation of a school section on the first concession, to extend to
and include lots 26 to 36 along that line of road. Mr. John Durant
applied to be appointed as superintendent of schools. In February,
Mr. James Woods took his seat as councillor, in place of Mr.

SOUTH EASTHOPE 269

Fryfogle, who had declined the proposed honor. At the election
in January, Mr. James Woods having been elected as councillor,
Mr. W. Hines was appointed to succeed him as auditor, and John
Lynch was chosen as his colleague, Mr. Roper having resigned to
become superintendent of schools. The clerk was instructed to
procure a seal about the size of a quarter of a dollar, with a plough
in the centre as a coat of arms. Meantime, a piece of brown wax
was to be used as the impress of authority on all official papers
until a new seal be procured. The remuneration granted to town
ship officers for their services was very modest, indeed. The clerk
was to be paid ^5 ; collector, 6 per cent, on all moneys collected ;
assessor, 5 per cent, on all money collected by the collector ; su
perintendent of education, ^3, IDS. per annum; treasurer, 2;
auditors, i each. Collector s bond was fixed at ^300, treas
urer s at ^200, and superintendent of schools at 200. A by-law
was passed dividing the municipality into three divisions for
assessment purposes. Another by-law was also passed regulating
or disallowing cattle and other farm animals from roaming at
large.

In March, the council again met at Bell s Corners (Shakespeare),
when remuneration to members was fixed at five shillings per
diem for attendance at meetings of council or committees. An
excellent piece of legislation was also passed at this meeting,
levying a tax of five shillings per annum on all dogs not used on
a farm. This act is one that all councils at present could well
afford to place on their statute book, and rigorously enforce. The
clerk was instructed to procure a seal from Mr. Lee, of Gait, at a
cost of ^i, i2s., 6d. Arranging school sections constituted the
subsequent business of this meeting. It is worthy of remark that
the whole attention of the council till November was occupied in
manipulation, creation and alteration of school districts, excluding
all other matters properly within their line of duties.

Nomination day in 1852 brought forth no less than eighteen
aspirants for municipal honors. This contest was evidently a
keen one, a large vote being polled. On the second day, at
four o clock p. m. , no votes having been recorded for some time,

270 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Major Brown, who was returning- officer, closed the poll, announc
ing- the five successful candidates. In this terrible struggle for an
honest expression of public opinion on the merits of the several
gentlemen who placed themselves in the hands of their friends a
reluctant sacrifice, of course, one unfortunate aspirant for public
honor received only three votes. That must have been a woeful
night in South Easthope, when thirteen defeated expounders of
those great principles essential to municipal progress wended their
weary way through the woods to their lonely shanties, there to
find that comfort and repose they vainly expected to find in a
struggle for place and power.

In 1852 the council, realizing the necessity of improvement in
highways, passed a by-law investing ^350 in stock of " Wood
stock Gravel Road." This was the first work of any magnitude
they had undertaken, and, until the B. & L. H. Railway was
opened, aided much in developing South Easthope. During this
year "Bell s Corners" was changed to "Shakespeare." Mr.
Mitchell, who was chief magistrate during this period, was a gen
tleman of education and some refinement ; one of a class of people
in many instances but ill fitted to undergo the toils and privations
inseparable from pioneer life. He was a person of literary at
tainments, and conceived the idea of giving "Bell s Corners" a
more appropriate name, by substituting that of his favorite author,
the Bard of Avon.

In 1854, seven hotels were licensed in this municipality, and
known as: The "Bar Room," by T. Flynn ; "Halfway House,"
C. Birkmoir; "Compass and Square," J. Matterson ; "Shake
speare Hotel," Mr. Gibson; " Union House," Sebastian Fryfogle ;
" Wilker s Tavern," G. Brown," and " Frieburg," by Henry Eck
stein. The indemnity for a license to sell was fixed on a sliding
scale, ranging from 2, IDS. to ^4, zos. in Stratford. In 1858 a
great increase in hotels is recorded, the council granting licenses
to twelve houses of public entertainment, at fixed charges ranging
from $14 to $30 per annum. Since this period, like other muni
cipalities, the liquor traffic has gradually decreased, until, at
present, six hotels are licensed to sell three in Tavistock, one in

SOUTH EASTHOPE 271

Sebastopol, and two in Shakespeare. South Easthope possessed
a public library at a very early day, but its management appears
to-have been in other hands than that of the council, only one
notice in connection therewith being a motion in 1859, instructing
their clerk to procure, and accepting a tender from George Brown
to supply a "press to keep the township library and other papers."
At present, Tavistock has a fine public library of over 1,500
volumes.

In 1864, Mr. A. A. Drummond, superintendent of education in
South Easthope, presented his first report, from which we quote
as follows: "Any report on the state of education in this township
must be unsatisfactory that does not refer to the great difficulties
in the way of the teachers. In four out of the six sections Ger
man must be taught, and where two languages are read, neither
of them can be as well done as if only one was taught. The
schools are not as far advanced as they might have been but for
this drawback. There are six schools in the township, all of
which are free, and supported at an expense of $2,314 per annum.
The number of children of school age is 655 ; of these, 591 have
been at school for a longer or shorter period." The average
attendance indicated "a bad state of things, being only 209, and
with the Shakespeare school off, it would leave for the rest of the
township an average of 124. I do not wonder that teachers com
plain of irregularity in attendance." Progress made in education
since this report was written has been very marked, and is grati
fying to those who have in charge the training of the young
minds under their care. It is noticeable, also, that school pro
perty in one section is of greater value to-day than the whole was
worth at the period when this report was presented.

In 1864, about the first estimate on record was submitted to
the council, amounting to $3,084. Of this sum $1,470 was for
county rate; schools, $278; balance for local purposes. Assets
for this year are set forth as being $906, leaving a balance of
$2,178 to be levied and collected from the ratepayers. During the
period from 1864 to 1901 an increase occurred, but which is
only co-relative with material development in South Easthope.

272 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

During 1901 a total sum of $8,944 was collected, of which $3,296
was for schools, other rates absorbing- the balance.

Drainage facilities in this township are such as to preclude any
large expenditure for removing surplus moisture. Schemes for
public drainage have not been burdensome, about $4,000 having
been expended on what is known as the Central Drain. On the
concession line a traveller sees everywhere indications of thrift
and comfort in fine farms, good barns, and substantial residences
of modern construction, with all the requirements demanded by
a people of affluence and refinement.

On December 26th, 1871, were issued by the South Easthope
Mutual Fire Insurance Company policies covering agricultural
buildings. This is a farmers organization on a purely mutual
plan, securing protection for their own people at low rates. This
institution has, through economical management, been successful
and convenient to those who patronize it.

South Easthope has now a total assessment of $1,149,300, and
a population of 1884.

In 1844, this township contained 820 inhabitants, including a
portion of Stratford, and had 3,069 acres under cultivation. In

1851, its population had increased to 1,450, and 5,136 acres were
under cultivation. In 1849, the produce was 23,000 bush, wheat,
i, 900 bush, oats, 4,000 bush, peas, 13,000 bush, potatoes, 7,000
bush, turnips, 2,000 bush, barley, u,ooolbs. maple sugar, 3,000
Ibs. wool, 3,000 Ibs. butter. . In 1862 the population reached
2,322, Stratford, meantime, having withdrawn.

Officers elected and appointed from 1850 to 1902, and their
periods of service. This township never had a deputy reeve :
Reeves. 1850, Andrew Helmer; 1851, Sebastian Fryfogle ;

1852, Alexander Mitchell; 1853, Sebastian Fryfogle; 1854, A.
Helmer; 1855-8, S. Fryfogle; 1859-60, John Stinson ; 1861-3,
John Fitzgerald; 1864-75, Leonard Wilker ; 1876-96, John
Schaefer ; 1897-1902, Philip Herold.

Clerks. 1850-1, Alexander Mitchell; 1852-3, Major Brown;
1854-5, William Cossey; 1856-60, John C. Wilker; 1861-4,
Lewis Fredricks; 1865-6, John Stinson; 1867-78, Edmond Sitzer;

SOUTH EASTHOPE 273

1879-83, D. A. McTavish; 1884-9, Robert Reid; 1890-2, Valentine
Stock.

Treasurers. 1850-84, Andrew Riddell ; 1885-90, Samuel Zu-

brigg ; 1891-4, Edward Wettlaufer; 1895-1902, Samuel Zubrigg.

Assessors. 1850, Robert Johnston, John Stinson, William Mc-

Laggan ; 1851, Sebastian Fryfogle, sr. , William Watson ; 1852-3,

Sebastian Fryfogle, sr. ; 1854, Henry B. Neil; 1855-7, J onn

Helmer; 1858, John Wilker; 1859-62, Charles Baeckler ; 1863,

Jacob Reinhardt ; 1864, George Brown; 1865, Jacob Reinhardt ;

1866-73, Christian Dietrich; 1874-5, Edmond Corbett; 1876,

John Hartlieb; 1877-84, Samuel Zubrigg; 1885, C. P. Schaefer;

1886-9, Philip Herold ; 1890-1902, John Pletsch.

Collectors. 1850, George Kalbfleisch; 1851-4, John Stinson;
1855, John Helmer ; 1856, Sebastian Fryfogle ; 1857-62, George
Brown; 1863-4, Jacob Reinhardt ; 1865, Christian Dietrich ; 1866,
Edmond Sitzer; 1867-84, Archibald McEwen ; 1885-88, Christian
Dietrich; 1889-94, Frederick Trachsell; 1895-6, J. J. Wettlaufer;
1897-1902, August Schaefer.

Councillors. 1850, Philander Sebring, Jas. Woods, Peter
Woods, William Cossey ; 1851, Nicholas Schligal, Lorentz Arnold,
Andrew Wilker, John Wilker; 1852, Andrew Helmer, Thomas
Towers, U. C. Lee, Leonard Wilker; 1853, Nicholas Schligal,
Leonard Wilker, John Heinbuch, Andrew Helmer ; 1854, Leonard
Wilker, John Stinson, Thomas Towers, Sebastian Fryfogle, sr. ;
1855, S. Fryfogle, sr. , Thomas Towers, John Heinbuch, Alex.
McTavish; 1856, Daniel Wallace, Thomas Towers, Duncan Scott,
A. McTavish ; 1857, Nicholas Roth, John Stinson, Henry Ratz,
D. C. Wallace; 1858, John Fitzgerald, John Stinson, Leonard
Wilker, J. Schaefer; 1859, John Fitzgerald, L. Wilker, Nicholas
Roth, J. Schaefer; 1860, Justus Schaefer, Benedict Roth, John
Fitzgerald, Leonard Wilker; 1861-2, John Stinson, B. Roth, L.
Wilker, J. S. Schaefer; 1863, Leonard Wilker, J. S. Schaefer,
John Blair, John Stinson; 1864, John Schaefer, John Blair, John
Stinson, Valentine Weiss; 1865, Valentine Weiss, John Smith,
John Blair, John Trachsell; 1866, V. Weiss, John Blair, John
Trachsell, Douglas McTavish; 1867-8, E. Corbett, V. Weiss,

274 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Douglas McTavish, John Trachsell ; 1869-71, John Trachsell, E.
Corbett, William Morelock, V. Weiss; 1872, John Trachsell, E.
Corbett, John Schaefer, John Klein ; 1873, John Trachsell, John
Schaefer, E. Corbett, John Klemand ; 1874-5, J onn Trachsell,
John Schaefer, Daniel Smith, John Klein; 1876, Daniel Smith,
John Miller, John Trachsell, Alexander Capling; 1877, John
Trachsell, A. Capling, John Miller, V. Weiss; 1878, J. Trachsell,
A. Capling, V. Weiss, Henry Kalbfleisch ; 1879, Henry Schaefer,
Conrad Eichenauer, V. Weiss, John Trachsell; 1880-2, J. Miller,
Alex. Capling, V. Weiss, Conrad Eichenauer; 1883, H. Schaefer,
John Miller, John Trachsell, C. Eichenauer ; 1884, H. Schaefer,
John Trachsell, Daniel Smith, Henry Peter; 1885-6, Daniel
Smith, John Trachsell, Henry Peter, Daniel Yousie ; 1887, Daniel
Smith, John Trachsell, Daniel Yousie, Henry Schaefer; 1888, J.
Miller, Daniel Yousie, Henry Schaefer, John Trachsell; 1889,
Henry Schaefer, Daniel Yousie, Henry Peter, H. Raush ; 1890,
H. Schaefer, Henry Peter, Fred Oehm, Lorentz Arnold; 1891-3,
Henry Peter, Henry Schaefer, Lorentz Arnold, Daniel Yousie ;

1894, Daniel Yousie, Henry Schaefer, Henry Peter, Fred Hausser;

1895, Henry Schaefer, Henry Peter, Daniel Yousie, John Doig;

1896, Henry Peter, John Doig, Daniel Yousie, Lorentz Arnold ;

1897, Henry Peter, J. Doig, Lorentz Arnold, William Anderson;

1898, Jacob Wilker, W T illiam Anderson, Lorentz Arnold, John
Doig; 1899-1900, Henry Peter, Jacob Wilker, Lorentz Arnold,
William Anderson; 1901, Henry Vogt, Lorentz Arnold, John
Hassleib, Jacob Wilker; 1902, Lorentz Arnold, Henry Vogt, P.
McTavish, John W. Hartleib.

Auditors. 1850, William Hines, John Lynch; 1851, Donald
Hay, Peter Woods ; 1852, George Worsley, John Lynch; 1853,
Henry Highbrook, Donald Hay; 1854-5, John Stinson, Mathew
Gibson; 1856, Donald Hay, J. Stinson; 1857-8, Mathew Gibson,
William Watson ; 1859, Mathew Gibson, Jacob Wagner ; 1860-1,
Jacob Wagner, George Worsley; 1862, John Smith, George
Worsley; 1863, William Watson, George Worsley; 1864, Ed
mund Sitzer ; 1865, James Donaldson, Henry Ratz ; 1866, James
Donaldson, J. D. Smith; 1867, Charles Pollner, J. W. Donald-

SOUTH EASTHOPE 275

son; 1868, Alex. Anderson, Mathew Hyde; 1869-70, John Miller,
Alex. Scott; 1871, John Miller, Thomas Massey; 1872-3, John
Miller, Alex. Capling; 1874, John Miller, J. W. Donaldson; 1875,
J. W. Donaldson, John Hartleib ; 1876, James Donaldson, Samuel
Zubrig-g-; 1877-80, James Donaldson, Thomas Odbert ; 1881-3,
Daniel Smith, Jas. Donaldson; 1884-5, Jas. Donaldson, H. H.
Schaefer; 1886, Jas. Donaldson, D. A. McTavish ; 1887-8, Jas.
Donaldson, Adam Schaefer; 1889, Valentine Stock, A. Schaefer;
1890-2, Adam Schaefer, Chas. Zoellner; 1893, Adam Schaefer,
James Donaldson; 1894, Philip Herold, Adam Schaefer; 1895,
James Smith; 1896, Fred. Oehm ; 1897-8, Alex. Fraser, Edward
Bauer; 1899-1900, John W. Hartleib, Edward Bauer; 1901, E.
Bauer, Alex. Fraser; 1902, Allan Steckle, Frederick Oehm.

CHAPTER XVII.

ELLICE.

Ellice township was named in honor of Edward Ellice, a
director of the Canada Co. The original plan of survey was that
adopted in all those municipalities fronting on the Huron road, by
opening up only one concession at one time for several years. In
1829, the first concession was surveyed and opened for settlement.
During 1832 a further portion was mapped out, and again in 1835
a few more concessions were added, till 1839, when it was com
pleted by John McDonald, P. L.S. Blanshard being also surveyed
in 1839, opened the whole Huron Tract.

Ellice had within her limits a few of the earliest settlers in this
county, although for a number of years her progress was
extremely slow. Mr. Andrew Seebach, a Bavarian, settled
on lot 31, concession i, in 1830. This date will be found at
variance with that made in another work published in Perth
County several years ago. It is there asserted that Mr. Seebach
arrived in Ellice during 1828. This work also says that
he came in subsequent to Mr. Fryfogle, in South Easthope. This
same authority asserts that Mr. Fryfogle came in 1829. If the
latter gentleman came in 1829, Mr. Seebach certainly could not
have stayed at his house on his way to Ellice in 1828. The
Huron road was not even blazed in 1828, nor till late summer in
1829, and neither Mr. Seebach nor any other person could have
settled on any particular lot, as none were yet surveyed. As Mr.
Fryfogle was first settler in this county, so Mr. Seebach was first
settler in Ellice. A premium of ^50 was granted him by the
Canada Co., in order that he might open a place of entertainment

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ELLICE 279

to accommodate those travellers passing- into the Huron Tract in
quest of a home. He, therefore, erected what was afterwards
known as Seebach s hotel, on what is considered the highest ele
vation in Perth County, called Seebach s Hill. It is also said this
old pioneer was nine days in making a journey from Waterloo to
his adopted place in the woods, a statement which any one
acquainted with travel in a primeval Canadian forest will have no
reason to doubt.

Amongst those early settlers who followed Mr. Seebach were
Mr. George Kastner, Mr. Stoskopf, Mr. John Rohfreitsch and Mr.
Alexander Gourlay, all of whom located along the Huron road.
Mr. George Brunner was first to penetrate further north, settling
on lot 24, con. 3, in 1832. Excepting a limited section between
what is now Sebringville and Stratford, very few pioneers entered
this township until a period subsequent to 1840. In the municipal
records of 1843 a copy of the assessment roll contains the names
of all ratepayers liable to perform statute labor, which means
all male inhabitants over twenty-one then resident in Ellice. This
assessment also includes that portion of Stratford still a part of
the township. It was divided into nine road divisions, with a total
of 225 days. On those road lists were the names J. C. W. Daly,
J. A. McCarthy, John Sharman, Wm. Finder, Richard O Donnell,
Wm. C. Bryan, Alex. Scott, Daniel McPherson, Jno. Kastner, P.
Kastner, Geo. Switzer, Geo. Carragan, Alex. Gourlay, Jas.
Framcom, John Clyne, Anthony Goettler, Thos. Pearson, Wm.
Corragan, J. Jacob, M. Stoskopf, J. Webber, J. Brunner, Wm.
Studor, Mr. Seebach, Mr. Bartle, Mr. Rohfreitsch, A. Seebach, M.
Jacobs, F. Ash, J. Riel, Geo. Gortineer, John Hicks, John
Doersman, D. Brunner, C. Pfrimmer, G. Brunner, V. Pfrimmer,
Patrick Cashen, D. Phalen, Mr. Rowlands, Wm. Scott, Jas.
Cossey, John Quinlan, R. Mills, Chas. O Brien, Wm. Whitman,
and Thos. Reddie. Mr. J. C. W. Daly and M. Stoskopf had
the largest amount of statute labor, being ten days each.

In this township the trend of settlement was from the Huron
road northward, and excepting a portion around Kinkora, and a
section near Stratford composed of North of Ireland people, all are

280 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

German. It contains a large tract of splendid land, nearly all
under a high state of cultivation, excepting a portion on its east
ern boundary, known as the Ellice swamp. Its surface throughout
is level, slightly undulating, but in no section hilly, as in North
Easthope. Along its central part is the height of land between
Lakes Huron, Erie and St. Clair. From this township streams
flow south, west, and northeast, all having their source in that
great marsh which at one period existed on the eastern side. Vast
improvements have of late years been carried out by municipal
authority, in drainage, reclaiming large areas of fine land now
most productive. Although it is the source of many streams, it
cannot be said to have much running water, but this necessity can
be found in abundance a short distance beneath the surface.

Where a flat surface obtains road building material is usually
not plentiful. In this township deposits of gravel are not found
with such frequency as in those adjoining. This deficiency of
material has been overcome to a great extent, and roads in Ellice
are quite up to the standard of those in more favored sections.
Constructing bridges is not one of the demands on her municipal
exchequer, which in some municipalities forms a great portion of
the annual expenditure. This circumstance has enabled her public
men to make greater disbursements in road building, without
demanding heavier contributions from the people. Transportation,
since railway inception, has been convenient and easy of access.
Excellent facilities for shipping farm produce are afforded at
Stratford, Sebringville, Brunner, and Mitchell, on the B. & L. H.
and Stratford and Wiarton railroads. These important advan
tages have aided very much in developing the material resources
of this township.

A system of mixed farming has been adopted with success. On
small farms of 100 acres specialism is not a desirable method;
being so closely allied to speculative ideas, it ought always to be
avoided. No farmer should be a speculator either in his own
business or outside of it. The agriculturist here, as elsewhere,
has been quite successful by ordinary methods. These he has
modified from time to time in a manner commensurate with ever

ELLICE 281

changing conditions, which have been forced on him by extraneous
circumstances. That it has been productive of good results is
evident to any one. In Ellice are found excellent farm buildings,
fences, with other improvements, all indications of prosperity.
Characteristic of the German in Ellice is thrift, simplicity of every
day life, and uniform kindness to a stranger who comes within
their gates.

That they are of strong religious convictions is apparent from
the number of costly church edifices, whose appropriate style of
architecture, elaborate in design in many instances, are found
throughout settlements of this nationality. In sections entirely
composed of Germans, farm buildings are often found more pre
tentious than such accommodations amongst English speaking
people. A number of palatial dwellings, erected on farms in these
northern municipalities by Germans, indicate a lavish expenditure
of money, which one would think inconsistent with profit to an
average farmer or with that caution and economical rule of con
duct attributed to their German owners. Be that as it may, a man s
work is always a reflex of his mind, and his continuous operations
simply display his inner springs of thought developed into action,
and crystallized in a construction of material things. From a
financial standpoint great houses on the farm may not be profit
able, but there can be no doubt as to the elevating influence of
such fine structures on the farmer, his family, and those associated
with him in his calling. We are largely creatures of environment,
and if a farmer erects a beautiful dwelling place, indicating refine
ment in its construction, there is a strong tendency that the souls
of its inmates will partly become of the same character.

Ellice contains few villages, and none having any considerable
population. Sebringville, on the Huron Road, partly in Downie
and partly in Ellice, has priority of settlement as well as numbers.
A sketch of this place will be found in the local history of Downie,
to which the reader is referred.

Rostock, the capital, is a place of some importance, with a
population of 150, and contains a number of private residences,
with all the small industries peculiar to a country village. This

282 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

little commercial point was once known as Ellice Centre, and is
located on the loth and nth concession road at its intersection by
the centre road. Its first building- was a blacksmith s shop, kept
by Mr. Henry Maurer, erected in 1862; and during- that year a log
schoolhouse was constructed. At this period, also, a sawmill was
built by Mr. Elden Sebring-, which constituted Rostock till 1875.
During- this year Mr. Justus Kreuter erected the first store, and in
1877 a hotel was opened. Those old pioneers in this neighbour
hood who were first to enter the wilderness were Christian
Schenck in 1854, Frederick Buck, Elden Sebring-, Charles Freier,
Ernest Denstedt, Frederick Fisher, and Frederick Gall. At
present there are two g-eneral stores, one hotel, two blacksmiths
shops, a wag-g-on shop, two telephone offices, and several private
residences. There is also a very fine public school building-,
most creditable to so small a place.

Wartburg-, situate two and a-half miles South of Rostock, was
founded in 1857 by Mr. Richard Coulton, who built the first build
ing. Mr. Coulton was a school teacher, and an early settler. About
two years subsequent Mr. Henry Miller opened the first store, a
blacksmith s shop being opened previously. This hamlet, which
was originally named "Totness," and the seat of government for
several years, has not made great progress. At present there is
one general store, a hotel, a neat Evangelical Lutheran Church,
and a number of private residences. This place, like Rostock,
is surrounded by a wealthy agricultural community.

Gadshill, situated on the boundary line between North Easthope
and Ellice, is largely in the latter municipality. This hamlet was
founded by Henry Ratz, who built a sawmill subsequent to the
opening of the gravel road into Mornington. This highway was
constructed through a dense swamp its entire length, a dis
tance of ten miles. To a traveller passing over the road to-day
this statement will seem incredible. Improvement during twenty-
five years has so transformed this district that one can with difficulty
realize that such progress could have been possible in so short a
period of time. Being situated on a leading highway, within
easy distance of Stratford, this is a lively village. At present it

ELLICE 283

contains a saw mill, grist mill, hotel, blacksmith s shop, general
store, and still retains a fair measure of commercial importance.

Kinkora, two and a half miles west from Wartburg, has a store,
post office, and a very fine Catholic church. This place is
surrounded by an excellent agricultural country, affording
evidences of wealth amongst the farming- community.

Topping, and Brunner, a station on the Stratford & Huron
Railway, are points of not great importance so far. Both are
centres of a section of good land, and will doubtless in the near
future contain many of those industries peculiar to rural districts.

Ellice has several churches of elegant design, and consequently
of substantial material. Amongst these must be accorded pre
cedence to the Roman Catholic at Kinkora. This congregation is
an old one, being organized by that great apostle of Catholicism
in Perth County, Rev. Father Schneider. Prior to this mission
being opened, no clergyman resided nearer than Stratford or St.
Columban. Rev. Father Kenney, from the former place, subse
quent to Father Schneider s removal, held occasional services in
the shanty of some pioneer. Father Crinnon, who afterwards
became Bishop of Hamilton, followed Father Kenney as first
pastor. During his administration a frame church was erected,
in which services were held until 1882. Thirty years ago the now
venerable Father O Neill was inducted into this congregation,
and during his long and successful ministrations much good has
been accomplished. At this period many Catholic people in this
section had become wealthy, and they decided that a new edifice
should be erected, more in keeping with their advanced social
condition. In 1882, therefore, was erected the finest rural church
edifice in Perth County, at a cost of $30,000. Its front elevation
contains a fine oriel window of transparent glass. On the north
side rises the tower, surmounted by a spire, harmonizing its
exterior. The interior is elaborate in detail, and beautiful in
design. There is a large vestibule, whose roof or ceiling is
supported by a group of lancet-shaped arches resting on fluted
columns, among which faintly falls a subdued light from translu
cent windows. Passing into the auditorium, a row of columns

284 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

extends on the north and south sides through the building. From
these columns arches spring right and left, supporting a deeply-
groined roof. A pipe organ forms a beautiful background to the
choir over the vestibule, at the main entrance. There are con
nected with this congregation 105 families. Amongst the old
pioneers who were largely instrumental in promoting this work
were John, Peter, and Joseph Stock; Patrick Collins, Lawrence
Crowley, Peter Connelly, Patrick Flynn, John, Patrick, and
Robert Kelly; Robert and Jos. Brown; Wm. Gaunt and Cornelius
Kennedy. Father O Neil is still in charge of the congregation.

East of Kinkora two and a half miles, in Wartburg, is the
second Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John (Missouri
Synod), which was set apart in 1856 from that established at
Seebach s Hill. Rev. Mr. Hengrer, its first minister, on appli
cation to the Canada Co y, was presented with a site for a church.
The founder of this mission, as well as several others in Ellice, was
Dr. Anthony Schaffraneck, who was really the apostle of Evan
gelical Lutheran Christianity in this district. The present church
building was erected in 1883, at a cost of $2,000. Its member
ship has increased rapidly, from a few families in 1858, until, under
Rev. Mr. Oldenburg s ministrations, they now number 250 souls.
A Sabbath school, superintended by Mr. Bruckman, has an aver
age attendance of 40 pupils. Mr. Oldenburg also conducts a
young people s class every Saturday.

In Rostock, two and a half miles north of Wartburg, is the
Evangelical Association of Zion s Church. This congregation was
organized in 1865 by Rev. Mr. Spies, and a church erected. The
promoters of this movement were Messrs. Heller, Ballantyne,
Knechtel, Sebring and Passmore. In 1902, before this work can
be published, a new brick structure will be completed at a cost of
$3,000. This congregation now numbers about 125 souls, and is
under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Grenzebach. A Sabbath school,
with an average attendance of 85 pupils, is conducted by Mr.
William Schenck, superintendent.

Northwest of Rostock two and a half miles, on Lot 15, Con. 12,
is St. Paul s Evangelical Lutheran Church, Canada Synod. This

ELLICE 285

congregation was organized in 1862 by Dr. Schaffraneck, and em
braced about 15 families. Service was held in a school house
and in settlers shanties until 1868, when a church was erected.
Progress in this congregation was rapid both in wealth and num
bers. In 1894, the pioneer building was found inadequate to ac-
comodate an ever increasing number of \vorshipers, and a new
brick edifice was constructed. This is an imposing building,
costing over $8,000. In the tower, which is surmounted by a
graceful spire, are two bells. One of these is great and deep-toned,
the other smaller. I may be permitted to state here that these
bells are utilized to perpetuate a very beautiful old custom brought
from Germany, and thus transplanted in Canadian woods. Here
now it remains to remind old pioneers of events that transpired
mayhap in years long gone by. It may be that on a quiet Sabbath
morning, when rural life is hushed, that the deep solemn tones of
the great bell are heard, like a knell over woodland, vale and
stream, falling on the most remote home of those who wor
ship at St. Paul s. In plaintive notes, tolled at intervals, it pro
claims that death has entered the home of some aged one, who on
Sabbath days had knelt at the same alter in years gone by, and
removed hence a loved one who will return no more. When the
second or smaller one is tolled, it indicates that some youthful one
has been returned, and a soul so lately given has been again restor
ed. At the hour of service on Sabbath, or on occasions of
rejoicing over happy events, both bells ring out merrily. This
beautiful custom is worthy all honor in its observance, and might
well be imitated by all congregations of professing Christians.
Under Rev. Mr. Plunck, present minister, great progress is being
made, having an attendance of about 500 souls. A Sabbath
school, with an average attendance of 100 pupils, and a young
peoples class of 75 scholars, is also conducted by the minister.

An old congregation in this county is that of the Evangelical
Association at Sebringville. This mission was established in 1840
by Rev. Mr. Harlacher, who held meetings amongst a few Ger
man families who located in this neighborhood. Those few mem
bers who founded this congregation were Jacob and George

286 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Schweitzer, C. Zimmerman, George Kaercher, John and Andrew
Goetz and David Sebring. Subsequent to its establishment, a
Sabbath school was opened, which has the honour of being- the
first Sabbath school in Perth County. With an influx of settlers
its members increased in number, when a log building was erect
ed in 1845. Previous to constructing this church, services were
held in the shanty of some pioneer. In 1855, a new frame build
ing was erected, the former structure being insufficient to accom
modate the people. Its first stationed minister was Rev. Mr.
Bastian, under whose charge great progress was made. Subse
quently a fine brick edifice was built, at a cost of $5,500, where
services are now held by Rev. C. S. Finkbeiner, its membership
being 176. This old Sabbath .school has made equal progress
with the congregation, having an attendance of 225 pupils, under
Mr. Jacob Litt as superintendent.

Nearly 70 years ago the Mother German Church of this section
was organized at Seebach s Hill. A number of families from
Alsace had settled along the Huron road, and in 1835 the first
Evangelical Lutheran St. John s Church was founded in Ellice
with a membership of about fifteen families. This was one of the
first four congregations in this county, the church at Sebastopol,
St. Andrew s, Stratford, and St. Joseph s Catholic Church, Strat
ford, being the other three. Services were held every Sunday.
In 1836, F. A. Horn was placed in charge, remaining four years.
During this pastorate a church was built of logs 22 ft. by 18 ft.,
on a piece of land donated by Mr. Andrew Seebach. Mr. Horn
preached also at Kastnerville. In January, 1840, this gentleman
was succeeded by Rev. August Kelterborn. During this pastorate,
which continued until 1852, a new church was built somewhat
larger than the old log one, being 40 by 30 feet. In 1853 Rev.
T. W. Tuerk was placed in charge, who worked acceptably for
several years, when he began to teach Swedenborgianism, and
was compelled to resign. Rev. Mr. Hengrer, a faithful and good
man, was next called in 1857, remaining till 1872, when he was
succeeded by Rev. Mr. H. Succop, " Missouri Synod." During
1857 a new constitution or " Kirchen-Ordnung " was accepted.

ELLICE 287

This document is signed by Rev. Wm. Hengerer and 133 others,
nearly all having- families. A great number of those whose names
are appended to this paper became members of those missions at
Wartburg, Rostock, Mitchell, Logan, and Stratford, where there
are now elegant churches. During 1861 the "Canada Synod"
was organized, when this congregation, with Rev. Mr. Hengerer,
joined that body. In 1862 the present edifice was erected at a
cost of $2,500. Its situation is beautiful, crowning as it does the
highest point of land in this county. The building itself is 60 by
40 feet, with a spire of nearly 100 feet, which can be seen for a
long distance away. This congregation, now under the ministra
tions of Rev. W. Weinback since 1887, is prosperous, having an
attendance of 550 souls. In the Sabbath school are 98 children
under Nicholas Seebach as superintendent, who has several
assistants in his work. There is also a bible class conducted by
the minister.

Trinity Church, at Sebringville, was organized by Rev. E. Pat
terson, Anglican minister at Stratford, in 1875. Its principal pro
moters were Messrs. Pearson, Coulton, Hamilton, Moore, and
Ruston, who opened a mission in 1872. At its organization as a
congregation there was a membership of 30, which, in 1902 had
increased to 70. In 1887 a comfortable building was erected at a
cost of $1,400, where Rev. D. Deacon, now pastor, holds service.
There is a good Sabbath school in connection with the church,
under Mrs. Mason as superintendent, having an average attendance
of between 30 and 40 pupils.

The local municipal history of Ellice begins in 1842. There is
no record of any meeting being held this year, but one, no doubt,
had been held, as an extract from a letter sent by the district
clerk indicates. This circular, dated May 18, 1842, at Goderich,
says, "I have the honour to communicate to you the following
resolution, and request your immediate attention to the same.
That the councillors for their respective divisions direct where
and how the statute labor of said division shall be performed to
the best advantage.

"That no pathmaster shall be allowed to take commutation

18

288 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

money for statute labor coming into his hands, and lay the same
out at his discretion, but all moneys received by them shall be paid
to the township clerk, and expended by the councillor on estimates
received."

From this letter, therefore, it is evident that local government
had been introduced. At a meeting- of ratepayers held in John
Sharman s hotel, Stratford, on January 2, 1843, "the acting-
clerk laid before them a statement of accounts for 1842, show
ing that he had received no money during the year, and, of
course, had not spent any." This very satisfactory announcement
having been made of their financial condition, they proceeded to
elect officers. Mr. Daniel McPherson was chosen clerk; Peter
Kastner, assessor; Henry Studer, collector; John McCarthy and
Andrew Seebach, poundkeepers. Alex Gourlay, Peter Kastner,
John Sharman, A. McCarthy and Thos. Reddie, were elected
school commissioners; Alexander Scott, Wm. Finder, and Anthony
Goettler, town wardens. Mr. Sebring, whose name appears as a
district councillor in 1842, held that position again in 1843. Nine
pathmasters were also elected. By-laws regarding fences and
cattle running at large were adopted, when the meeting
adjourned.

In 1844 the annual meeting was held at Andrew Seebach s
house, by virtue of a warrant from the magistrates, when the
following officers were elected: Andrew Seebach, district council
lor; Daniel McPherson, clerk; Henry Studer, assessor; John
Kastner, collector; Geo. Brunner, Wm. Pinder, and Jacob
Weber, town wardens. Alex Gourlay, chairman.

In 1845 a meeting of ratepayers was held at the tavern of John
Sharman, when Daniel McPherson was elected councillor and
town clerk ; Thomas Reddy, assessor ; Stewart Campbell, col
lector ; Jacob Weber, John Sharman, Patrick Cashin, town
wardens.

"The existing by-laws were allowed to stand as formerly, except
pigs, which are not allowed as free commoners from the ist of
July to the ist of October."

In 1846 the town meeting was held in the tavern of John Hicks,

ELLICE 289

Stratford. The town clerk presented his accounts, which were
examined and found correct. The following- officers were elected :
Stewart Campbell, clerk ; Patrick Cashin, assessor ; Alexander
Gourlay, collector ; Michael Crowley, Jacob Weber, John Shar-
man, Thomas Reddy, and George Martin, wardens.

In 1847 the town meeting- was also held in Stratford, when
Stewart Campbell was ag-ain elected clerk ; Patrick Crowley,
assessor ; Alexander Gourlay, collector ; Philip McClosky, John
Sharman, William Pinder, George Barthel, Michael Crowley, and
Robert Henry, wardens. At this meeting- two important resolu
tions were carried as illustrating- the effect of a few years of partial
self government by the people, in their demanding from the
supreme authority " an acquiescence in such legislation as they,
the people, considered to be in their interest." Mr. McPherson,
as district councillor, was instructed to lay before the council the
desire of the people, that the town meeting should always be held
at Seebach s, and not as the whim of the magistrates may direct.
The council at Goderich was also asked to publish a financial
statement of their affairs, "and that forthwith." These resolu
tions were transmitted to the Clerk of the Peace with other
minutes of this meeting.

In 1848, at the town meeting, Mr. Stewart Campbell was
again elected clerk; Patrick Crowley, assessor; Michael Crowley,
collector; John Dempsey, William Moore, John Hays, wardens.

In 1849 Stewart Campbell was elected clerk; Patrick Crowley,
assessor; Michael Crowley, collector; John Sharman, John Parker,
and James Hamilton, wardens. This meeting- was held at the
tavern of Thos. Douglas, Stratford. During- the summer of this
year, Mr. McPherson, who had been district councillor since he
resigned his position as clerk, died, and John Sharman, at a
meeting held on the 25th day of September, was chosen as
councillor for the balance of the term.

The first meeting of ratepayers in Ellice, under our present
municipal system, was held at Mrs. Douglas tavern (Farmers
hotel), Stratford, in January, 1850, Stewart Campbell, clerk, in
the chair. At this meeting Andrew Seebach, Georg-e Brunner,

2QO HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

John Sebring, Robert Henry, and Alexander Gourlay were
declared elected as the first council of Ellice. Mr. John Sebring
refusing to accept, Mr. Peter Reid, of Stratford, was chosen.

A statement of accounts, submitted in 1843, shewed Mr.
McPherson, clerk, to have received ^9, ys., 6d., from Mr. Hall,
of St. Catharines, civil engineer, as a grant "to this township for
the repair of roads and bridges, under the Act 7, of William IV."
This was disbursed by John Sebring and Thos. Reddy. In 1845
the clerk received from London district 12, is., od. These sums
were expended on public improvements. On March gth, 1850,
council again met and passed by-laws fixing rates to be paid for
hotel licenses. Mrs. Douglas, "Farmers Inn," Stratford, ^7,
IDS. ; Jas. McCauly, "Stratford Inn," ^7, ros. ; Exchange hotel,
Ellice, 6; and a beer shop, Stratford, ^5. In February a by-law
was passed regulating officers salaries, the clerk receiving 1 ^6;
treasurer, ^4; superintendent of schools, 1, 55.; auditors, ten
shilling s each ; assessors, 4 per cent, on all monies collected ;
collector, 5 per cent, on all moneys collected. Mr. John Coulton
was appointed assessor for Morning-ton, then annexed to Ellice
for municipal purposes. By-laws were also passed reg-ulating
pounds and poundkeepers, with fees and charges made in the
discharge of their duties.

Mr. Stewart Campbell, then clerk, has entered in his record
two important documents which enable us to comprehend the
material wealth of Ellice in 1851. From copies of assessment for
that year, real property is rated at $142,000 ; personal, $19,000 ;
number of horses, 102, value $5,700 ; number of cattle, 798,
value $13,200. It is not too much to say, that at present a
dozen of ordinary farmers are possessed of a greater amount of
wealth in cattle and horses than the whole township could boast
of in 1851. Rates levied were, for county, ^ of a penny per ;
township rate, ^ per , ; lunatic asylum, 6d. per 100 ; debt ^
P er > gravel roads, ^ per ; County of Perth, ^ per .
The total amount on this roll was ^225, or $890. Mr.
Peter Kastner was highest rated, contributing ^5, 35., yd., or a
little over $21, while Mr. Augustus Kellerman enriched the

ELLICE 2 9 X

municipal treasury by a contribution of four pence halfpenny, or 9

cents.

The total number of taxpayers was 244. During this year
steps were also taken towards opening- a road to the township of
Mornington. As will be noticed in the local history of that
municipality, settlement was rapidly taking place about this time,
and, although only ten miles from Stratford, it was as effectually
shut off by the Ellice swamp as if it were fifty miles away. This
agitation eventually resulted in the construction of the northern
gravel road from Stratford to Mornington, a work of great
advantage to both, and did much towards a unification of feeling
in the northern municipalities with those of the south.

Ellice was no exception to other townships in the early days, in
those difficulties attending the arrangement and definition of
school section boundaries. The new council of 1850 had no
sooner taken their places than a flood of petitions were placed
before them, praying for sweeping alterations in the boundaries of
school districts. At this meeting the whole artillery of the rate
payer was directed point blank at unoffending representatives,
who, alternately swayed by their sense of honesty and personal
interest, were in a sad quandary, which generally ended in
political decapitation. It was not for many years that belligerents
in the various sections became like some volcanoes, inactive, and
accepted present conditions. In this township there are now
eleven school sections, six of which are unions. There is also
a separate school. In each of those school districts excellent
buildings have been founded for the comfort and accommodation
of pupils, and highly creditable to the taste and liberality of

the people.

At a meeting in February, 1852, the council considered a by-law
regarding tavern licenses, limiting their number to four, indem
nity for the right to sell remaining as before. The Municipal Act
of 1850 had a marked influence on the people of this township.
No sooner had they assumed the responsibility of local self
government than such an expansion in regard to public
improvements took place as never would have arisen under that

2 9 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

sucking- bottle system of Governor Head s favourite method. At
this meeting- a motion was carried ordering- Mr. Wm. Rath,
P. L.S., to make a survey of the boundary line between Ellice and
North Easthope, preparatory to constructing- a gravel road to
Morning-ton. The reeve was also instructed, after proper
investigation, to subscribe 10 or 1$ towards making- a survey
for a railroad from Guelph, through Stratford, westward. A
statement of assessment in Morning-ton was submitted to the
board, showing- the total as being- $77,000, or less than ten one
hundred acre farms and their stock would be worth at this pres
ent day. In 1855 the council instructed their clerk to procure a
township seal, "Device a Plough." On August 3 rd, 1855, a
meeting of ratepayers was called to approve or disapprove by
their votes of a county by-law granting ^,"30,000 to the Buffalo,
Brantford and Goderich Railway. For some cause or other little
interest was manifested in this important measure, only 12 voting
for and 9 against it. It may appear surprising that such apathy
should be shown towards a step which was to affect them to
so great an extent as a railroad -entering Stratford. As a matter
of fact, they were so overwhelmingly in favor of such a scheme
that none supposed there could be opposition to a movement
which must largely increase the price of every acre of land in
Ellice.

In March, 1859, a by-law was passed to borrow $1,200 from a
fund set apart by the county to procure seed for poor settlers,
who had lost their crop the year previous. In this respect they
were like other municipalities, nearly all requiring aid from this
fund. Applicants in this township numbered 84, and received
seed valued at $1,092. During 1864 a further sum was granted
to poor settlers, amounting to $143. These loans indicate some
unfortunate results which may arise from pursuit of specialism
in agriculture. Failure may occur at any time, and when a
farmer devotes his time to a specialty, failure in that department
must be followed by disaster. At that period in our agricultural
history settlers were compelled to grow wheat. Many of our
mportant products of to-day had then no commercial value.

ELLICE 293

Stern necessity has no law, and if early settlers were all specialists
in wheat growing, a struggling pioneer had to adopt that method
which brought the quickest return. His circumstances, rather
than his inclination, were his masters for the time being, and, like
a soulless taskmaster, scourged him without mercy.

In March, 1876, Mr. James Corcoran, of Stratford, was present,
and presented a draft of a petition to the Hon. Commissioner of
Public Works of Ontario, asking that steps be taken towards
draining that great swamp in Ellice. This movement resulted in
opening up what is known as the "Corcoran drain," and led to an
issue of debentures, a short time subsequently, amounting to
$8,000, for drainage purposes. Thus was inaugurated a system
of public works in Ellice which has brought a marvellous im
provement to a large section.

Ellice, till this present time, has contributed over $60,000 to
drainage works, and on the roll of 1901 $5,000 was collected for
this part of public expenditure alone. While many difficulties
have arisen in prosecuting these improvements, her public men
have persevered steadily onward. No one can say but that great
advantages have been gained, and of vastly greater import than
any expenditure incurred in their prosecution. In Logan, Elma
and Ellice, immense sums have been expended in drainage
improvements. If, therefore, these townships are now in many ways
equal to those in the south, it has been accomplished in spite of
great natural disadvantages, and "paid for with a price." When
we compare the financial condition of Ellice, Logan, Elma, and to
some extent, Mornington, with those southern municipalities,
their self-imposed burdens are certainly very great. While the
railway debt of Ellice is not heavy, beyond that portion of her
obligation in common with others in the county indebtedness, her
expenditure in drainage has been large. Her liabilities for these
debentures are now about $25,000.

We believe a time is now close at hand when what was known
as the great marsh in Ellice will be productive of much wealth to
this county. By manufacturing its deposits of peat into fuel, as
now being introduced, employment will be furnished to a large

294 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

number of men, thereby creating- a circulation of capital. There
are several thousand acres of peat beds, a railroad passing- through
their entire length. These are equal for fuel to any such deposits
in Canada. An attempt was made a few years ago to manipulate
this peat as an article of commerce. Inadaptability in machinery
employed rendered this unsuccessful. It proved, however, that
a quality of goods could be produced equal to coal for heating
purposes, and at much lower rates. If manufacturing- can
be accomplished, by an adaptation of more powerful machinery,
the importance of these deposits cannot be over estimated.
At present arrangements are being carried out with improved
appliances which, it is hoped, will in a short time develop this
industry.

Population in Ellice has, as in other municipalities, decreased,
being- now 2,789. Taxes on the roll of 1901 were $21,195. Of
this sum 85,300 was for schools, and nearly a similar amount for
drainage. The total assessment on real property in the year was
$1,644,242.

Nearly every acre of land excepting the peat deposits is avail
able for agriculture. This has been larg-ely brougfht about by a
judicious expenditure of public funds in drainage and other
improvements in what was once considered waste lands.

A spirit of emulation is noticeable in this township in those
matters of farm buildings, churches, schools and roads throughout
every section. This is an excellent characteristic, and no people
can be great without it. Associated with discretion, it is produc
tive of much g-ood, and lies at the very root of human progress.

In 1844 Ellice contained 528 inhabitants, including a portion of
Stratford, and had 1,511 acres under cultivation. In 1850 the
population had increased to 1,319, having 4,036 acres under
cultivation. In 1849 it produced 15,000 bush, wheat, 16,000
bush oats, 12,000 bush potatoes, 12,000 bush turnips, 23,000
Ibs. maple sugar, and 26,000 Ibs. butter. Population in 1862,
2,616, Stratford being- withdrawn.

Township officers of Ellice :

Reeves. 1850, Robt. Henry; 1851-3, Alex. Gourlay; 1854-5, R.

ELLICE 295

Henry; 1856, Patrick Crowley; 1857-9, John Kastner; 1860, John
Pearson; 1861-4, John Kastner; 1865-6, John Pearson; 1867-9,
John Kastner; 1870-2, Jacob Brunner; 1873, William Baumbach;
1874-6, Patrick McDonald; 1877-83, James Bennoch; 1884-9,
Andrew Kuhry; 1890-1, Philip Siebert; 1892-3, A. Kuhry; 1894-
1900, George Goetz; 1901-2, Albert Schenck.

Deputy Reeves. 1864 (first deputy), Mortimer Hishon; 1865,
J. Kastner; 1866, David Smith; 1867-9, Jacob Brunner; 1870-1,
Joseph Miller; 1872, Wm. Baumbach; 1873, Patrick McDonald;
1874, J. Miller; 1875-7, Wm. Suhring; 1878, Timothy Murray;
1879-82, Henry Vogt; 1883, A. Kuhry; 1884-8, P. Siebert; 1889,
J. Brunner; 1890-1, J. P. O Brien; 1892-3, Geo. Goetz; 1894-5,
Robt. Armstrong; 1896-8, Albert Schenck.

Clerks. 1850-68, Stewart Campbell; 1869-98, John Pearson;
1899-1902, Justus Kreuter.

Treasurers. 1850-68, Stewart Campbell; 1869-71, Robt. Henry;
1872, Andrew Goetz; 1873-9, Edward Brown; 1880-1, Theobald
Litt; 1882-95, Wm. Suhring; 1996-9, Robert Brown; 1900-2,
James J. Brown.

Assessors. - - 1850, Patrick Crowley, Richard Coulton, John
Coulton; 1851, P. Crowley, R. Coulton; 1852-4, P. Crowley; 1855,
John Pearson; 1856, John Malloy; 1857, Ezekiel Henry; 1858, R.
Coulton; 1859, Daniel McLean; 1860, R. Coulton; 1861, John
Stock; 1862, D. McLean; 1863, Andrew Goetz; 1864, William
Hickey; 1865, Jacob Brunner; 1866, Patrick McDonald; 1867-8,
Wm. Hickey; 1869, Patrick Hogan; 1870, Wm. Suhring; 1871,
Patrick Kelly; 1872, Wm. Suhring; 1873, Daniel Mahoney; 1874,
P. Kelly; 1875, F. L. Mennig; 1876, Andrew Goetz; 1877, Chas.
Stock; 1878-9, Geo. Barthel; 1880, G. Goetz; 1881, Henry Foley;
1882, Peter Kastner, jr.; 1883, Thos. Riley; 1884, Bryan Mc
Donald; 1885-7, G. Goetz; 1888-90, Paschal Pigeon; 1891. John
Kelly; 1892, B. McDonald; 1893, George Barthel; 1894, Jacob
Brunner; 1895, P. Pigeon; 1896-7, J. Brunner; 1898-9, Jacob
Litt; 1900, Patrick McDonnell; 1901-2, James McDonnell.

Collectors. 1850, Jas. Hamilton; 1851, John Kastner; 1852-3,
John Pearson; 1854, Jas. Hill; 1855, Patrick Writt; 1856, Wm.

296 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Hickey; 1857, J. Hill; 1858, David Smith; 1859, Henry Kennedy;
1860, D. Smith; 1861, Tobias Murphy; 1862, Patrick Hishon;

1863, James Fitzgibbon; 1864, Florence Malloy; 1865, William
Sebring; 1866, J. Brunner; 1867-8, W. Sebring; 1869, William
Suhring; 1870-2, Jeremiah Crowley; 1873, A. Goetz; 1874, F.
Malloy; 1875, J. Crowley; 1876, John Malloy; 1877, Geo. Brick-
man; 1878, John Robb; 1879-80, John Kelly; 1881, Geo. Neigh;
1882, Geo. Kaercher; 1883, John Yungblut; 1884, Geo. Goetz;
1885-:, Jos. Stock; 1888-92, John Yungblut; 1893-4, John Kelly;
1895, G. Brickman; 1896-98, Patrick McDonnell; 1899, Wm. J.
Henry; 1900-2, Louis Brunner.

Auditors. 1850, Richard Coulton, Duncan McGregor; 1851,
John Pearson, R. Coulton; 1852, James Woods, Alwyn Sebring;
l8 53> J- Woods, T. A. Sebring; 1854, W. Hickey, D. Mahoney;
1857, Samuel Rollin Hesson, Daniel McLean; 1858, D. McLean,
S. R. Hesson; 1859, S. R. Hesson, Michael Walsh; 1860-2, F. L.
Mennig, Patrick Doeherty; 1863, P. J. Horgan, F. L. Mennig;

1864, F. L. Mennig, Peter Kelly; 1865, D. McLean, F. L. Mennig;
1866-7, D. McLean, P. J. Horgan; 1868, D. McLean, Patrick
Murphy; 1869, Thos. Brown, F. L. Mennig; 1870, A. Goetz, T.
Brown; 1871-2, T. Hishon, P. J. Horgan; 1873, D. McLean, Wm.
Bollert; 1874, Wm. Bollert, P. Hishon; 1875, D. McLean, Wm.
Bollert; 1876-7, D. Haragan, D. McLean; 1878, John Haragan,
D. McLean; 1879-80, F. L. Mennig, D. McLean; 1881, Charles
Dahms, D. McLean; 1882, F. L. Mennig, D. McLean; 1883, T.
Brown, F. L. Mennig; 1884, Justus Kreuter, T. Brown; 1885-7,
T. Brown, P. Pigeon; 1888, Jacob Herr, T. Brown; 1889, D.
Haragan, D. McLean; 1890, J. Herr, T. Brown; 1891-2, Jacob
Litt, T. Brown; 1893, Jas. Crawford, J. Litt; 1894-5, J- Litt, T.
Brown; 1896, J. Litt, Wm. Ruston; 1897-8, W. Ruston, W. H.
Coulton; 1899, W. Ruston, F. Siebert; 1900-1, W. Ruston, W.
H. Coulton; 1902, W. H. Coulton, Joseph Quinlan.

Councillors. 1850, Andrew Seebach, G. Brunner, Alex. Gour-
lay, Robt. Reid; 1851, Jacob Weber, D. Haragan, Peter Reid,
Robt. Henry; 1852, P. Reid, John Sebring, Peter Kastner, J.
Weber; 1853, P. Kastner, James Whaley, J. Sebring, P. Reid;

ELLICE 297

1854, John Hays, Jos. Miller, J. Weber, Samuel Henry; 1855,
John Stock, Henry Kennedy, J. Hays, Michael O Brien; 1856,
J. Stock, Wm. Whalen, Wm. Hearsnip, John Cavanagh; 1857,
J. Pearson, J. Miller, P. Kastner, J. Cavanagh; 1858, P. Kastner,
J. Pearson, J. Miller, Peter Foley; 1859, J. Pearson, P. Kastner,
P. Foley, Andrew Seebach; 1860, P. Brown, J. Kastner, Morti
mer Hishon, Jacob Brunner; 1861-2, J. Pearson, J. Cavanagh, M.
Hishon, J. Brunner; 1863, J. Pearson, Jos. Dennis, David Smith,
J. Cavanagh; 1864, J. Pearson, D. Smith, John Malloy, sr. ; 1865,
J. Dennis, D. Smith, John Quinlan; 1866, P. Stock, J. Miller, J.
Quinlan; 1867, P. Stock, J. Cavanagh, Henry Studer; 1868, H.
Studer, P. Stock, J. Miller; 1869, David Sebring, P. Stock, Pat
rick McDonald; 1870, D. Sebring, P. McDonald, Wm. Baumbach;
1871, P. McDonald, W. Baumbach, Ed. McCaffrey; 1872, P. Mc
Donald, Timothy Murray, Thos. Brown; 1873, Jas. McPherson,
John Carty, T. Brown; 1874, Thos. Brown, T. Murray, Patrick
Lennon; 1875, T. Brown, August Baumbach, T. Murray; 1876,
W. McCaffrey, T. Murray, H. Vogt; 1877-8, Jeremiah Crowley,
Wm. McCaffrey, H. Vogt; 1879-81, Christian Werner, Andrew
Kuhry, Francis Ruston; 1882, C. Werner, Philip Siebert, Ezekiel
Miller; 1883, P. Siebert, R. Armstrong, Thos. Keefe ; 1884,
D. L. Kastner, T. Keefe, R. Armstrong; 1885-7, w - H . Coulton,
D. L. Kastner, J. P. O Brien; 1888, W. H. Coulton, J. P. OBrien,
W. Soeder; 1889, W. H. Coulton, Geo. Goetz, W. Soeder; 1890,
George Goetz, Henry Foley, W. H. Coulton 1891, W. H.
Coulton, G. Goetz, Justus Kreuter ; 1882-3, W. H. Coulton, H.
Foley, J. Kreuter ; 1894, J. Kreuter, H. Foley, Wm. Simpson ;
1895, H. Foley, John Yungblut, W. Simpson; 1896, John. Kelly, W.
Simpson, C. Werner; 1897, J- Kreuter, John Kelly, W. Simp
son ; 1898, J. Kelly, H. Foley, D. Smith ; 1899-1900, J. Kelly,
H. Foley, Albert Shenck, D. Smith ; 1901, H. Foley, \Vm. J.
Henry, J. Kelly, D. Smith ; 1902, Michael Crowley, J. Kelly,
W. J. Henry, George Brickman.

CHAPTER XVIII.

NORTH EASTHOPE

North Easthope is situated on the extreme eastern limit of Perth
County. Although first settlement did not take place in this
municipality, it has priority over all others in having at an early
day a population whose influence and numbers were such as to
give the name "Perth" to this new section of country. A very
large proportion of those pioneers who came into North Easthope
were from Perthshire, Scotland. With that distinctive love of
country peculiar to their nation, they determined to perpetuate
as far as possible memories still dear to them. Fond recollections
still went back to Scotland with its hills and glens, and from those
feelings " Perth " received its name.

In 1829 the first concession of North Easthope was surveyed by
John McDonald ; a further portion in 1832 ; the whole being com
pleted in 1835. Its total acreage as stated in the field notes is
44,642, and was named in honour of John Easthope, of the Canada
Company. Situated near to those older settlements lying east
ward, and its soil being desirable for agricultural purposes, it had
for several years a preponderance in population. In 1841, when
a parliamentary election took place, this township had five voters,
who walked to Goderich to vote for Mr. Dunlop, the anti-Family
Compact candidate. These electors, who were also first free
holders, were Rev. Daniel Allan, John Stewart, Alex, and John
Crerar, and John Whitney. It must not be forgotten that the
number of votes in a municipality at that period was no indication
of its population. In those dark days of an oligarchy that drove
Mr. McKenzie to rebellion in his struggle for Canadian rights and
liberty, those only could vote who had a deed of their property.

NORTH EASTHOPE OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. Julius Cook, Reeve. 2. W. F. Paterson, Collector. 3. John A. Fraser,
Councillor. 4. James Hastings, Councillor. 5. John C. Cook, Councillor. 6.
James McGillawee. Treasurer. 7. George Merrylees, Assessor. 8. J. D. Fisher.
Clerk. 9. Alexander McDonald, Councillor.

NORTH EASTHOPE 30 1

These privileges arising from land tenure had been transplanted
into Canada from Britain, and it required the blood ot several of
her patriot men, with long- years of bitter political warfare, to pluck
them up, root and branch. The Act of 1841 was like the bud on
a young- sapling, to which Governor Head was pleased to refer, as
he placed his signature to that important piece of legislation, that
he was creating " suckling republics." Nine years later came the
full grown tree in the Act of 1850. These "suckling republics "
have produced stalwart men in municipal government, and have
done more for Canada than Head and those around him tramping
like gin horses in the narrow circle of an effete feudalism could ever
have accomplished.

The surface of this township is varied in aspect. Its soil is
everywhere good. On its eastern side the land is undulating rather
than level ; in its central parts it is hilly. These, in some places,
rise to a considerable height, giving a picturesque appearance to
that district. Westward, the surface again becomes undulating,
gradually subsiding to level near the boundary line of Ellice.

The predominating nationality in a large section of North East-
hope is Scotch, who naturally introduced that method of agricul
ture prevailing in the old land. Circumstances in connection with
pioneer life determined them to adopt the cultivation of wheat,
as giving a quick return for their labour. In its adaptability for
the growth of this cereal, North Easthope could not be excelled.
This was a great advantage in those years, to which may be
attributed its rapid progress, rather than to particular qualities in
the people themselves. They also had an advantage in priority of
settlement, their goods finding a ready market for several years
from those settlers moving north and west. This was particularly
so in the case of oxen and cattle. For farm products of this
description there was no export demand at this time, nor for
several years subsequently. Cereals had to be hauled to Gait or
Lake Ontario in many instances, with oxen, occupying over a week
each trip. Farmers in this municipality were not slow in adapt
ing themselves to those innovations that have from time to time
broken in on what was old established principles. That agricul-

302 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

ture has reached a high state of perfection in North Easthope is
apparent from the fact that Mr. George Hyde on two occasions
carried off the medal awarded by the Government for the best
kept farm in this western district, embracing- several counties.
This distinguished recognition of advanced agriculture in Perth
County is an honor appreciated by all.

The Germans, who are largely settled in the eastern portion of
North Easthope, are quite equal to their Scotch neighbours in
advanced agriculture, and are by no means backward in intro
ducing those new methods which have been found advantageous in
their calling.

In nearly every section water is plentiful, and, as in hilly
countries, springs are more numerous than in other townships in
Perth County.

In material for constructing good roads it has an inexhaustible
supply. Through every section, except a small portion on the
west side, roads are excellent. In certain places construction has
been effected with some difficulty. Hills have been cut away and
valleys levelled up, making easy gradients, over which surplus
farm products can be removed without hardship. The road
extending from Shakespeare to Nithburg is an old highway.
Previous to constructing the Northern Gravel road through a
dense swamp, which at that time defied every effort of the hardy
pioneer, it was a leading road. Ingress and egress to and from
what was known as "The Queen s Bush" and our northern town
ships was over this highway. The necessities for rest and refresh
ments by pioneer travellers led to numerous houses of public
entertainment being erected for their comfort and convenience.
Although those old bushmen were not by any means travelling
through a dry, parched land, wherein no waters be, still they
required a stronger stimulant than water. Potations required to
be prompt and effective in action, to sustain them on their weary
journey in quest of fortune and a home. To enable them, there
fore, to obtain their libations with frequency and regularity, a
hotel was established on every cross-road from Shakespeare to
Nithburg. In those places were obtained copious draughts of a

NORTH EASTHOPE 303

vitalizing- fluid that had not a single headache in a barrel of it.
This infused new life and energy into the recipient, enabling- him
to proceed on his way rejoicing. At next corner a further
augmentation of spirituous energy produced a corresponding
elevation of soul. This again resulted in an inspiration which
found vent in songs, w r hich were rendered with such tremendous
force and energy as sacrificed all indication of melody, if any
such existed. So he plodded on with his oxen, a fine illustration
of Burns lines :

Kings might he blest, but Tarn was glorious;
O er all the ills o life victorious.

Notwithstanding the fact that scarcely a mile of railway has
been constructed in this municipality, a great portion of it is
convenient to railway facilities. The G. T. R., with stations at
Shakespeare and Stratford, affords excellent advantages for ship
ment of goods. The Stratford & Huron railway has a station at
Brunner, where farm produce from Topping and surrounding
country can be shipped. To these points, therefore, it is no great
hardship to move surplus produce over such roads as those in
North Easthope.

The first settler in this township was David Bell, who located
in 1832 on lot 20, concession i. During that year another party
of Scotchmen arrived from Perthshire. Amongst these were two
brothers, John and Alex. Stewart; Mrs. McTavish (whose husband
had died on the voyage, of cholera), and her three sons; Peter and
Alex. Crerar; George Scott and Donald Robertson. Several of
these settled south of the Huron road, afterwards removing to
North Easthope. No one can ever know the awful experiences
of these poor people in that long tedious journey from their native
glens in Perthshire till they arrived in the wilderness of North
Easthope. Mr. Peter Stewart, still living, was one of the party,
who, at twelve years of age, came with his parents to Canada,
and describes the scenes of this terrible voyage with all its horrors.
Several hundred emigrants were huddled together on a small sail
ing ship, and for twelve weeks were tossed on the broad, stormy
Atlantic Ocean. Asiatic cholera had become epidemic in Scot-

3 4 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

land, men and women dying in thousands. On arrival at Quebec
their ship was quarantined, and the horror of their situation began.
The scourge had preceded them. The whole ship s passengers
were penned up like cattle without shelter, there to remain. The
plague soon found out the poor emigrants, whose condition made
them an easy prey to the unsatisfiable conqueror. So the death
bell began to toll as one after another was laid away, victims
of this dreadful fatality. A person named Paton advised that they
be placed in an old vessel, taken into the river, there to be sunk,
and so end all further trouble. In journeying from Quebec to
Montreal their boat was frequently rowed ashore, where a few
gaunt and terror-stricken men opened a grave in the sand, and,
uncoffined and unknelled, laid in everlasting sleep some one from
the far distant hills of Auld Scotland. When Toronto was reached
the weary heart-broken people still plodded on, leaving behind
them several new-made graves as silent memorials of that dread
plague and its miseries experienced by the first pioneers of North

Easthope.

In 1833 came another party from Perthshire, including John and
James Crerar, Robert Eraser, John Kippan, Donald McNaughton,
Donald, Duncan, and John Stewart; James and Duncan Fisher;
John Hay, and John McTavish. Another man arrived about this
period who afterwards became prominent, and was instrumental
in giving the name "Perth" to this section of the Huron
This was J. J. E. Linton. In June, 1833, Alexander Hamilton,
from Roxburghshire, settled on lot 17, con. 3; John Kelly, on lot
1 6, con. 2; Robert Patterson also locating in this section at
period. In 1832 Mr. George Hyde, who came from Scotland with
Mr Bell, located on the 2nd concession, afterwards removing to
Gait. A year subsequent to this he finally settled on the tarm
which was his home till his death.

From 1833 till 1841 settlement was slow, as it was throughout
the west, the agitation which culminated in rebellion during
1837, by administrative incapacity, being no doubt largely respon
sible This event proclaimed that democratic aggressiveness could
not longer be restrained. The Act of 1841, therefore, indicated

NORTH EASTHOPE 305

that Government was now about to withdraw the nursing- bottle
from the municipalities. Under certain conditions they were now
to shift for themselves. No sooner was this policy effected than
progress became apparent, continuing ever since in a marvellous
degree. Subsequent to 1840 a large influx of German settlers
located in North Easthope, who, by their natural thrift and
industry, have contributed much to develop its material resources.
Excepting- a small section adjoining Ellice, settlement was really
completed about 1850.

Prior to 1842 there were no schools in Perth County, excepting
one or two private houses where children w r ere taught. Mr.
J. J. E. Linton has precedence in this profession, having- opened a
private school about 1834, near Stratford. Another school was
opened in North Easthope by a lady whose name I have been
unable to obtain. In 1842 this township was divided into three
school sections. The boundaries of these districts will, along
with other information regarding schools, be found in a chapter
on education. It must^be noted that while the Act of 1841 gave
a great impetus to municipal progress, the School Act of that
year gave as great an impetus to education. For both the people
were ready, and through both, not only this county, but Canada,
has derived incalculable advantages.

In this township are no towns or villages of great importance. .
As the tendency of the greater is to absorb the less, Stratford, on
its south-west corner, has concentrated in her superior advantages
almost the entire trade of this wealthy municipality. Before the
transportation problem was solved by constructing railways, a
grist mill, and next the inevitable tavern, determined the location
of a business centre. In these later days opening a railway
institutes another order of circumstances, which sets at defiance
the old mill site and tavern as a nucleus for a village or " corners."
Shakespeare, now a place of some importance, lying partly in
South Easthope, has attained its ascendancy from its being a rail
way station. This village was founded in 1832 by David Bell,
who settled on lot 20, and was known for many years as " Bell s
Corners." The name Shakespeare was first given to this place

19

306 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

by Alexander Mitchell, in 1852. During- this year Mr. Mitchell
was reeve of South Easthope, and, at a council meeting- held in
March, it was decided, on recommendation of the reeve, that
* Bell s Corners" should be known from henceforth as Shakespeare.
Although the early days of this place is involved in some obscurity,
it is certain that its first building was a log house erected by Mr.
Hugh Thompson, who was a shoemaker. In connection with his
operation on the lapstone as a disciple of St. Crispin, he also raised
a shrine to Bacchus, where weary or thirsty travellers could obtain
rest and refreshment. A general store was opened in 1849 by
George Worsley (who opened the first store in Stratford), which
was followed by a blacksmith s shop, built by Alexander Jardine.
This, again, was soon followed by a waggon shop. Meantime
Mr. Alexander Mitchell had erected a hotel, in 1848, and was
really first hotel keeper in Shakespeare. In 1851 another general
store was erected by Mr. Mclntosh, and the village continued to
expand rapidly, particularly for a few years subsequent to con
structing the G. T. Railway. Factories began to spring up, a
grist mill was built by Messrs. Mclntosh and Helmer, destroyed
by fire in 1863. Although there are excellent mills at present in
Shakespeare, the disaster to Messrs. Mclntosh and Helmer gave
a serious check to this prosperous community. At present there
are two general stores, flax mill, grist mill, planing mill, saw mill,
pump factory, telegraph and express offices, two hotels, and one
medical doctor, Dr. Whiteman. There are also a number of good
private residences, indicating thrift and good taste.

Its location on the Huron Road, and principal highway leading
north, was most advantageous to its early progress. During the
settlement of Mornington and a portion of Elma, " Bell s Corners "
was the objective point where the pioneer was supposed to bid
adieu for a time to civilization, and enter on his arduous task of
hewing for himself a path into the wilderness. In 1848 a post
office was opened, from which mails to Nithburg and Grant s
Corners was despatched once in each week. This office was in
charge of Alexander Mitchell, first postmaster, and was kept in
his hotel. Prior to its opening, the settlers in the northern and

NORTH EASTHOPE 307

eastern sections obtained their mail from Haysville P. O., in
Waterloo.

A good story is told that on one occasion an old pioneer in
North Easthope, whom we will call "Sandy," was informed that
a letter from the old country was awaiting- him in Haysville. The
cost of posting- a letter at that period from Great Britain amounted
to several shilling s, and was frequently unpaid, as it so happened
in this particular case. With an intense desire to hear from his
old home among- the hills in Perthshire, Sandy, at early dawn of
the following- day, began a journey of fifteen miles on foot to
Haysville after the coveted epistle. Money he had none to dis
charge any demands that might be made as postage. He could
split rails, however, or log a day or two to the postmaster
in payment. On his arrival, and announcing his business,
the lady in charg-e g-ave him his letter. It only required a few
minutes for Sandy to read its contents, while the attendant was
patiently awaiting- payment of the charges, when he quietly
returned the letter, adding, "he had nae siller, but when he selt
his potash, of whilk he had twa barrels, he would debit the
amount." Having- imparted this information, he departed with
all speed for the woods in North Easthope. About three months
subsequent to this event, another letter from the old land was said
to have arrived for Sandy. Remembering his former experience,
after great efforts he succeeded in obtaining a few shillings for
postage, as he felt sure that he could not establish a second right
of possession without discharging all oblig-ations. On presenting
himself at the post office a couple of shilling s was demanded by
the postmaster, which Sandy promptly paid, and was placed in
possession of his letter. The surprise of the canny Scot may be
imagined, however, when he found it was the same epistle he had
read three months previous, and this plan had been adopted by
the postmaster to recover his postage. Sandy now became an
unwilling possessor of his epistle, and the postmaster a willing-
possessor of his postage. As a sequel to the joke he was invited
"to a bite" after his long walk, and having satisfied the inner
man, and partaken of a dram, the pipe of peace was smoked

308 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

between the two, when Sandy wended his way back to the shanty
on the banks of the Nith.

The prospect which presents itself to a traveller from the south
in approaching Nithburg is beautiful and picturesque. The dense
growth of young trees, which seem to cling rather than grow on
the steep bank of the river as it winds along the bottom of the
valley; the old mill by the stream, the few remaining cottages
nestling amongst the green foliage of the spreading maple, form a
delightful picture of rural beauty and repose.

At one period in the history of North Easthope Nithburg was a
populous and progressive hamlet. It was settled by pioneers
from the east, originally from Scotland. In January, 1840, came
John Brown and family of five sons, having purchased a large
section of land from the Canada Company. Subsequent to Mr.
Brown, and within a very short period, also located Peter Stewart,
Alexander Grant, William Amos, Robert Amos, William Kelso,
John and Richard Manley, James Smith, and George Moffatt,
with many others, all locating near the river. During 1843, John
Brown, sr. , erected a saw and flour mill on lots 18 and 19, con.
u, and which was known for many years as Brown s Mills.
James Brown, present postmaster in Nithburg, who was manager,
also conducted a general store at the mills, and the first in that
section. In 1849 he established a weekly mail, although no post
office was opened, and a lad named John Brownlee was engaged
to act as postman, his remuneration being paid by private sub
scription among the settlers. Mr. James Brown discharged the
duties of postmaster gratis. In 1850, a post office was opened,
with James Brown as postmaster, which position he still retains.
To Mr. Brown, therefore, belongs the distinguished honour of
being the oldest officer in this county, having been postmaster for
52 years, in which honourable position we trust he may long be
spared to remain.

In 1848 a survey of Nithburg was made by Frank Irvine, a
P.L.S., who named the new town "Nithburg," the burg on the
river Nith. At this point was an excellent water power, and this,
with several other apparent advantages, drew a large population in

NORTH EASTHOPE 309

a short time, and lots sold rapidly. In less than two years it
contained a tannery, distillery, hotel, brickyard, lime kiln, two
shoemakers, three carpenters, two tailors, masons, and bricklayers.
A general store was kept by Mr. Marcus White. In 1853 a saw
mill was erected by James Brown, Baird & Co. During- 1854 Mr.
Brown removed to Nithburg from Brown s Mills, taking the post
office with him, and opening a general store in connection, which
he has conducted ever since. In 1857 he also erected a flour mill,
and a carding and woollen mill, and the burg at that period
attained the zenith of its glory. This mill is still operated, but, as
the aged postmaster, whose life is so closely connected with the
place, says, "Nithburg is now only a small village of less than
100 inhabitants, containing mills, a general store (kept by himself),
with those other small industries found in a country village."

This story of decay in Nithburg is an old one of many villages
in Canada that were once as prosperous as this hamlet in North
Easthope. The gradual dismemberment of these places has not
arisen from a want of energy or enterprise in the people, nor from
a lack of fertility in the surrounding country, but from other
causes, which they were powerless to control. Building railroads
has, in many sections, changed the whole current of trade, and in
none more so than this little village of Nithburg. To the G.T. R.
she owes her present depression, now fallen so heavy that she is
scarcely left the memory of her former greatness.

Amulree, three and three-quarters miles north of Shakespeare,
is the centre of a very old settlement about the first in this
County but, from its contiguity to the latter village, has not
made great progress. At present there is a general store and
post office, kept by Mr. A. M. Fisher, late township clerk; a hotel
and blacksmith shop, with other small industries.

Still further north two and a-half miles is Hampstead, known
in pioneer days as Grant s Corners. At this point there is a
general store and post office, and on the rising ground eastward
a very fine school building, which seems to add dignity and
importance, not only to this village, but to the surrounding
country.

3IO HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

As we stated elsewhere, the early settlers of North Easthope
were largely of Scottish origin, and a prominent characteristic of
that nationality soon manifested itself in a desire for religious
ordinances in the old Presbyterian forms. A very few years only
had passed when Rev. Mr. Rintoul, the first Presbyterian minister
who ever visited North Easthope, made a missionary tour through
a portion of the Huron Tract, preaching in several places, and
dispensing ordinances amongst the people.

In connection with Presbyterianism in North Easthope, an
excellent paper was prepared by Mr. A. M. Fisher, late township
clerk, a copy of which was deposited in the corner stone of the
new North Easthope church, laid on July 2ist, 1892, to which I
am greatly indebted. The history of Presbyterianism, therefore, in
this township may be said to begin in 1835, when, during that
year, and also in 1836, Rev. Donald McKenzie, of Zorra, paid
several visits to the settlement, preaching and administering
religious ordinances.

In the autumn of 1837, Rev. Daniel Allen, having been sent to
Canada as a missionary from the Colonial Society of Glasgow,
under the auspices of the Kirk of Scotland, visited Stratford.
Shortly after his arrival a call was extended to him from the con
gregations of Woodstock and Stratford, which he accepted, and
was ordained on the 2ist day of November, 1838. These two
charges being twenty-five miles apart, and the roads almost im
passable, his labors were divided between them, two weeks at a
time being devoted alternately to each. At this period, the
settlers in North Easthope constituted a great portion of Strat
ford s congregation. In 1840, the constant strain in administering
to two stations so far apart impaired his health, compelling him
to relinquish one or other of his churches. On the i5th day of
August of this year he was released from his connection with
Woodstock, and became minister of Stratford and vicinity alone.
As being convenient to those people in the eastern portion of
North Easthope, service was held at schoolhouse No. 2, a log
building on the corner where the present school building and St.
Andrew s Church now stands. In 1843, steps were taken by the

NORTH EASTHOPE 31!

people to erect a new church, and a site selected. Meantime the
agitation which had been going on in Scotland for several years
at last bore fruit in disruption, and the Auld Kirk, with all its
hallowed associations, was rent in twain. An occurrence of such
vast importance to the ecclesiastical discipline of a religious body,
so democratic in character as the Presbyterian, was soon felt even
in the wilds of North Easthope. Mr. Allen, therefore, bade fare
well to the old sanctuary at St. Andrew s, and added one more to
those protesting ministers who relinquished so much for con
science sake. This retarded church work for a period of two
years, when the seceding members, whose numbers had been con
siderably augmented, made a second attempt to build a church,
now North Easthope Presbyterian Church, and on this occasion
were successful. Mr. Fisher says, "many difficulties were, however,
experienced. The material had all to be deposited on the ground
by the people ; the brick hauled from New Hamburg in waggons
and sleds by oxen. At this time it is doubtful if there was one
span of horses in the whole congregation." These difficulties were
finally overcome, and 1846 saw erected the first Presbyterian
Church, at that spot where the present building stands, on lot 26,
con. 5. During these years this congregation became a separate
charge, with Mr. Allan as minister, and has been ever since
known as North Easthope congregation. In the autumn of 1875
this excellent man, feeling the premonitions of advancing years
drawing on him, resigned that charge, of which he had been
founder, returning to his Master the stewardship he had held for a
long period of 38 years.

In 1876, a call was extended to Rev. A. Stewart, of Mosa, who
accepted it, and on January loth, 1877, was inducted. In 1881 a
union was formed with Tavistock, a sketch of which will be found
in our remarks on South Easthope. In a few years another
arrangement was made, and Mr. Stewart transferred from Tavi
stock to Hampstead. In 1892 a new building was erected by
North Easthope congregation, at a cost of $3,000, where services
are now held. Rev. Robert F. Cameron is minister ; on the com
munion roll are Si members. There is also a Sabbath school,

3 12 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

with an averag-e attendance of 25 pupils, superintended by Mr.
A. B. Smith.

Hampstead Presbyterian church is an old congregation, although
by no means as early as that of North Easthope. A log- school-
house was erected at "Grant s Corners," on lot 20, con. n,
which was utilized by several denominations as a place where
service was held. About 1850, Rev. John Gundy preached to the
Methodists ; Rev. Walter Miller to the Baptists ; and, several
years prior to either, Rev. Mr. Allan to the Presbyterians. This
latter body eventually erected a church. In 1855 a new church
was constructed in Wellesley, under the pastorate of Rev. Robert
D. McKay, who, for a number of years, was minister in Hamp
stead and Wellesley. This congregation has now 46 members.

On lot 15, con. 9, is St. Jacob s Evangelical Lutheran Church,
" Canada Synod." This mission was organized in 1868, by Rev.
Mr. Muenzing-er. At this period about forty German families
composed the congreg-ation. On July i5th, 1869, the corner stone
of the present church was laid, consecration in October following-.
This is an imposing building- of brick, whose tall, graceful spire
harmonizes with the exterior decorations. Its interior arrange
ments discover great taste, with comfortable accommodation for
the congregation. The cost of this edifice was $15,000. At
present 50 families are in connection, numbering about 200 souls.
Its present pastor is Rev. C. C. A. E. Holm, who also conducts a
Sabbath school, which is largely attended by young people of his
congregation.

Our sketch of North Easthope congregation till the period of
disruption in 1843 is the history of old St. Andrew s Presbyterian
church, a short distance north of Shakespeare. This is the
pioneer Presbyterian congregation in Perth County east of Strat
ford. Its first elders and promoters were Robert Eraser, John
Stewart, and George Hyde. Subsequent to 1843, when Rev. Mr.
Allan withdrew from the "Auld Kirk," and established North
Easthope congregation, Rev. David Bell was called to old St.
Andrew s, service being still held in the schoolhouse. About 1850
a building was erected at a cost of $1,500, which is still used as

NORTH EASTHOPE 313

a place of worship. As stated elsewhere, steps are now in pro
gress to erect a new building in Shakespeare, which will accom
modate both congregations in North and South Easthope, long
since united, and now under the pastorate of Rev. Hugh Cowan.
Present membership in both is 180. A Sabbath school is also in
connection, having in Shakespeare 80 pupils, Joseph Freeman
superintendent ; and at St. Andrew s 60 pupils, George McCallum
superintendent.

The Evangelical Association church, on lot 5, con. 6, is named
" Oetzel s Church," in honor of Andrew Oetzel, who was its
greatest promoter and an active worker in advancing its interests
in early days. With him were associated Mr. Andrew Falk, sr. ,
Geo. Neibergall, and Mr. John Hamel. Service was first held by
Rev. Mr. Weber in the settlers houses, until a school house was
built. About 1850 a log church was erected, where worship was
conducted till 1888. During that year the present edifice was
constructed, at a cost of $3,200. This congregation, from a
small beginning of a few members, has now over 50, under the
pastorate of Rev. Elias Eby. There is also a Sabbath school,
with nearly 70 pupils, conducted by Mr. J. L. Eidt, superintendent.

The church of Lisbon Evangelical Association, on lot n, con.
9, was organized about 1850, when services were held in the barns
and houses of its members. The principal promoters of this
Association were Louis Paff, George Hipell, Henry Doerr, John
Riehl, Baltzar Schmidt, and Henry Falk. Rev. Mr. Halacher
was first minister. A log church was built in 1860, where worship
was held till 1895, when a neat brick building was constructed, at
a cost of $3,000. At its inception there were about 30 members,
now increased to 70, with Rev. Elias Eby as pastor. There is
also a Sabbath school, with about 50 pupils, under John Riehl as
superintendent.

The Evangelical Association church on lot n, con. i, is an old
congregation, extending back to 1844. The first church was of
stone, and erected in 1852. Worship was held in this building till
1883, when, on its removal, a brick church was erected, at a cost of
$3,200. The principal promoters of this Association were William

314 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Linglebach, Nicholas Sweitzer, George Kleinknecht, and Charles
Strossel. Rev. Frederick Sharpley was first minister. A few
members only at its inception have increased to over 70 at present.
Rev. Mr. Burn is present minister. The Sabbath school in
connection with this congregation is one of the oldest in the
county, having been organized by Mr. Chas. Strossel in 1848.
The present number of pupils is 80, with Mr. Samuel Reider as
superintendent.

Early municipal records in North Easthope are very incomplete.
For 1842, the initial point of all municipal history, there are no
records. During that period of a district council in Goderich it is
evident that North and South Easthope formed one district, and
had no connection with Downie, Fullarton, and Blanshard, as
stated by local historians elsewhere. Downie, whose records are
most complete of any in this county, makes no mention of the
Easthopes at a meeting held in January, 1842. Those three
townships formed one district, and as such elected officers, and
transacted such business as was usual at town meetings. It
will be found in the records of Downie that while this trio of
municipalities elected one representative, North and South East-
hope elected Mr. Helmer as another.

In 1843 two town meetings were held on January 2nd and 6th
respectively. Why two consecutive meetings should have taken
place to elect officers and pass by-laws, the records do not say.
This meeting, therefore, of "the inhabitants being householders
and freeholders of North Easthope, held at the school house, lot
21, con. 2, chose a fit and proper person to serve as district
councillor, according to the Act 4 and 5 Vic., chap. 10." The
township clerk presided, having previously taken the oath before
J. C. W. Daly, Esq. They proceeded to elect a councillor, when
Mr. James Cairns was unanimously chosen.

Several resolutions were also submitted and passed ist,
"That this meeting, considering the contentions and dissatis
factions which occur on account of the continued shifting of our
annual town meeting from place to place (as the magistrates think
proper to direct), do hereby appoint the schoolhouse on lot 12,

NORTH EASTHOPE 315

con. 2, to be our town hall for holding- our town meetings con
nected with, or by law required to be holden for regulating- affairs
of North Easthope." 2nd "That the town clerk notify J. C. W.
Daly and George Gowinlock, magistrates, that the said school-
house is appointed townhall for this township."

Other officers elected at this meeting were Duncan Stewart,
assessor ; David Bell, collector ; John McDermid, Jas. Rankin,
and Christian Summers, wardens ; minor officers were Emil
Ballard, Thos. Langley, Punsho Windle, Wm. Miller, Archie
Murray, Christian Nafziger, H. Hart, P. Anderson, Donald
Robertson, D. Carroll, Wm. Amos, A. Crerar, Wm. Brown, D.
Kippen, J. Fisher, Wm. Bradley, H. McDermid, Thos. Sergant,
Michael Phaelan, William Jackson, Hugh Bates, Timothy Wallace,
John Whitman, and Peter Mclntosh, pathmasters.

In 1844 no district councillor was elected, the writ not having
been received from Mr. Dunlop, warden of the United Counties, in
proper time. Town wardens were Peter Mclntosh, John Mc
Dermid, and Henry Cook. In 1845 Mr. George Hyde was elected
district councillor, being again re-elected in 1846, with Mr.
James Rankin as colleague, the population having reached the
number required by law to return a second representative. For
town wardens, Mr. Joseph Whaley, Christian Summers, and
James Cainrs were elected. In 1848 Mr. Hyde and Mr. Rankin
remained in office. In 1849 Mr. Hyde was succeeded by Alex
ander Hamilton, Mr. Rankin being re-elected. Town wardens
for 1847, Joseph Whaley, Peter Mclntosh, and Alexander Fisher.
In 1848, John Cairns, David Bell, and Peter Crerar. For 1849,
no record.

In 1850 were elected as first municipal council for North East-
hope, T. M. Daly, reeve; Alex. Hamilton, James Rankin, Peter
Mclntosh, and James Patterson, councillors. Mr. James Wilson
was appointed clerk, succeeding James Patterson, who had suc
ceeded Alexander Grant a short time previous. John McDermid,
Robert E. Patterson, and Duncan Stewart were appointed asses
sors. James Stewart was appointed collector; C. R. Dickson
and Charles McTavish, auditors.

316 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

I regret to say that a portion of the records of this township
previous to 1859 I have been unable to discover. During- the first
twenty years of settlement in a new municipality history is rapidly
made, that being- a period when the foundations of its future pro
gress are laid. Those names, therefore, I have been able to g"ive
of the officers who managed affairs in this municipality have been
procured from old auditors reports and the archives of the county
clerk in Stratford. It may be said, however, that expenditure on
public works (although all has been accomplished that was neces
sary) is far short of the disbursements made in other townships
lying north of the Huron Road. Those great deposits of road
material have been utilized cheaply and effectively, and splendid
roads are found in every section of this township. Its fine rolling
land has rendered a large expenditure on drainage, except a
portion in the west, unnecessary. The whole surface is available
for agriculture, and a disbursement of $4,000 under By-law No.
220, in 1886, for the central drain, with other small drains, near
the boundary of Ellice, constitute the whole special funds ex
pended for drainage purposes.

The town hall is a small brick building-, two and a-half miles
north of Shakespeare, and not at all creditable either to the taste
or liberality of this wealthy municipality. Neither is it by any
means flattering to its architectural design or interior arrange
ments when we say it is about equal to any in Perth County. It
indicates a strange phase of human nature when we find that a
rich and populous township, which has expended money lavishly
on public improvements, building- schoolhouses, erecting- hand
some churches and costly farm building s, with all those amenities
co-relative to our advanced civilization, should still retain wretched
looking- hen-coops for government buildings. Any little embellish
ment some of these places have received in painting, or otherwise,
when they were constructed, has long since disappeared. They
now stand, worn and forsaken looking, as a tenement erected in
pioneer days for a party of shanty men, who have now deserted it
as no longer habitable.

There is one distinctive characteristic of North Easthope electors

NORTH EASTHOPE 317

found nowhere else to so great an extent in Perth County. This
is confidence in their public men, as indicated by their long- reten
tion in office. Mr. James Trow and Mr. John McMillan held the
reeve and deputy-reeveship between them for nearly forty years.
A collector, now over 80 years old, is still on his rounds ; he has
travelled for forty years. Mr. A. M. Fisher, late clerk, held that
office for thirty years, now succeeded by his son. Mr. Alexander
Fisher was treasurer for many long years, while several coun
cillors and subordinate officers have long official records. That
all this should have happened in a township where political feel
ings are of a pronounced democratic type may seem strange. If
we consider the idiosyncracies of the Scotch, whose cast of
thought predominates in North Easthope, this display of conserva
tism will be found to be more natural than at first it would appear
to be. The democracy of a Scotchman may be summed up in
three important principals. First, he wants to be let alone.
Second, he wants to spend his money as he pleases. Third, which
involves the other two, he wants the governing power to tax him
exactly as he can afford to pay, he being sole and only judge of
his financial condition and ability to contribute. Here his de
mocracy ends and his conservatism begins. First, what he has
he wants to keep. He clings to the old faith of his fathers, to the
old psalms to Martyrdom and Old Hundred as being the acme of
sacred melody. His heart and sympathy are aroused when the
minister on Sabbath day has passed in his prayer that old land
mark of supplicating that the Jews be restored to their ancient
heritage. He feels refreshed when he has reached fourthly in his
elucidation of original sin. He is in ecstacies when the practical
application is closed with terrific denunciations on modern innova
tions; particularly new hymns and an organ. He is honest in his
convictions, loyal to his King and country; he never forgets the
old heather hills far away; he is dogmatic in his faith, persevering
in his conduct, true to his trust, a good citizen, fond of place
and power, and sincere in his regard for sacred things. It is this
solidity of character which has displayed itself in retention of
public men.

318 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

This retaining of certain men in public office for a long term of
years has a tendency to create an influence for them to which they
may have no other claim for distinction. Thus, Logan, Fullarton,
Downie, North Easthope, and one or two others acquired and
retained an influence at the county council much more effective
than such townships as Blanshard, which were constantly chang
ing. By retaining an officer for a period of years he acquires an
interest and understanding regarding the routine of his business,
which is advantageous to the public service. I may be permitted
to say here that the only case in this county I have found of a
ratepayer appealing against his own assessment as being too low
occurred in this township. This was an appeal of John McMillan
against assessment on his income, which, at his request, was
raised at the court of revision.

Although the population had diminished, the total assessment
in 1902 had rather increased, being $1,940,220. On this sum
about $13,000 is levied and collected annually, over one-third
being set apart for schools. There are ten school sections, five of
which are unions. There has been a great diminution of the
liquor traffic, only two hotels being licensed.

In 1844, North Easthope contained 1,151 inhabitants (including
a portion of Stratford), having 4,172 acres under cultivation. In
1850, the population had increased to 2,080, and 10,000 acres
under cultivation. In 1859 was produced 53,000 bush, of wheat,
39,000 bush, oats, 10,000 bush, peas, 19,000 bush, potatoes,
12,000 bush, turnips, 19,000 Ibs. maple sugar, 8,000 Ibs. wool,
and 8,000 Ibs. butter. The population in 1862 was 3,129, Strat
ford meantime having withdrawn.

Previous to 1859, I have been unable to obtain any records of
this municipality. The names of those reeves who sat prior to
that period have been taken from records in the county clerk s
office.

Reeves. 1851-2, Alexander Hamilton; 1853-4, A. Grant; 1855,
Alex. Hamilton; 1856, A. Grant ; 1857, Alex. Hamilton ; 1858-60,
A. Grant; 1861-81, Jas. Trow ; 1882-91, John McMillan; 1892-6,
John Hay ; 1897-9, Andrew Falk ; 1900-2, Julius Cook.

NORTH EASTHOPE 319

Deputy-Reeves. 1867-74, James Stewart, first deputy-reeve ;
1875-81,]. McMillan; 1882-7, George Hyde; 1888-91, John A.
Eraser ; 1892-6, A. Falk ; 1897-8, J. A. Fraser. Office was now
abolished.

Councillors. 1859-60, William Patterson, Alex. Hamilton, John
Curtis, John Fisher; 1861, Henry Carroll, J. Fisher, Duncan
McCallum, Wm. Rennie ; 1862, W. Rennie, J. Curtis, J. Fisher,
A. Grant ; 1863, J. Cairns, J. Stewart, Peter Crerar, H. Carroll ;
1864-5, W - Rennie, P. Crerar, Peter Stewart, J. Stewart ; 1866,
W. Rennie, J. Stewart, P. Stewart, Peter McLennan ; 1867, A.
Fisher, P. McLennan, P. Stewart; 1868-71, A. Fisher, P. Stewart,
W. Rennie ; 1872, J. McMillan, J. McGuigan, P. Stewart ; 1873,
J. McMillan, John Cook, W. Rennie; 1874, J. McMillan, Cornelius
Quinlan, J. Cook ; 1875, P. Stewart, C. Quinlan, A. Falk ;
1876-81, A. Falk, Valentine Knechtel, P. Stewart; 1882-8, J.
Cook, A. Falk, P. Stewart; 1889, J. Cook, A. Falk, J. Hay;
1890-1, A. Falk, J. Hay, W. Rennie; 1892, W. Rennie, Julius
Cook, Peter McDonald ; 1893-6, P. McDonald, W. Crerar, Julius
Cook ; 1897-8, Julius Cook, P. McDonald, Duncan Stewart ;
1899, Julius Cook, Alex. McDonald, Jas. Hastings, J. A. Fraser;
1900-2, John C. Cook, Alex. McDonald, Jas. Hastings, J. A.
Fraser.

Clerks. 1859-60, James Trow ; 1861-2, James Kee ; 1863-70,
Joseph Whaley (resigned) and Alex. Fisher (appointed); 1871-1900,
Alex. M. Fisher (resigned) and J. D. Fisher, son of A. M. Fisher
(appointed) ; 1901-2, J. D. Fisher.

Treasurers. 1859-78, Alex. Fisher; 1879-91, John W. Zinkann;
1892-1903, Jas. McGillawee.

Assessors. 1859-60, John Dow ; 1861-5, John Fraser; 1866-76,
James Patterson ; 1877-9, Henry Baechler ; 1880, J. Patterson ;
1881-83, George Wettlaufer; 1884-5, Joseph McMillan ; 1886-9,
Duncan Forbes ; 1890-3, Stephen Capling ; 1894-8, J. McDonald;
1899-1902, George Merrylees.

Collectors. 1856-62, Charles McTavish ; 1863-1902, William
Patterson. Mr. Patterson s period of service has only be exceeded
by one municipal officer in this county Mr. Jas. Reid, treasurer
of Mornington.

3 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Auditors. 1859, Jas. Patterson, Samuel Rutherford; 1860, Jas.
Patterson, John McDermid ; 1861-2, George Brown, Jas. Hamil
ton ; 1863-4, J as - Hamilton, Jas. Patterson ; 1865-70, J. Hamil
ton, Chas. McTavish; 1871-5, J. Hamilton, Jacob Kollman ; 1876,
Duncan Stewart, Thos. Mung-ovan ; 1877-80, D. Stewart, Jas.
Brown ; 1881-6, Duncan Forbes, J. Brown ; 1887-9, Alex. Home,
Jacob Schamber ; 1890-2, J. Schamber, Jacob Kollman ; 1893-7,
John Ruppert, Joseph McMillan ; 1898-1902, J. McMillan, Henry
Herman.

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CHAPTER XIX.

LOGAN.

Logan was named in honour of Hart Logan, a director of the
Canada Company, and first opened for settlement in 1830. In
January of this year a survey of one concession was made; a
further portion in 1832; the whole being completed in 1835. It
contains 53,551 acres, all available for agriculture. Adjoining the
Huron road its surface is undulating, becoming level as it extends
northwards. In some sections, lying north-east and north-west,
great sv amps existed, whose density and dismal aspect seemed to
defy ey iry effort at improvement. In these swamps the river
Thame,* has its source, and they were long thought to be irre-
claima 1 le. They have of late years, however, been cleared,
drainefl,, and largely brought under cultivation, affording a means
of subsistence to progressive agriculturists, where a few years
ago Existence seemed impossible.

This township may be considered highly favoured in comparison
with those further north in the county. It had an advantage in the
Huron road being opened at an early date ; the first railway also
extended along the whole front of the municipality. Fifty years
ago such means of transit were of more consequence than now.
To-day good roads exist everywhere, rendering transportation of
farm products not a great difficulty. In these early days swamps,
crossways, streams without bridges, long dreary stretches of
forest without human habitation, slow progress with the oxen and
sled, rendered a short journey a great undertaking. If the pro
duct of his few stumpy acres was small, it involved a task in its
removal perhaps as difficult as any the pioneer had to overcome.

20

324 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

By constructing the Logan road in 1857-8, great relief was
afforded those settlers who had penetrated deep into the woods.
From east, west, and north they directed their steps to this
great road, until a stream of traffic passed over it every day as
great in volume as that over any highway in this county. Good
roads exist now in almost every section of Logan. Material for
road construction is not plentiful throughout, although in many
sections a good supply is available.

Agriculture has attained a high standard, all those methods
being adopted which have led to enhanced profits and a diminu
tion of labour in farm life. A system of mixed farming has been
carried on in preference to specialism. In some sections dairying
has been successfully carried on for many years ; in other portions,
;and I believe those the greatest, different methods have been fol
lowed. Notwithstanding that dairying has been profitable in other
municipalities, it is not amongst a number of our farmers a popular
branch of farming industry. The exacting routine and close atten
tion necessary to its successful prosecution is not pleasing to the
average agriculturist. Skill is not wanting. The dairy cow is a
complex animal, and any carelessness or neglect, even of a tem
porary character, or to a slight degree, is distinctly and unerringly
marked by a diminution in her product. In soils, therefore, well
adapted to mixed farming, a slight departure from any duty
demanded by the work on hand is not followed so closely by a
corresponding retribution as it assuredly is with the dairy cow.
Where agriculture is skilfully carried on, profits from any system
will be found about equal in a given period of time. This being
so, those methods adopted in farm management will always be
such as to realize a maximum of profit from a minimum of labour.

Logan has a mixed population of English, Irish, Scotch, and
German. In certain sections, either one or other of these nation
alities predominate. In the district surrounding Brodhagen all
are German. At this point were located such families as Schultz,
Pushelbury, Hildebricht, Kraukopf, Brodhagen, Rock, Jacob,
and Eckmire. North and west of the Logan road are Scotch.
Here we find Moffatt, Smith, Lawson, Campbell, Harvey, Me-

LOGAN 335

Pherson, and Stewart. In the west centre are those of Irish
extraction Regan, DeCoursey, Hickey, Cleary, Connelly, Keyes,
Hagarty, Lynch, Murphy, and Trainor. South, and nearer
Mitchell, is a mixed population, without a great preponderance of
any one nationality.

At what time the first settler came to Logan it would be difficult
to say. Previous to 1841 little improvement had been made, and
that in the neighbourhood of Mitchell. When a municipal council
was established in McKillop in 1841, Logan was so inconsiderable
that it was not represented. In 1842 it had become so important
as to be attached to McKillop for municipal purposes.

A few settlers were scattered along the Huron road between
1830 and 1840, but were so isolated from each other that no
government had been instituted till 1842. In 1844 Logan had
134 inhabitants, nearly all in Mitchell, and only 49 acres under
cultivation. In 1850 its population had increased to 603, including
Mitchell, with 900 acres under cultivation. In 1849 she produced
3,000 bush, wheat, 2,700 bush, oats, 4,900 bush, potatoes, 2,900
bush, turnips, 7,000 Ibs. maple sugar, 2,000 Ibs. butter. In 1861
her population was 2,257, exclusive of Mitchell.

In 1842 Tom Coveney had penetrated as far into the woods as
the second concession, where, for some years, he was "Monarch
of all he surveyed ; his right there was none to dispute."
Subsequent to 1845 settlement extended rapidly northward, the
families of Tubb, Shean, Casey, Murphy, Prindeville, Honey,
Leggatt, and McLagan carrying the banner of conquest into
these unexplored sections. Natural surface conditions, which were
interspersed with swamps, retarded pioneer operations. It was
not till every section of dry land had been settled that the council
entered into those schemes of drainage which have been productive
of such beneficial results in transforming the unproductive portions
into available farm land.

Postal facilities in Logan are quite equal to those of any other
part of this county, although within its limits there are no
commercial centres of importance. Brodhagen has a saw and
planing mill, with general store and post office. This hamlet was

226 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

founded about 1861, by Charles Brodhagen, who erected a hotel,
and opened Brodhagen post office in 1865, he being- first post
master. Mr. Brodhagen was a versatile character, specimens of
which found their way into the backwoods in pioneer days. In
his own proper person he combined the various callings of farmer,
hotelkeeper, postmaster, merchant, tailor, bandmaster, music
teacher, and gentleman. Notwithstanding his multifarious duties,
he was equal to them all, discharging, the demands of each in a
manner creditable to himself.

On the Logan road, three and three-quarters miles east of
Brodhagen, is Bornholm, the capital of Logan. This village has
a good brick hotel, and was founded by Mr. Timothy Hagarty,
now of Stratford. Here also is a chopping mill, saw mill, store,
post office, and other branches of business usually found in a
country village. Here is also the town hall, where council and
other meetings are held. A stage passes and re-passes on its
route between Atwood, in Elma, and Mitchell, affording its
citizens and those adjacent a daily mail.

The village of Monkton, situate on the boundary line between
Elma and Logan, five miles north of Bornholm, has been noticed
in the historical sketch of Elma, where a description of its present
trade and condition will be found. These, with Mitchell on the
south boundary, of which a separate sketch will be found in this
work, comprise the trade centres of Logan.

While the commercial demands of her people have not been
productive in the establishing and building up of villages, every
accommodation has been provided for their religious instruction.
Churches have been erected in several places of costly material-
elegant and tasteful in design. A short distance north of Mitchell
is Willow Grove Methodist church, the present building having
been erected in 1890, at a cost of $7,000. This structure, which
is of brick, is somewhat unique in design, and perhaps one of
the best finished in its interior arrangements of any rural Metho
dist church edifice in this county. Prior to Methodist union in
1883, three churches were located in this vicinity, the pioneer sect
being Bible Christians. In 1862 a mission of the Methodist

LOGAN 327

church was established by Rev. Mr. Howard, and services held in
the school house. Subsequent to this union all were merged into
the existing congregation, under the pastorate of Rev. David
Moir. At present there are about 32 families in this communion,
with Rev. J. H. Thompson as pastor. A Sabbath school is also
conducted by Mr. William Squires, as superintendent. With him
are associated eight assistants, who have in charge about 80
pupils. Congregational affairs are under a board of management,
with Mr. Wm. McLagan as secretary. Old settlers in this
section are Thomas Lake, Arthur Stewart, James Wood, Alex.
Thompson, D. Barr, Wm. McLagan, and Thos. Leggatt.

Two miles and a-half west is the first Evangelical Lutheran
congregation of Logan, "Missouri Synod." This mission was
organized in November, 1858, by Rev. J. A. Hengerer, who came
through the woods to this point from Ellice. Rev. H. Hoehn,
who was in charge during 1859, was succeeded in 1860 by Rev.
C. R. Gerndt. Services were held in the schoolhouse till 1865,
when the present building was erected at a cost of $1,200. In
August, 1888, Rev. H. C. Landsky was inducted, and is now in
charge. A great increase in members has taken place. At its
inception only 66 formed the congregation now numbering over
300 souls. Young people s classes are also conducted by the
pastor, at which there is an attendance of about 60 pupils. The
promoters of this church were Fred. Pinnaka, Henry Eisler, Fred.
Hildebricht, and George Timlon.

At Brodhagen is St. Peter s Evangelical Lutheran church,
"Council of Canadian Synod." This congregation is a branch of
the first Evangelical Lutheran church of Logan. To accommo
date the residents of this section a building was erected in 1868,
at. a cost of about $1,200. Under the pastorate of Rev. H.
Weigand this congregation has made great progress, having a
membership now of 600 souls. A Sabbath school is also con
ducted by the minister, with an attendance of 155 pupils. In
conformity to a rule apparently applicable to German congrega
tions, there is a neat, tidy appearance in the surroundings of their
church buildings. Characteristic of German homes, comfortable

328 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

parsonages have been erected for their ministers, and spacious
sheds for sheltering horses during service, all indicating care and
attention of the lay managers of these congregations.

St. Bridgid s Roman Catholic church, the largest and most
imposing church edifice in Logan, is situate on the gravel road,
about six miles from Mitchell. This congregation was organized
by Rev. Father O Neil. About 1860 a Catholic mission was
established at St. Bridgid s, or rather it was known only as St.
Bridget s, where mass was celebrated under such conditions as
the log shanty and rude accommodation of the settlers could
afford. In 1865 a frame church was erected, where the people
continued to worship until their wealth and numbers warranted
them in constructing a more modern building, in keeping with
their advanced conditions. In 1899, therefore, was erected this
fine edifice, at a cost of $10,000. The building is of red brick,
and most creditable to the Catholics of Logan. A parsonage of
the same material has also been built for the resident clergyman.
This congregation, which numbers about 80 families, have cer
tainly been liberal in contributing of their wealth to construct
these costly buildings. The parish priest at present in charge is
Rev. Father Ronan.

It is worthy of remark how little progress was made in Logan
for many years subsequent to its being opened for settlement. In
this it was on a par with every municipality in the Huron Tract.
Opening the Huron road in 1830 appeared to serve no purpose
other than creating a highway to Goderich. It is true a few
people had settled in Stratford, Downie, and the Easthopes pre
vious to 1835, but little improvement had been made. Not a
single school had been established in this county previous to 1842,
excepting a private one by Mr. J. J. E. Linton. Even during this
year, when six districts were now defined, they embraced five
townships in their limits. If immigrants came to Canada at that
period in any great volume, they certainly did not reach the
County of Perth. In no part of Ontario was a larger section
of fertile land open for settlement, but which was allowed to
remain untouched by pioneer hands. Perhaps a solution of this

LOGAN 329

problem is to be found in the system of government prevailing
in Canada at that time. Any occupation is more suitable for a
ruling power than acting as a dry nurse. This system had
apparently obtained in Great Britain from time immemorial until
that great awakening in Corn Law repeal. Paternal government
lost the United States to Britain. It nearly lost Canada in 1837.
It is intolerable to the genius of America, and, wherever attempted,
has been followed by signal failure. Prior to 1841, Canadians
suffered by the sucking bottle system, and it was not till those
principles advocated by Mr. McKenzie were put in operation that
political action was directed to more liberal and democratic
measures. Whether this may have caused our present pro-
gressiveness or not, it is certain that subsequent to introducing
municipal legislation, in 1841, our development has been such as
never was previously experienced in this country. Another fact
remains to be stated, that to reach a man s highest manhood
you must place him in a position of responsibility. Without the
franchise he is a machine; with it he is a living factor in human
progress. The Municipal Act placed on men the responsibility of
self-government, making an appeal to their manhood which has
culminated in such an advance in fifty years that we view it with
wonder and amazement.

On the 3rd day of January, 1842, the first town meeting was
held, at the house of W T illiam Lee, in which Logan took part,
having been joined to Hibbert and McKillop for municipal pur
poses during the previous year. At this meeting a contest for
councillor, between Messrs. John Hicks and Archibald Dickson,
took place. A poll having been demanded, and taken forthwith,
the chairman declared Mr. Dickson to have a majority of votes.

No alteration was made in their arrangements, and these
townships remained as one electoral district until 1844. During
that year a separation took place, and the first meeting was held
for Logan in 1845. At this meeting Mr. John Hicks was elected
district councillor, and Mr. Peter Shean township clerk. In 1846
a meeting was held at Mitchell, in the house of Mr. John Hicks,
and " by virtue of a warrant under the hands of Thomas Mercer

330 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Jones and J. C. W. Daly, two of Her Majesty s justices of the
peace, for the purpose of electing officers for the current year,"
Mr. John Hicks took the chair. Mr. Peter Shean was again
elected clerk. Mr. Thomas Freeman was chosen assessor, and
Mr. Edward Prindeville collector. The town wardens : Samuel
Grimes, Thomas Hill, and William Boles. Eight pathmasters
were elected : Thomas Hill, William Atkins, John Hicks, John
Robb, James Shean, William Shean, Edward Lynch, and Patrick
Collins. The first poundkeepers were John Pierce, William Gill-
trap, and John McWhinney. Fenceviewers : Arthur Murphy,
Thomas Hill, Henry Camden, and Francis Siver. On the fifth
day of January, 1847, the town meeting was held at the house of
John Hicks, when Peter Shean was chosen clerk ; John Hicks,
Esq., councillor; Thomas Freeman, assessor; Arthur Murphy,
collector, and Samuel Grimes, William Atkins, and John Hugo,
wardens. In the elections for pathmaster at this meeting appears
for the first time the name of one of Perth s grand old pioneers,
Mr. Tom Coveney, who began a municipal career extending over
50 years. During this period Mr. Coveney filled every office in
municipal government, from that position to which he was now
appointed, to the highest as warden of the county. At this
meeting was submitted the first statement of accounts for Logan,
as follows:

s. d.

Balance on hand from 1846 13 15 3/^2
To cash from treasurer, 1847 10 3 o

23 18 3^

Per contra. s.

Paid William Shean, by order of John Hicks, 13 2
ii George Byers, by order of John Hicks, 7 13 20 15 o

Balance on hand 3 33/^

Audited and found correct, by T. B. Woodruff, auditor.

On the 3rd day of January, 1848, the freeholders and house
holders met at the house of John Hicks, Mitchell, Mr. Peter

LOGAN 331

Shean in the chair. Mr. Shean was again elected clerk ; Mr.
Thomas Freeman, assessor, and Mr. Arthur Murphy, collector.

At Mitchell, on the first day of January, 1849, was ne ^ d * n tne
school house the annual meeting- of freeholders and householders
of Logan, Mr. John Hicks in the chair. Peter Shean was again
chosen clerk; Thos. Freeman, assessor, and A. Murphy, collector.
Town wardens were John Humbertson, Thomas Hill, and Henry
Camden. This meeting closed the system of municipal govern
ment introduced by the Act of 1841, and 1850 brought in a new
and more comprehensive method, productive of much good to the
people of Canada, and which, with a few unimportant amendments,
still remains.

The first meeting of the municipal council of the united town
ships of Logan, Wallace, and Elma, which, at that period and
until 1857 were under one municipal government, was held at the
school house in Mitchell. On this occasion there were present Mr.
John Hicks, who was chosen reeve, and Messrs. Robert Christie,
Patrick Collins, Edward Prindeville, and William Bull, councillors.
With a due regard to those responsibilities they had assumed, the
council, fearful no doubt of committing themselves to a course of
action not clearly legal, passed a motion, "That if any of our
transactions at this meeting be out of order, that we may revise
them at our next meeting of the council." Carried unanimously.
At a meeting in February, Peter Shean was appointed clerk;
Robert Byers, assessor; Thomas Freeman, collector; auditors,
Tom Coveney and Thomas Matheson. At a later period Mr.
Edward Greensides was appointed treasurer. It was decided also
that a seal should be procured, "about the size of a British
shilling, bearing the arms of Logan, emblazoned with a yew tree
and a rose." A resolution was also passed inflicting a penalty of
not less than ten shillings on any councillor who may absent him
self from the board without good and sufficient reason. In March
Mr. Shean was succeeded in the office of clerk by Mr. Robert
Cana ; and Mr. Byers, the assessor, by Mr. Henry Camden.
The council, having appointed officers, proceeded to fix their
salaries : Clerk, ^,"6, IDS. (with a saving clause that his services

33 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

should be reconsidered at the close of the year) ; assessor, ^4 on
every 100 of assessed value ; treasurer, 2, IDS. per annum ;
auditors, 53. each per day ; surveyor, IDS. per day ; collector, 4%;
superintendent of education, i for each school ; councillors,
each, 58. per day. Rev. Charles Fletcher, superintendent for the
United Counties, was retained in that position. On June 25th,
1851, was passed a by-law levying 32, IDS. on all taxable pro
perty in Mitchell school section, to pay teacher s salary and liquid
ate a debt on their school house.

In 1854 Logan made provision for a public library, ^20 being-
granted for that purpose, with the clerk as librarian. He was to
attend every alternate Saturday from 10 o clock a.m. till 7 in the
evening, in the discharge of his official duties. This institution
was not successful. To render its benefits convenient to all it
was ultimately placed in four divisions. Mrs. Biles was appointed
librarian in the first division, Mrs. Coveney in No. 2, Mrs. Horni-
brook in No. 3, and Mrs. Cana in No. 4. Compensation- granted
to these officials for performance of their duties was i., 55. per
annum.

It has been a custom in too many instances for ignorant and ill-
bred people to sneer at the educational acquirements of our old
pioneers. If, in Logan, seven out of fifteen officers signed their
names with the orthodox "his + mark", they were neither better
nor worse than many old settlers in this country. Want of educa
tion was their misfortune. That it did not impose insuperable
difficulties in the work they had to do is evident from what they
accomplished. That they felt its want is evinced by their conduct
in providing libraries for those who could read. If their neigh
bours became more intelligent by these means they would gain
by their acquirements. Their desire for education was further
exemplified in building schools for training their children, and in
that noble pride with which they marked the success of some one
who had laid the foundation of his education in the old log school
at his nearest corner.

From 1844 to 1856 no important acts were passed. Council
confined their duties to appointing officers, making culverts,

LOGAN 333

reg-ulating- statute labour, and making- such improvements on
highways as were necessary under the conditions obtaining- in
a new country. Meantime Mitchell had become a town of im
portance, and the shipping point, not only for Logan, but also of
Elma and Wallace. It was not for many years subsequent to
1856 that railway conveniences were extended to those back town
ships by constructing the southern extension of the W., G. &
B. Railway to Atwood. Products from that back country, there
fore, passed down the centre road of Logan, creating an immense
traffic. Small grants of county funds were made from time to
time, and appropriated to the repair and maintenance of this road,
but these were so inconsiderable in proportion to the work
required to be done that very little perceptible improvement was
made. In May, 1856, the council took into consideration the
question of passing a by-law to borrow ^11,000 for improvement
and construction of a gravel road extending from Mitchell north
ward through Logan and Elma, and for improvements of high
ways in those townships generally. According to the preamble
of this by-law, Logan, Elma, and Wallace had a total assessment
in 1855 of ^105,267, or $421,068, about one -fifth the assessed
value of each at the present day. Although Wallace is included
in this by-law, it does not appear that any appropriation was made
in her interest. Hitherto this township had contributed very little
to the finances of the united municipalities, and the assessors in
1854 were instructed not to assess unsurveyed lands in that town
ship. If this by-law was not retroactive, it was strongly prospec
tive, and must have been based on unbounded confidence in the
future prosperty of those sections affected by its provisions. That
a loan was raised on a total value of .105,267, which, at the end
of twenty years (the time specified in the by-law) w ould require
24,200 (or $100,000) to discharge the obligations it entailed on
the people, indicated a confidence and a determination that they
would succeed, which is truly surprising. It was passed, however,
and on August 3oth, 1856, Logan became responsible for her first
debt. To give effect to this act the council proceeded in its first
great work, constructing the Logan Gravel Road, which was

334 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

nearly completed in 1857. Building this road was a great boon,
not only to Logan, but to Elma also, in supplying a highway,
over which people were enabled to move produce to market at all
seasons of the year. The lowest tender for this contract was that
of Mr. A. A. Clothier (who became associated with T. M. Daly),
amounting to ^8,930, to whom it was awarded. When the road
was finally completed a further claim for extras was submitted by
the contractors, amounting to about ^500, which was allowed by
the board.

In December, also of this year, a petition was presented by
Mitchell people praying that a census be taken with a view to
incorporation. Subsequent to this incorporation, which was made
in 1857, various complications arose between the two munici
palities regarding existing liabilities and the gravel roads to be
assumed by each. Logan submitted a demand for ^2,500 as an
equitable adjustment. To this claim Messrs. Matheson and Hicks,
who acted for Mitchell, demurred. They asked that, preparatory
to settlement, a full statement of claims be laid before them.
Logan in turn objected, and asked for arbitration. Mitchell s
representatives pointed out that in their opinion ,97, i6s., gd.
would be a fair and equitable adjustment, which they were pre
pared to pay. Negotiations were now broken off, Logan refusing
further discussion on a question where both parties were decidedly
apart in their views. An amicable settlement \vas ultimately
reached by Logan assuming the liability for completing the
Logan road. This amounted to ^1,625. It was further decided
that this agreement should be ratified by both parties, Mitchell
paying the township ^125 as her share of debt on that portion
within the town limits.

In November another by-law was passed authorizing a further
issue of debentures for ^1,250 to complete the road; last loan
for gravel road improvement. In January, 1858, two toll gates
were erected, No. i near Mitchell, and No. 2 a short distance
north of Hagarty s hotel, at Bornholm. Tolls were collected for
several years at those gates, until action was taken by the county
council for their removal. In 1868 Mr. D. D. Hay presented a

LOGAN 335

report recommending- the county to assume all gravel roads, and
remove the gates. These recommendations were accepted by the
county, and the gates removed. The county council afterwards
divested itself of these roads by placing- them under the control of
the municipalities, where they have remained ever since.

We may be permitted to say, before taking leave of this subject,
that placing toll gates on public roads was unpopular from their
inception. A direct impost of this kind was not in harmony with
the feelings of democratic Canadians. The experience of this
township with toll gates was of a piece with all other sections of
this county. A tax demanded every five miles, for travelling a road
made by their own money, was contributed grudgingly by the
people. This tax never exceeded $2,000 per annum, which might
have been taken from the general fund. The gates were sold by
auction each year to the highest bidder. Competition induced from
strangers higher prices than could be afforded with any margin of
profit for their labour as collectors. The lessee frequently could
not discharge his obligations, and the council had recourse to his
sureties, always an unpleasant measure, often leading to hardship.

To obviate these difficulties and release themselves from further
responsibility in this matter, another and more doubtful course
was adopted. This was leasing the road or farming its franchises.
This highway was, therefore, leased to Mr. S. Hornibrook for
$1,001 per annum, who was to keep it in repair, and collect those
rates imposed or authorized by the council. This plan opened
every avenue for discontent and litigation. However satisfactory
the roadway may have been while it remained under municipal
control, it became in wretched condition in a surprisingly short
period after it passed into the hands of Mr. Hornibrook, so it was
alleged. At the termination of one year complaints were loud and
deep, and extreme measures were threatened unless it was placed
in good repair. The lessee pointed out that there was no cause
for complaint, the highway being in much better condition than
when it came under his management. A law suit would un
doubtedly have resulted had not the county council solved the
problem. This body proposed to buy the road, offering therefor

336 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

$10,000. The council could not see their way clear to disposing
of a piece of property that would actually cost no less than
$100,000 before the debt was liquidated, and of which sum at
least $50,000 was still due. Wise counsels, however, prevailed,
and it was sold. This agreement made with the county
afforded an excellent opportunity for Mr. Hornibrook to retaliate
on the council. His lease had not expired, and he was, therefore,
entitled to some consideration for cancellation of his contract.
He asked $450. The council considered this such an exorbitant
demand that they would not even consent to negotiate. A settle
ment had to be made, and the matter was referred to arbitration
(Mr. D. D. Hay being one of the court), and subsequently disposed
of in a manner satisfactory to all parties. This did not end the
gravel road question in Logan. When the county council assumed
the toll roads, it was no doubt intended to restore them to the
municipalities in which they were located. This method placed
them under the immediate jurisdiction of local councils, who could
apply statute labour in keeping them in repair. A deed of this
Logan road was, therefore, sent to the council. Such had been
their experience with gravel roads that if a bombshell had been
laid on the table it could not have created greater consternation
than this innocent looking document. With trepidation and fear
the council passed a motion that their legal right, as expressed in
this document, should be returned from whence it came. Having
disposed of this important affair, they gradually resumed a
demeanor of grand and dignified repose. This action of the
county council removed gravel road questions from municipalities,
and the wisdom which brought about these results is appreciated
by every ratepayer in this county to-day.

1859 was a dark and gloomy one for Logan, as it was for all
sections of this county. A failure of crops in the season previous
brought great hardships to many a struggling and deserving
family. A circumstance of this kind now does not seriously injure
a progressive farmer. Forty years ago it was very different.
When the balance constantly wavered between success and irre
trievable disaster, the beam was easily turned in that direction

LOGAN 337

which rendered vain all effort to restore it to its wonted level. In
this township 170 applications (or one in every three of its settlers)
was sent in for relief from the fund opened by the county council.
Who can tell the misery and patient suffering in those lonely
shanties, even at that late day, amongst our old pioneers? Ah !
Yes; who can tell? God only knows.

Conditions in Logan at this period were such as might have
caused uneasiness in her public men. She had incurred heavy
liabilities in constructing gravel roads, which would require years
to liquidate. A failure of crops in 1858 had placed one-third of
her farmers as recipients of relief. Those great swamps where
rivers have their source, comprising one-fifth of her area, were
still unproductive, except in malarial diseases. Notwithstanding
these difficulties she still retained confidence in ultimate success.
To this feeling we must attribute that aggressiveness which has
brought about such great results as are now found in this
township. It required some years to place her pioneers in such
conditions as warranted any further outlay, and excepting a new
town hall, erected in 1869, none were incurred.

In 1880 it was determined to inaugurate a system of drainage,
which has been productive of great and lasting good. By adopt
ing this policy thousands of acres have been rendered productive
which were once considered as beyond reclamation. If large
sums have been spent for this purpose, no better investment could
have been made. A largely increased assessment roll is proof of
this result. A loan of Si 2, 482 was, therefore, obtained as a test
of this new scheme. A first effort was singularly effective.
Further sums were obtained, until a total of $30,000 has been
invested, effecting a marvellous improvement. It is not a matter
of historical value where and how this amount has been expended.
It is enough to know that every acre in Logan is now, or soon
will be, available for agricultural purposes.

By referring to the auditors report of 1901, liabilities for drain
age amount to $3,120, with an expenditure during that year of
$2,660. The total receipts set forth by this audit amount to
$28,810, a very large sum, indeed; of which $17,284 was raised

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

by taxation. There is still a portion of unimproved land, which
is assessed at $16,650. As in all rural municipalities, population
in this township has decreased, being" at present 2,807.

School building s being 1 of recent construction, are equal to any
in Perth County. As in other townships, Logan council has had
a constant source of annoyance in forming, altering and extending
school sections. Present arrangements are a division into ten
districts, with several unions and one separate school.

While the people have not been characterized by strong temper
ance proclivities, this township never had more than four hotels,
at present only two. In every section now are evidences of
wealth and comfort, and her people seem refined, contented, and
happy, with a high standard of morality, and a laudable reverence
for the sacred principles of Christianity so distinctive everywhere
in Perth County.

We submit a list of public men and their periods of service from
1850 to the present:

Reeves. 1850, John Hicks ; 1851, Wm. Rath; 1852, John C.
Smith ; 1853-5, Robert Christie ; 1856-7, Thos. Matheson ; 1858,
Robert Jones; 1859-61, Alexander Campbell ; 1862-79, R. Jones;
1880, Tom Coveney ; 1881-91, R. Jones; 1892-5, T. Coveney ;
1896, John Benneweis ; 1897-1901, Wm. McKenzie ; 1902, John
Rudolph.

Deputy- Reeves. 1863, Henry Metcalf (first deputy) ; 1864-5,
Jas. Murray ; 1866-9, Robert Keyes ; 1870-4, Wm. Etty ; 1875-6,
Wm. Thompson ; 1877-8, R. Keyes ; 1879, Philip Siebert ; 1880,
George Rock ; 1881-2, Alex. Stewart ; 1883, John Linton ; 1884,
Francis Jacobs ; 1885, Jas. Woods ; 1886, George Adams ; 1887,
Stephen F. Hickey ; 1888-9, Tom Coveney; 1890, R. Keyes;
1891-2, Gustave Eisler ; 1893, John Francis ; 1894, John Ritz ;
1895-6, Thos. Reidy ; 1897-8, J. Francis.

Councillors. 1850, Edward Prindeville, Wm. Bull ; Robert
Christie, Patrick Collins; 1851, Jas. Carpenter, Thos. Alcock,
Richard Hill, P. Collins ; 1852, Oliver McArthur, R. Hill, E.
Prindeville, Jas. Carpenter; 1853-4, T. Collins, Thos. Matheson,
J. Hicks, W. Smith; 1855, J. Hicks, Thos. Matheson, P. Collins,

LOGAN 339

Jas. Campbell ; 1856, J. Hicks, R. Christie, John Henry, P.
Collins ; 1857, P. Collins, Peter Shean, R. Christie, J. Henry ;
1858, Alex. Campbell, P. Collins, J. Henry, Zachariah Ellig--
son ; 1859, P. Collins, John Wade, Alex. Purser, Wm. Robb ;
1860-1, Robert Jones, P. Collins, A. Purser, Wm. Robb; 1862,
Alex. Purser, H. Metcalf, Samuel Hornibrook, David Oughton ;
1863, A. Purser, S. Hornibrook, Wm. Robb; 1864, S. Horni
brook, Henry Kenoke, Christian Saakell ; 1865, C. Saakell, R.
Keyes, H. Metcalf; 1866, Wm. Robb, J. Wade, G. Rock ; 1867,
G. Rock, Jas. Edwards, P. Shean ; 1868-9, G. Rock, Alex.
Stewart, Wm. Etty ; 1870, A. Stewart, Wm. Thompson, G.
Rock; 1871, G. Rock, A. Stewart, P. Shean; 1872, G. Rock,
Wm. Thompson, Wm. Robb; 1873, Wm. Robb, Wm. Thompson,
Alex. Stewart; 1874, Alex. Stewart, G. Rock, Arthur Stewart;
1875, Wm - McLagan, G. Rock, John Hag-arty ; 1876, G. Rock,
J. Hag-arty, Philip Siebert ; 1877, Alex. Stewart, Wm. McLagan,
Philip Siebert; 1878, Wm. McLag-an, G. Rock, J. Francis ;
1879, Wm. McLagan, G. Rock, Alex. Stewart ; 1880, P.
Siebert, Adam Cook, R. Keyes; 1881, R. Keyes, J. Linton,
Wm. Smith ; 1882, R. Keyes, J. Linton, Wm. Bryne ; 1883, R.
Keyes, Wm. Bryne, J. Francis ; 1884, Jas. Wood, Georg-e Adam,
Stephen Nicholson ; 1885, Francis Jacob, S. Nicholson, G. Adam;

1886, Jas. Woods, Stephen F. Hickey, Chas. Querrengesser ;

1887, Chas. Querrengesser, G. Adam, Henry Tubb ; 1888, G.
Adam, R. Keyes, Wm. Bauer ; 1889, R. Keyes, Wm. Bauer,
Gustave Eisler ; 1890, Jas. Wood, G. Eisler, Wm. Bauer ; 1891,
Wm. Smith, Wm. Bauer, Thos. Reidy ; 1892, Wm. S. Smith,
Thos. Reidy, J. Francis ; 1893, Thos. Reidy, John Ritz, Louis
Becker ; 1894, Thos. Reidy, L. Becker, Wm. Harvey ; 1895,
Wm. McKenzie, J. Ritz, Wm. S. Smith ; 1896, Wm. McKenzie,
J. Ritz, J. Francis ; 1897, R. A. McLagan, Wm. S. Smith, John
Rudolph ; 1898, Wm. S. Smith, J. Rudolph, Patrick Bohan ;
1899, J. Francis, J. Rudolph, P. Bohan, Wm. S. Smith ; 1900-1,
J. Rudolph, Wm. Thompson, Jas. Moffatt, P. Bohan ; 1902, Jas.
Moffatt, P. Bohan, J. Ritz, T. A. Wood.

Clerks. 1850, Robert Cana, 1851-2, William Bell; 1853-8, R.

21

340 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

R. Cana; 1859-66, Wm. Smith; 1867-76, Tom Coveney ; 1877-89,
Wm. Featherstone ; 1890-1902, Francis Jacob.

Treasurers. 1850-6, E. Greensides (resigned), E. J. Woods ;

1857, Thos. Matheson ; 1858, Robert Christie; 1859, Thos. Hill,
sr. ; 1860, Wm. Smith; 1861-2, Thos. M. Murray; 1863-76,
Thos. Leggatt ; 1877-96, Thos. Pascoe ; 1897-9, William Squire;
1900-2, T. M. Linton.

Assessors. 1850, Henry Camden, Wm. Carter; 1851, Thos.
Kiterson; 1852, Patrick Collins ; 1853, Joseph Kiterson ; 1854,
Jas. Campbell ; 1855, Wm. Smith ; 1856, Jas. Campbell ; 1857-8,
John Hornibrook ; 1859, John Aikins ; 1860-2, Thos. Leggatt ;
1863-4, John Purser ; 1865, Thos. Elliott ; 1866, Tom Coveney ;
1867, Wm. Thompson ; 1868-9, John Dwyre, Henry Mordie ;
1870-2, Jeremiah Regan; 1873, John Dwyre ; 1874, J. Regan ;
1875, Thos. Elliott ; 1876, Alex. Stewart ; 1877, J. Regan ; 1878,
Wm. Pendergrast; 1879, Wm. Thompson; 1880, Wm. C. Smith;
1 88 1 -3, J. Regan ; 1884, Wm. Me Lagan ; 1885, J. Regan ; 1886,
J. Dwyre, 1887-8, J. Regan; 1889-90, J. Dwyre; 1891, R. J.
Barr; 1892-6, J. Dwyre; 1897, R. J. Barr; 1898-1902, S. J. Swin
burne.

Collectors. 1850, Thos. Freeman ; 1851-5, Peter Shean ; 1856,
Jas. Kiterson; 1857, Edward Prindeville; 1858, John Henry, sr. ;
1859-61, John Kenney; 1862-3, John Hornibrook; 1864-71, Arthur
Stewart; 1872, Michael Collins; 1873, Jeremiah Regan; 1874,
Thos. Elliott; 1875-6, John Wade; 1877, Stephen Hickey; 1878,
Francis Jacob ; 1879,8. Hickey; 1880, F. Jacob; 1881-5, Arthur
Stewart; 1886-96, Wm. Bushfield ; 1897-1902, Thos. Reidy.

Auditors. 1850-1, Tom Coveney, Thos. Matheson; 1852, Thos.
Matheson, Wm. Matheson; 1853, Alex. Christie, Adam Mulhol-
land ; 1854, Tom Coveney, John Cumberland ; 1855-6, Tom
Coveney, John C. Smith; 1857, Alex. Campbell, J. C. Smith;

1858, Wm. Robb, J. C. Smith; 1859, Tom Coveney, Jas. Prinde
ville; 1860, R. Christie, John Quinsey ; 1861, R. Christie, R. J.
Smith; 1862, Tom Coveney, J. Quinsey; 1863, Jas. Wilson, Wm.
Stewart; 1864, Jas. Wilson, Wm. Prindeville; 1865, Tom Coveney,
Wm. Robb; 1866, Jas. Wilson, J. Quinsey; 1867, Jas. Wilson, J.

LOGAN 341

Aikens; 1868, J. Quinsey, J. Kenney; 1869, J. Smith, J. Quinsey;
1870-1,]. C. Smith, Jas. Prindeville; 1872, Jas. Wilson,]. Wade;
1873, J. Wade, J. Waugh; 1874, Francis Jacob, Richard Sarvis ;
1875, F. Jacob, Jas. Prindeville; 1876, J. Waugh, Richard Sarvis;
1877, F. Jacob, Thos. Pascoe; 1878, J. Aikens, Peter Shean; 1879,
Louis Pushelbury. W. S. Smith; 1880, L. Pushelbury, J. Prinde
ville; 1881-3, L - Pushelbury, Peter Campbell; 1884, J. Waugh, L.
Pushelbury; 1885-7, L. Pushelbury, T. Campbell; 1888-9, T - Camp
bell, W. S. Smith; 1890-2, L. Pushelbury, T. Campbell; 1893-4,
John Rudolph, J. Aikens; 1895-6, J. Rudolph, Chas. C. Rock;
1897, J. Aikens, Wm. Rock; 1898, Marvin Leake, T. W. Pushel
bury; 1899, M. Leake, C. C. Rock; 1900, T. W. Pushelbury, M.
Leake; 1901, T. W. Pushelbury, M. Leake; 1902, C. C. Rock,
Marvin Leake.

CHAPTER XX.

ELMA.

Elma, the largest township in Perth County, was named in
honour of Lady Elma, a daughter of Lord Elgin, who was at
one period Lieutenant-Governor of Upper and Lower Canada. It
was surveyed in 1848 by Mr. James W. Bridgland, but not
approved by the Government till 1853, when, on a report made by
Mr. John Grant, P. L.S., it was entered for sale in 1854. All
that portion comprising from the first to the tenth concessions was
set apart as school lands. This section amounted to about 40,000
acres. The balance of the township was held simply as Crown
land.

Elma is now considered one of the best townships in this
county, although for many years its aspect to an ordinary settler
was not encouraging. Nearly everywhere it is an unbroken level.
A large portion is not even undulating. In no portion does its
surface rise to such a heighth as, by the most reckless application
of terms could be denominated a hill. Somewhat less than fifty
years ago it was considered an irreclaimable swamp. Here, as in
other sections of our county, pioneer hands have triumphed over
nature, removing all obstacles to success. Splendid farm build
ings, fences, good roads, and good schools, are trophies of their
untiring perseverance and skill. A system of drainage has been
inaugurated which has transformed Elma, rendering every acre
available for agriculture. It is an established fact, well known to
Canadian farmers, that swamp land, when such vegetable matter
as has accumulated on its surface has been removed by fire or
otherwise and properly drained, affords a soil inexhaustible in

ELMA OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. James Donaldson, Reeve. 2. Wm. Coatcs, Councillor. 3. Wm. Wherry,
Councillor. 4. James Duncan, Collector, o. Samuel Corry, Councillor. <>. S.
Boyle, Councillor. 7. John Hamilton, Assessor. 8. Thomas Fullarton, Clerk.
9. A. Sweeten, Treasurer.

ELMA

345

fertility. Of this character is a large portion of Elma. Lands in
the townships south of the Huron road produce in proportion
to their manurial support, while lands in this municipality will
retain their fertility for an indefinite period without those stimu
lants necessary on heavy clays.

Evidences are yet noticeable of early settlement on many high
ways, in the remains of old crossways. These corduroy roads
had been constructed by the laborious efforts of old settlers as a
means of traversing the swamps which abounded everywhere.
As sometimes happens in level lands, road material is fairly plenti
ful. This has led to rapid improvement in roadways, which are
not inferior to the average highway in Perth County. The
system of agriculture pursued by the people of Elma was one
admirably adapted to their condition and the nature of their land.
In 1868 Mr. D. D. Hay established a private cheese factory, with
thirty cows. At this period, also, Hon. Thomas Ballantyne had
introduced co-operative dairying into this county, at Black Creek,
near Stratford. In 1868 Mr. A. J. Collins, now of Listowel, who
was owner of lot 15, concession 6, called a meeting preparatory to
establishing a factory. In the ensuing year Mr. Robert Cleland
and Mr. Robert Turnbull opened other factories. The success
attending their efforts inspired others. Co-operative factories
were soon opened at Monkton, Elma, Elma Bank, and Newry.
In a short time this township was contributing to ten or eleven
factories.

Immense quantities of cheese were being now turned out, and
over 600 tons per annum were annually exported, realizing very
large sums for the patrons who supported them.

In 1901 the product of nine factories in this township amounted
to about 900 tons. The market value of these goods at an average
price of 9 cents per Ib. would realize .to the people of Elma over
$160,000 for this department of farm products alone. This is
certainly a very large sum. During the last thirty years, since
the inception of this system, Elma has made marvellous progress.
The vast amounts received for cheese have enabled the people to
carry out improvements in drainage and road making which

346 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

would have been impossible under other conditions. As a natural
result property has advanced in value. In her fine farm houses
comfort and, indeed, luxury will be found. If her soil is now pro
ductive in any branch of farm industry it must not be forgotten
that it has cost a large expenditure of money to make it so. I
am impressed with the feeling- that no settlers had greater difficul
ties to contend with than those in Elma, and none have been more
successful. This must be attributed to their abiding faith in and
constant watchfulness over the dairy cow. Whatever may be the
future of this industry, Elma is now in a position to adopt any
system of agriculture. Dairying has laid the foundation of suc
cess, and prosperity will now depend on the ability of her people to
raise a superstructure of progress by adapting themselves to those
peculiar exigencies arising in their calling. There is no township
in this county, or I may say in Ontario, where such splendid
results have been obtained in dairying as are to be found in Elma.
There is a debt of gratitude owing to those pioneers who intro
duced and watched over an interest of such incalculable import
ance to our agriculture as that of dairying. We are proud in our
humble way to add our testimony, and record those names who
have contributed so much to furthering this great industry for the
advancement of our farmers. In Newry factory a class of goods
has been produced that at the World s Exhibition has borne away
the trophy from all competitors for superior excellence. This
establishment is manipulated by the Morrison family, old pioneer
stock. As to the number of awards made to this factory and their
value in money I am unable to say. At the Indian and Colonial
Exhibition, London, England, several medals were obtained, in
cluding silver, bronze, and gold medals. At the Industrial,
Toronto ; Western, London ; World s Fair, Chicago (where
Canada had the proud distinction of carrying away to her conces
sion lines two-thirds of the whole awards for dairy products), and
at the Pan-American, in Buffalo, Elma carried away the highest
honours, gold medals being awarded to Newry factory. The
invention of the Babcock tester, which has to some extent revo
lutionized our dairy system in this country, by introducing a plan

ELMA 347

of payment by results, or for the amount of fat contained in the
original product, Elma factory was first to introduce. Every new
method brought forward to improve the quality of goods turned
out has been promptly investigated by the managers of those
factories, and, where real improvements could be gained, was as
promptly adopted. Eternal watchfulness and eager adaptation
are always a means of success. This faculty, combined with
those extraneous conditions existing in this township for pro
ducing high class goods, has made dairying a success. While it
would be impossible for a historian to point out in this industry
all those who have contributed to its advancement, such names as
Hon. Thomas Ballantyne, D. D. Hay, A. J. Collins (who estab
lished the first factory), Robert Cleland, Robert Turnbull, and the
Morrisons are indelibly written on the historic page of Elma s
dairy history. In a township whose natural condition was such
as that of Elma, those agricultural industries pursued in other
sections of this county could not have been so successful. The
great swamps in many parts of this municipality, after the timber
was removed, were untillable. Amongst the stumps, however,
the cow found such grasses as gave a generous performance at
the pail. This, with those doctrines preached everywhere and on
all occasions by Mr. Ballantyne, soon taken up by her dairy
men, produced the best results.

Settlement in Elma began in 1848 by the arrival of Mr. George
Code, although even he was, it is said, piloted through the woods
by a "squatter," named Tennant. Be that as it may, Mr. Code
applied for and received a grant of 500 acres of land from Govern
ment, building a saw mill at what was supposed at that time
would be a commercial centre. A town plot was laid out and
named Trowbridge, but, like many other speculations of this kind,
it maintained its future existence only on paper. As making a
way for commercial greatness, Mr. Code opened a road through
the woods on the west side of the stream, passing Jackson s and
Twamley s, through what is now Listowel, and north to Wallace-
ville. All this was likely to occur, but it must have been several
years subsequent to Mr. Code s arrival. Mr. Twamley did not

348 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

reach Elma till 1850, and Wallace ville did not exist on paper
even till some years later. Apart from those who entered this
township through Morning-ton, which was a small number com
paratively, the largest portion of Elma pioneers came from the
south. What is known as the Logan road was opened previous
to a survey being made in Elma, and was a pathway by which
this new country could be reached more easily than by any other
route. Amongst the old settlers were Bingham Brothers, Robert
and William; the Gibson family, settling in north-west. John and
Samuel Ritchie were also early settlers. In the east we have
Hamilton, Boyd, Coghlin, Graham, and Lowry. In the centre,
east near Donegal, the Buchanans settled at a very early day.
Elma township has a mixed population, Scotch in some sections
predominating.

From some inexplicable reason this municipality appears to have
been indifferently treated by the Government in regard to a share
of their improvement fund. On all Government lands sold 37^2
cents per acre, and on all school lands 50 cents per acre were to be
returned to the municipality as an improvement fund. These
arrangements were made and fairly well carried out in Wallace,
but in 1861 the Government, for some reason, appeared to repu
diate this obligation to Elma altogether. The public men of that
period, particularly D. D. Hay, after years of almost hopeless
exertion, succeeded through a committee of Parliament in obtain
ing its restoration. This continued only for a short period, when
payments were again allowed to lapse. Mr. Robert Cleland,
reeve of Elma, was faithful to the trust placed in him at that time,
and was instrumental in obtaining a settlement, which has been
carried out by the Government.

Pioneer operations were rapidly followed by those rural indus
tries which enabled the settler more conveniently to prosecute his
calling. Villages soon sprang up as if by magic. The most
important business centre in this township was last to be founded,
and did not come into existence until subsequent to constructing
the southern extension of the W. , G. & B. Railway, in 1875.
This place is now known as At wood. About 1850 Charles Coulter

ELMA 349

located in Elma, where he afterwards opened a post office, named
Newry, in which he was postmaster till 1864. During that year
Daniel Falconer built a general store in Newry, and was followed
by Thomas Fullarton. A hotel was erected in 1856, and a
blacksmith shop by John Morrison. Newry for several years was
a prosperous village, being centrally located equidistant from
Listowel and Monkton. In 1875 the W. , G. & B. Railway was
built, and the first locomotive whistle on this road seemed to
sound like a death-knell to future prosperity in Newry. About
half a mile north of the village a station was erected, which was
known as Newry Station. Another post office was also opened,
known also by that name. This led to confusion in mail matter,
and it was determined to adopt a new name. In 1851 a log
tavern had been erected by one William Blair. This house of
public entertainment and its environs were known as Elma Centre.
Newry station soon outstripped its sister villages in commercial
importance, and to remove those postal inconveniences in connec
tion with names a change had to be made. A public meeting was
called, and several names suggested ; amongst others were Lady-
bank, Dunedin, and Renwick, all quite euphonious. Mr. Renwick
was the apostle of Presbyterianism in" this section, and his co
religionists were desirous of honouring him through the name of
this new town. The other names brought forward are quite
suggestive of the nationality of the pioneer settlers in this
neighbourhood. Over such a momentous question as naming a
new town, discussion was animated and prolonged. Diversity
of opinion and persistent disputation seemed to threaten a
possible solution. In this dilemma a young lady suggested the
name "Atwood," which was hailed by opposing orators with
delight, and brought to a happy and peaceful termination this
terrible struggle. Since that period Atwood has become a place
of importance, with a population of over 700 souls. Several brick
blocks have been erected, and excellent sidewalks laid for public
convenience. Here are also express, telegraph, and newspaper
offices, good hotels, and stores of every description, where goods
can be obtained to satisfy the most fastidious tastes. Meantime a

35 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

grist mill, saw mill, flax mill, and a planing- mill have been erected,
giving employment to a large number of men. There is also a
factory where washing machines, tanks, and screen doors are
manufactured, with other small woodenware.

No history of this progressive village would be complete with
out special mention of its spacious private residences. These are
of a high class, and often equal, if not superior, to those found in
older places, both as to architectural design and appointments.
In keeping with other improvements, education has not been neg
lected. An excellent school building has been erected, where an
average of 115 pupils attend daily for instruction. Two teachers
are employed Mr. Anderson, who is principal, with one female
assistant.

Atwood has an excellent public library of over 1,500 volumes,
and, like all other business centres, among its citizens are repre
sentative of nearly all the benevolent societies, in numerous
instances doing a great work for the amelioration of the people.

On January lyth, 1890, was issued the first copy of the Atwood
Bee, by R. S. Pelton. This paper, through the energy and ability
of its proprietor, has been a great success. It is most creditable
to Mr. Pelton that in its columns from time to time can be found
a really valuable historical record of a large section of this county.
From a small beginning the Bee, in 1901, was removed into a new
brick building, fully equipped as a first-class printing-office.
During 1902 the present editor and proprietor, Mr. Anderson,
came into possession of the Bee, Mr. Pelton having sold and
acquired a large business in another section.

Monkton, situated partly in Logan but largely in Elma, owes
its origin to the construction of the Logan gravel road. In 1857
Mr. T. M. Daly, who was contractor on the highway, erected a
blacksmith shop, the first building in Monkton. With Mr. Daly
as clerk was a young man named Dunsmore, now Dr. Dunsmore,
of Stratford, who erected a store. Almost simultaneously sprang
up two hotels one in Logan the other in Elma. During 1857 a
sawmill was built by Mr. Winstanley, who had obtained a grant
of 1,000 acres in 1855 in aid of this project. At this time also

ELMA 35 I

arrived James McKenzie, who opened a post office. A number of
settlers were now gathered around this new village, amongst
whom were the families of Dobbs, Stewart, Holman, Golightly,
McKenzie, Merryfield, and Reice. Meantime educational facilities
were demanded. The Church, through an old pioneer preacher,
was putting forth her efforts in this new field. In support of these
conditions, the store which had been erected by Mr. Dunsmore
was transformed from an emporium for distributing material
things to a place for disseminating educational and religious re
quirements. In 1870 another school was erected, which in 1888
was replaced by the present structure. On completion of the gravel
road a stage route was opened from Mitchell to Newry, which is
still continued daily as a means of transmitting mail matter
between these points. In 1883 a third hotel was built. Monkton
at one period had a match factory, two saw mills, planing mill,
shingle mill, tannery, with several business houses. It is still a
pretty country village, containing an excellent hotel, some beauti
ful residences, and good business places. The surrounding
country is unexcelled for agricultural purposes.

The village of Henfryn, situated partly in Elma and partly in
Grey, is a station of the W., G. & B. Railway, and has a few
business places.

Donegal, in a splendid section of agricultural country, has a
store and post office. The first settlers near this place were
Buchanans (seven brothers), Little, Mason, Hemphill, Wilson,
Harvey and Irwin.

Trowbridge, situated on the Maitland river, about six miles
south-west of Listowel, was surveyed for a town plot, and is the
oldest village in Elma. Like Poole, in Mornington, its streets
are still silent and unbuilt. It is true that man proposes, but the
exigencies of trades disposes. Trowbridge is an attractive little
village, with the usual business places, and a population of about
200 inhabitants.

The pioneer Methodist minister in Elma was Rev. John Arm
strong, who preached in the shanties of old settlers from the
earliest period of settlement. Following Mr. Armstrong came

352 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Rev. Mr. Dyer, who was the first minister appointed by Confer
ence to Elma as a separate mission. The young- tree was first
planted near Trowbridge, which in Elma has been a prolific one,
indeed. From Trowbridge, during- Mr. Dyer s pastorate, services
were held at Mr. Code s house, at Mr. Bingham s (now Atwood),
Mr. Patterson s (now Carthage), Mr. Hacking s (now Listowel),
Mr. McKee s (now Molesworth), and at Mr. Tindal s (now Ethel.)
From these points radiated the principles of Methodism through
out Elma. So far there was not a single church in the township.
In 1858, during Mr. Hunt s pastorate, a small frame building,
32 x 44, was erected at Trowbridge. A great revival had been held
by Rev. Mr. Dyer, and kept up for several weeks in the woods,
the first practical result of which was the building of this edifice.
Another frame church was erected a few years later on the 4th
concession, and removed to Trowbridge in 1872. Subsequent to
Methodist Union in 1883 this building was sold to the Anglican
church, who conducted services there until 1890, when they were
discontinued. In 1868 Listowel and Wallace were detached from
Trowbridge, and established as a separate mission, with Rev.
Nelson Brown as first minister. Trowbridge was, therefore, a
self-supporting mission, under Rev. John Hough, until 1874, when
Henfryn became an appointment. In 1883 a further change was
made, under Rev. Mr. Bray. Henfryn was attached to Ethel, and
Trowbridge to Atwood. The present church in Trowbridge,
erected in 1884, at a cost of $3,500, is a handsome building. This
congregation is composed of over 100 members, under the pastorate
of Rev. Mr. Bristol. These arrangements were temporary, how
ever, and Atwood became a separate station, comprising Donegal
and the Jubilee church. This mission, under the energetic mini
strations of Rev. E. A. Fear, is quite progressive, with a member
ship of 200 at Atwood and 60 at Donegal. The Sabbath school
at the former has an attendance of 150 pupils, under Mr. James
Turnbull ; and the latter has 75 pupils, under Mr. Emerson
Vipond as superintendent.

The pioneer Sabbath school in Elma was opened by Mr. Samuel
Boyd, in 1859, near Atwood. He Avas superintendent, and pro-

ELMA 353

cured that same year the first Sunday school library. Church
work was begun in Donegal during 1864, services being held in
the school house until a church was erected. The principal pro
moters of this congregation were the families of Vipond, Harvey,
Squires, and Scott. In the Jubilee settlement services were con
ducted in a log school house until a church was erected in 1879.
Since the union this mission has been discontinued. Provision
has been made for the comfort and convenience of their pastor in
this circuit by erecting a brick parsonage in Atwood, at a cost
of $2,000.

In 1886 an Episcopal church was organized in Atwood by Rev.
Mr. Griffin. Services were held in the school house for about two
years, when a frame edifice was constructed at a cost of about
$1,200. This congregation, which was not large at its outset,
has not increased, many members having removed to other
sections. At present there is no regular minister. A Sabbath
school, with about 30 pupils, is conducted by the Society of
Ladies Aid.

Earliest reminiscences regarding Presbyterianism indicate that
Rev. Thomas McPherson, of Stratford, was the first who en
deavoured to establish a congregation in Elma. In 1858 he
came to Trowbridge and preached in the Methodist church, which
had then been completed. At this point he failed of success. He
next directed his attention to Elma Centre, and succeeded in
establishing what is now Atwood Presbyterian church. The first
sacrament was dispensed by Rev. Mr. McMullan, now of Wood
stock, in a school house on lot 21, con. 7, now removed. Rev.
Mr. Anderson was also a pioneer minister. Rev. Robert Ren-
wick was first stationed minister, continuing for twenty years. In
1862 a frame church was erected, and was known as the Church
of Elma Centre. This was long before the wildest dreamer ever
thought of Atwood. Mr. Renwick was succeeded by Rev. Andrew
Henderson, who was minister of Atwood and Monkton for four
teen years. Since establishment these congregations have made
great progress, having in Atwood 361 members, and in Monkton
IOQ. Rev. T. A. McLeod, M. A.,B. D. v who was inducted in
1897, is now pastor in both congregations.

354 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

No history of Presbyterianism in Elma would be complete with
out the name of William Lochhead, who was secretary of Atwood
church for thirty years. This man was a fine specimen of an old
pioneer --a kind, true-hearted Scotchman. His long period of
public service, a note of which will be found elsewhere in this
work, is a high tribute to his sterling character. He was a son of
which his native county of Ayr may feel proud. The present
session at Atwood is composed of James Dickson, John Dickson,
Andrew Laidlaw, and Robert Anderson.

Monkton Presbyterian congregation was organized about 1858,
and services were held in the school house until 1866, when a
building was erected, which is still used by the congregation. The
session in this church are George Inglis, A. Atkins, and Robert
Smith. In both Atwood and Monkton congregations are good
Sabbath schools, with a large attendance of pupils.

In Monkton is also the German Evangelical church, organized
in April, 1889, by Rev. H. C. Landsky, with a membership of
seven. During 1890 a church was erected of brick, at a cost of
$1,200. This congregation has been progressive, and has at
present a membership of about 220 souls, under the pastorate of
Rev. B. Oldenburg. There is a Sabbath school, also, in connec
tion, having an average attendance of 50 pupils.

With 1857 begins the municipal history of Elma. Prior to this
period Logan, Elma, and Wallace formed one district for munici
pal purposes. A great influx of settlers, subsequent to opening
the Logan road, rendered a change of government necessary, to
meet the requirements demanded by a rapidly increasing popula
tion. Elma s first council was composed of William Morrison,
Joseph Lennon, Donald Gordon, Alexander Mitchell, and Robert
Bingham, who met at Mr. Morrison s house on January igth,
1857. Mr. Morrison was chosen reeve. He had also been
appointed to call the first council meeting, preparatory to organ
ization. On this occasion, therefore, he was reeve, returning
officer, clerk, and "mine host" of the assembled wisdom of Elma.
This meeting was a short one. Having chosen their reeve, a
speedy adjournment was made. On January 22nd another meet-

ELMA 355

ing- was held, and Mr. Arthur Gordon appointed clerk. Another
adjournment took place, whether from a paucity of business or in
imitation of other legislative bodies history saith nothing. On
February 4th another meeting was held, its first order of business
being exactly in line with that of all rural council boards in this
county. A petition was laid on the table praying that a new
school section be formed on the gth and toth concessions. Thus
began those difficulties in school districts which have continued
almost ever since.

Having disposed of this document, by laying it over for further
consideration, officers were appointed. Mr. Gordon was confirmed
in his position as clerk, Cornelius Cozens was appointed assessor,
William Fennel collector, Arthur Gordon treasurer, and John
Philips and Christopher Wilson auditors. Compensation allowed
these officers was more liberal than in some other municipalities.
The clerk was to receive $60 ; assessor, $55 ; collector, $65 ;
treasurer, $15 ; auditors, each $3; and councillors, $2 per day
while engaged in municipal business. By-laws were also passed
regulating houses of public entertainment. The amount required
to obtain a license to sell spirits, ale, &c. , could not be considered
prohibitory when $8 for a first-class, and $3 for a second-class
license gave a right to sell for one year. A first or second-class
house was not determined, as might be supposed, by the character
of the building or accommodation required by law for the travelling
public. Strange to say, location was a primary factor in fixing
rates, and not the conveniences to be provided. This by-law states
that all the taverns on the "town plot along the town line of
Wallace shall be first-class, and those situated in the backward
parts of the township are to be second-class." At present such
an arrangement would be preposterous, but in those old days in
the backwoods, men did not fret themselves about terms, and
not much about abstract principles. They had a greater work to
do, and they set themselves manfully to do it.

At this meeting was presented a petition from Howick asking
the support of Elma towards forming a new county. The council
on this occasion unanimously voted nay. A very different opinion

356 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

animated this board a few years later on a similar question. The
formation of new counties in western Ontario thirty or forty years
ago was a sort of probationary stage in municipal life through
which all passed. The rapid opening up of this country at that
period was instrumental in bringing into existence a number of
aspiring villages and towns, nearly all of which were ambitious of
being county seats. In every one of such places were a number
of men who were continually formulating plans for erecting new
counties, with their own little hamlet as a centre. Arguments were
not wanting showing clearly the advantages which would arise to
the old bush-whacker if such a consummation could be brought
about. The advocates of all such schemes (if we accept their
word for it) were philanthropic and self-denying gentlemen, who
lived and breathed only to serve the horny-handed farmer. To
even hint that they might for a moment have any sinister end in
view would arouse their righteous indignation. The casual
acceptance of a remunerative position as a county officer would
be an act of self-denial which they would make reluctantly, and
could only be considered in the light of a patriotic duty which
all men owe to their fellow citizens. Eloquent as were the
appeals of those doughty apostles of municipal reform, they were
quite ineffective on the champion of the logging fallow. If a
backwoodsman could not make speeches, or repeat the arguments
advanced by those patriots, he could control his vote, which, after
all, is the true force of manhood. If convictions were made on
the agricultural community at all (who would really have to bear
all expense), it w,as against their will, and, of course, as Gold
smith says, "A man convinced against his will, is of the same
opinion still." In all fairness it must be acknowledged that the
action of several of the public men in these northern townships,
in their efforts to separate from Perth at an early period of our
history, was not unsupported by good and sufficient reason. To
say, however, that a separation would lead to a diminution of
taxation, or a release from their share of the county debt already
predicated for improvements, was to assume a position untenable.
This view of the situation prevailed, and the original limits of

ELM A 357

Perth County were retained. . Responsibility for this disaffection
will be found largely in the conduct of representatives from the
south. Municipalities which never had the difficulties to contend
with experienced in Elma, could not understand that an equaliza
tion of certain townships should be placed at $50 per acre, and
others, apparently as favourably situated, at about two-thirds of
that amount. That no intentional wrong- was intended by the
county council we truly believe. It was this continued and per
sistent effort of the county board to raise assessments in the
north which led to disaffection, and, on one occasion, to the
verge of disruption. Burdens for local improvement were more
oppressive in Elma than any other municipality, as will be noted
further on.

In 1857 the total assessment amounted to ^5 1,614, or $206,456.
This amount cannot be accepted as a fair valuation of all rateable
property. Government land was not liable to assessment, and, of
course, contributed nothing. In 1865 this proviso became intoler
able. By a decision of the law courts it was held to be illegal to
collect taxes on unpatented lands, a right to re-enter being still
vested in the government. Meantime about $20,000 had been
disbursed for local improvements, Crown lands being equally
benefitted. On this amount the municipality sustained a loss of
about $14,000 on unpatented lands. In other words, those who
had deeded their farms were responsible, not only for their own
share of this debt, but for that on government land also. The
incentive to a settler for prompt payment of his farm was thus
taken away. The longer he left his patent with the government,
so much longer would he be relieved of his portion of taxation.
In this extremity a petition was sent to the government praying
that these lands be re-sold, or such action taken as would make
them available for their just contribution to local improvements.
This concession was finally obtained, and all lands were rendered
available to taxation.

Another loan, in 1859, was for ^500, to aid settlers in purchas
ing seed, crops having in 1858 been a failure. This loan was

part of that fund set apart by the county council which has been

22

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

noticed in other parts of this work. In 1861 great dissatisfaction
with the expense incurred on the gravel road was expressed,
which, under government regulations regarding the sale of their
lands, was most oppressive. An effort was made to dispose of it
to the county. There is a saying that "it takes two to make a
bargain," and this fact in the present instance frustrated all their
negotiations. Elma offered the road for ^3,000, or $12,000.
The county were ready to purchase at $2,400. This discrepancy
in the price asked and amount offered terminated all negotiations
abruptly, and Elma kept her road. During this year, also, the
people petitioned the council to pass a prohibitory liquor law,
which was not carried.

While these obligations were being assumed by Elma, we have
in 1865 a statement of estimates for that year, as follows: Toll
gate rent, $700 ; licenses, $150; gravel road, rate on debentures,
$240 ; county and township rate, $3,977. These amounts were
disposed of in a county rate of $3,317; non-resident tax, $300 ;
officers salaries, $450; gravel road repairs, $1,000; total, $5,067.
If we analyze this statement it will be found that the amounts
required for county purposes is enormously large in comparison
with other sums set apart for local improvements. It will also be
observed that no mention is made of any receipts from govern
ment improvement fund. In Wallace a very large income was
derived from this source. Mornington also was the recipient of
considerable sums; but there is no indication that Elma was
favoured to so great an extent. When we consider, therefore,
the inability of council to tax unpatented lands, thus laying the
whole expense for improvements on those who had been so (shall
we say) unfortunate as to have secured their deeds ; when we
consider the non-payment of this improvement fund ; when we
consider a heavy county rate levied for county purposes, it is not
a matter of surprise that discontent sprung up amongst the
settlers, and a desire have been evinced for separation from
their existing municipal connections.

Prior to 1871 Elma had no railroad facilities except the G. T. at
Mitchell the nearest point being ten miles away. An agitation

ELMA 359

had sprung- up in Wallace and Mornington for an extension of
the W. , G. & B. southward into Elma. In prosecution of this
desirable project a bonus granting- $30,000 to the enterprise was
voted upon, carried, and finally passed by the council on Septem
ber 25th. Elma s existing- debt at the period of submitting this
by-law amounted to $24,700 for gravel road and other improve
ments. During- this year the gravel road debt was discharged,
leaving- a net liability under by-law No. 104 of $30,000. A few
years later a project for aiding the Stratford & Huron railway
was submitted under by-law No. 152. This was carried, adding-
$10,000 to her liabilities. Elma s debenture debt for railways
alone, therefore, amounted to $40,000.

While these roads have been a great advantage to her people,
by affording a convenient outlet for produce, much yet remained to
be accomplished. A few years later was introduced a system- of
drainage, which has been most beneficial to all concerned. By
this innovation large tracts of swamp land have been transformed
into beautiful and fertile farms. In June, 1879, was passed the
first drainage by-law. Under its provisions a drain was opened
from concessions 15 to 18, improving 3,748 acres of land.
Hitherto this great section was unproductive, and unfit for agri
cultural purposes. This drain cost $9,583, which was assessed
against those lands directly benefitted. Costs and charg-es in
prosecuting- this scheme varied from $25 to $350 per hundred
acres. If these sums seem larg-e it must be remembered that
previous to this expenditure these lands were valueless and unpro
ductive, but are now valuable and contributing a fair share to
public improvement.

This scheme, being- successful, led to promoting others, and in a
short time another and greater enterprise was introduced. A
waterway extending from concession 12 to 18 was now to be
opened at a cost of $25,000. This was a great expenditure, and
has been amply productive of good results. From 1879 to the
present time these questions of drainage have occupied the atten
tion of Elma council to a greater extent than all other duties
devolving upon them. It is worthy of remark, also, as being-

360 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

highly honourable to the public men of this township, that in all
those multifarious conditions arising out of a prosecution of these
improvements not a single case of peculation or dereliction of
duty has been attributed to any of them. These schemes have
been productive of great good, and although a large expenditure
has been incurred in developing these resources, wealth has been
increased in a marked degree.

It is well also to consider the public spirit evinced in prosecuting
these internal improvements. It affords an excellent illustration
of that administrative ability which has been drawn out and
fostered by the Municipal Act. In those schemes so successfully
manipulated, and in the management of those financial responsi
bilities incurred in their prosecution, foresight, and honourable
conduct is apparant to all. At present there is yet undischarged
a debt of $8,585 on railroad debentures. On drainage indebted
ness the large sum of $75,000 has still to be liquidated, creating
a heavy liability still resting on this municipality. While this may
be so, these investments have been extremely profitable to all
concerned.

The total assessed value of Elma for 1901 was $1,650,450. On
this amount was levied for all purposes taxes amounting to
$22,707, a very large sum. In any question of equalization those
expenditures ought to be considered by those having so important
a matter in charge. Population at present is 3,683; in 1861 it
was 2,392. In 1861 Elma had 7,445 acres under cultivation.
Fall wheat, 2 acres; spring wheat, 3,000 acres, producing 48,000
bush. ; barley, 709 bush. ; peas, 8,000 bush. ; oats, 18,000 bush. ;
Indian corn, 3 acres; potatoes, 15,000 bush.; turnips, 64,000
bush.; mangolds, 50 bush.; carrots, 29 bush.; butter, 33,000 Ibs. ;
cheese, 5,600 Ibs.; pleasure carriages, 10; carriages for hire, 2.

Annexed is a list of officers extending from 1857 to 1902, and
the period of service for each.

Reeves. 1857, William Morrison; 1858, John Grant; 1859,
Joseph Lennon ; 1860-6, D. D. Hay ; 1867-9, Robert Cleland ;
1870-3, Daniel Falconer ; 1874-5, R- L. Alexander ; 1876-7, R.
Cleland ; 1878-9, R. L. Alexander ; 1880-7, Thos. J. Knox ;

ELMA 361

1888-91, R. Cleland ; 1892-4, Thos. J. Knox ; 1895-7, James
Dickson ; 1898-9, Thos. J. Knox ; 1900-2, Jas. Donaldson.

Deputy- Reeves. 1862, John Grant (first deputy) ; 1863-79,
Samuel Roe; 1880-7, William Lochhead ; 1888-90, W. Lochhead
(first deputy), Young Coulter (second deputy) ; 1891, William
Lochhead (first deputy), Thos. E. Hammond (second deputy) ;
1892-4, W. J. Tughen (first deputy), Thos. E. Hammond (second
deputy) ; 1895-6, Middis Jackson (first deputy), Thos. E. Ham
mond (second deputy); 1897, M.Jackson (first deputy), Samuel
S. Rothwell (second deputy); 1898, S. S. Rothwell (first deputy),
William Shearer (second deputy). Office abolished.

Councillors. 1857, Donald Gordon, Alex. Mitchell, Robt. Bing-
ham, Joseph Lennon ; 1858, R. Bingham, D. D. Hay, John
Stevenson, Joseph Buchanan ; 1859, Samuel Roe, George Jack
son, J. Stevenson, Joseph Carruthers ; 1860-1, C. Cosens, John
Grant, H. Palmer, S. Roe ; 1862, C. Cosens, H. Palmer, S. Roe;
1863, J- Stevenson, Wm. Mitchell, C. Cosens ; 1864-5, J. Steven
son, Wm. Dunn, Wm. Mitchell ; 1 866-8, Wm. Dunn, J. Steven
son, Jas. Bristow ; 1869, Wm. Dunn, Daniel Falconer, John
Nixon; 1870, W. E. Sharman, J. Nixon, Jas. Hammond; 1871,
Robert Moore, Aaron Laing, Joseph Johnson ; 1872, Alfred
Brewer, Wm. Lochhead, J. G. Alexander ; 1873-4, J. G. Alex
ander, Wm. Dunn, Joseph Johnson ; 1875, J. G. Alexander, Wm.
Dunn, T. J. Knox ; 1876-7, J. G. Alexander, Wm. Lochhead,
Jas. Smith ; 1878-9, J. G. Alexander, Wm. Lochhead, Charles
McKenzie ; 1880, S. S. Rothwell, Wm. Keith, J. Smith; 1881,
Wm. Keith, John Mann, Robert Dunn ; 1882-3, J. Mann, George
Richmond, Wm. Dunn ; 1884-6, J. G. Alexander, G. Richmond,
L. Pelton ; 1887, G. Richmond, L. Pelton, S. S. Rothwell ; 1888,
S. S. Rothwell, Jacob Bray ; 1889-90, J. Bray, G. Richmond ;
1891, J. Bray, W. J. Tughen; 1892, J. Bray, S. S. Rothwell;
1893, S. S. Rothwell, Jas. Dickson ; 1894, James Hanna, J. H.
Merryfield ; 1895-6, J. H. Merryfield, S. S. Rothwell; 1897, Wm.
Shearer, Allan McMane ; 1898, Allan McMane, Thos. Smith ;
1899, S. S. Rothwell, Thos. Smith, Allan McMane, Jas. Donald
son ; 1900-1, S. S. Rothwell, Thos. Smith, Wm. Wherry, Wm.

362 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Coates; 1902, Wm. Wherry, Wm. Coates, Samuel Curry, Samuel
Boyle.

Clerks, 1857-63, Arthur Gordon ; 1864-72, Wm. D. Mitchell ;
1873-1902, Thomas Fullarton.

Treastirers. 1857-71, Arthur Gordon; 1872, Robert Cleland ;
1873-1900, Moses Harvey ; 1901-2, A. M. Sweeton.

Assessors. 1857, Chas. Cosens ; 1858, Georg-e Jackson ; 1859,
Chas. Coulter; 1860, R. Cleland; 1861, J. R. Foster; 1862, D.
Gordon ; 1863, J. R. Foster ; 1864-73, Thos. J. Knox ; 1874, A.
Briley ; 1875-9, Thos - J- Knox; 1880, J. Nixon; 1881, A. J.
Keellor ; 1882-4, J. Smith ; 1885, E. M. Alexander ; 1 886-8, R.
Morrison; 1889-91, W"m. Shearer; 1892, John R. Hammond;
1893, Widdis Jackson ; 1894-6, J. W. Rowland ; 1897, Alex.
Simpson ; 1898-9, Henry Smith ; 1900, W. H. Gilmer ; 1901-2,
John Hamilton.

Collectors. 1857-8, Wm. Fennell ; 1859-65, James Shearer;
1866-8, Wm. Fennell; 1869-71, Moses Harvey; 1872, George
Richmond ; 1873-4, S. S. Rothwell ; 1875-6, John Stevenson ;
1877-9, Wm. Stewart ; 1880-6, Young Coulter ; 1887-9, W. J.
Tughan; 1890, R. Morrison; 1891-1902, James Duncan.

Auditors. 1862, J. R. Foster, Robert Cleland; 1863, Alex.
Mitchell, R. Cleland; 1864-5, R - Cleland, Henry Thompson;
1866-7, A. Mitchell, Wm. Loghhead; 1868, Wm. Sharman, J. R.
Code; 1869, Wm. Sharman, Wm. Lochhead; 1870, R. Alexander,
Wm. Lochhead; 1871, W. Lochhead, Thos. Fullarton; 1872,
George McGill, Thos. Fullarton; 1873, R. L. Alexander, Alex.
McGregor; 1874-5, w - Lochhead, J. V. Poole; 1876-8, J. V.
Poole, Arthur Gordon; 1879, A. Gordon, James Irvine; 1880, J.
Irvine, Robert Code ; 1881, J. R. Code, J. A. Turnbull ; 1882-7,
J. Irvine, Wm. Hammond; 1888, Thos. Smith, Wm. Shearer;
1889-91, Thos. Smith, J. W. McBain; 1892-7, Thos. Smith, A. M.
Sweeton; 1898, Wm. Lpchhead, A. M. Sweeton; 1899-1901,
A. M. Sweeton, up to June (resigned), Thos. G. Ratcliffe ; 1902,
Thos. G. Ratcliffe, Thos. E. Hammond.

MORNINGTON OFFICERS FOR IQO2.

1. David Grieve, Reeve. 2. John Watson, Clerk. 3. James Reid, Treasurer.
4. David Swartxentruber, Councillor. 5. John Davidson, Councillor. C. J. Mc-
Cloy, Councillor. 7. R. Allingham. Councillor.

CHAPTER XXI.

MORNINGTON.

This township was named in honour of Lord Mornington, a
member of the British Government in the early part of last
century. It was surveyed by Mr. James W. Bridgland in 1848,
and contained 50,725 acres of very fertile land. Topographically
it may be described as a continuous block of level surface, undu
lating- in certain sections; in others rising to a moderate altitude,
as at Milverton. On its south side it becomes more depressed as
it nears those great swamps which at one period extended over a
portion of Ellice. From the uniform excellence of soil progress in
Morning-ton has been rapid. Farms are well cleared, fenced, and
cultivated; buildings are substantial and modern in their structure
and appointments, indicating intelligence and thrift in their owners.

While indications of wealth and comfort, with that enterprise
characteristic of Canadians, are abundantly evident, transportation
facilities have been developed with some difficulty. Deposits of
gravel so necessary in road building are not so frequent as in
several other municipalities. Evolution in constructing highways
has been equal to any other township in this county up to a
certain point. An absence of gravel has, however, prevented that
universal improvement in roads so noticeable elsewhere. This is
a natural disadvantage difficult to overcome, and at certain seasons
presents obstacles in transportation quite inconvenient to agricul
turists. It must not be inferred, however, that Mornington has
no good roads. On the contrary, many leading highways in this
municipality are equal to the best in any section of Perth County.

A system of agriculture has been pursued by farmers in this

366 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

township admirably adapted to its soil and natural conditions.
This method has been one of mixed farming-. While it is well
adapted for growing- cereals, raising- stock, or dairying", no
specialties have been introduced to any great extent in any of
these departments. In some sections cheese factories have been
introduced, creating a source of wealth to those patronizing them.
Dairying has never attained to that prominence in Mornington
which has signalized it in the adjoining township of Elma. There
is evidence of abundant success in this township arising from
present methods. Specialism in farm business is not a safe prin
ciple, and should never be followed except where conditions are
unfavourable for mixed farming-. By steadily adhering to this
latter system success has been the result.

Settlement in this township was larg-ely from its eastern side.
Following that great road through Wilmot and into the East-
hopes as far as " Bell s Corners," now Shakespeare, the pioneer
turned northward to Mornington. True to the plan invariably
followed by old settlers, the first trace of the courageous white
man is found on that stream passing what is now Morningdale
and Millbank. Years before a surveyor s blaze had marked the
spot where some day the hum of a machine or loud laughter of
school children would be heard, came the hardy backwoodsman,
who began to unravel the tangled skein of pioneer life.

In 1843 came John Chalmers and his two sons, John and Adam,
settling- near the stream on concession two. About this period
also came the families of Forrest, Struthers and Connells, and
"squatted " near that section which was afterwards set apart as
a town plot, and known as Poole. Near the stream northward
came, in 1847, James Reid, Robert Miller, Robert, John and
William McKee; John Nicklin, John Gillespie, John Armstrong,
with the families of Crawford, Henderson, Teskey, McMullen and
Strachan. In 1848 came William Rutherford and John Freeborn,
both of whom became prominent men. Nearly all of these were
North of Ireland Scotch immigrants, and unacquainted with
pioneer life. This intensified their difficulties in a marked degree.
No survey having been made, they necessarily became squatters,

MORXINGTON 367

and for any improvements were entirely at the mercy of the
government. When a survey was effected great hardship arose.
Where a patch of clearing- had been done and a shanty erected it
not infrequently happened that a concession line would pass
through the little plot of stumps and even compel the removal of
the shanty to another location. This frequently led to mutual
recriminations between settlers without any means of obtaining
redress. Of course the government were really not to blame for
this state of affairs. Every squatter by his act of occupation
certainly assumed all responsibility for his actions. Remonstrances
were made to government in cases of great hardship. Morn
ing-ton at that period had no votes to give, and with that true
instinct of an average politician or party where no votes are
involved, whatever those grievances may have been, the ruling
power knew little and cared less. It was even several years
before a removal of the land office was made to a convenient
place, it being located at first forty miles away.

In 1850 a general store was opened by Mr. William Rutherford
in what is now Millbank. In this enterprise was associated with
him Mr. James Reid, now and for nearly fifty years treasurer of
Mornington. in 1851 he opened a post office, with himself as
postmaster. Previous to this period he had formed a partnership
with John Freeborn, and erected a saw mill. During 1849 a grist
mill was also built by the same firm. Those enterprises were of
great importance in a new county, and gave Millbank a com
mercial supremacy which continued to grow for several years.
Apart from the mills erected by Messrs. Rutherford and Free-
born, a factory was built by Mr. Jacob Kcllman, where large
quantities of agricultural implements were manufactured. This
industry at one period employed forty men. The building, which
is of brick, is now deserted and still stands by the stream, a
monumental ruin, significant of the mutability of all human enter
prise. In Millbank, also, were a carriage and waggon factory,
flax mills, several stores, hotels, and a school in which were three
teachers. This pretty village was the home of several hundred
souls, and for a while very prosperous. The Stratford & Huron

368 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

railway, passing two and a-half miles away, ruined it. Its day
of greatness and the dreams of its citizens of future importance
alike have departed and gone. Several buildings yet remaining,
once the centre and scene of commercial life, are now deserted
and tottering to decay. Present population is about 175.

Morningdale, about two miles distant from Millbank, on the
same stream, is pretty and picturesque. At one time this was
also a place of some importance, disputing the claim as to priority
with Millbank. In 1849, John Nicklin, who had arrived two years
earlier, erected a mill in Morningdale, and subsequently a post
office was opened. Like its sister village of Millbank, of late years
not much progress has been made. It is now a pleasant place
with a pretty name and beautiful location.

Poole, or, properly speaking, the town of Poole, was mapped
out by government surveyors as the metropolis of this township.
A town plot of 1,000 acres was regularly laid out into streets,
avenues, and promenades. It is now, like Washington, D.C., a
place of magnificent distances. This village is an example of that
old adage "man proposes and a greater than he disposes." Com
merce refused to bring her horn of plenty in this direction, and with
inexorable persistency passed by on the other side. It never
reached incorporation, although there were at one time a hotel,
stores, and shops for mechanics. While some of these remain,
what was designated as main street is only a portion of the quiet
concession line.

Carthage, located in the north part of Mornington, on conces
sion 12, is a pleasant country village, containing stores, cabinet
maker s shop, shoe shop, Orange hall, Foresters hall, cheese
factory, and temperance hotel. It has a population of about 75.

Hesson is located some distance east of Carthage, and formerly
was known as "Mack s Corners." There are in this hamlet
several of those business places found in rural villages. It can
boast of a very fine church, whose tapering spire can be seen a
long distance away. A description of this building will be found
elsewhere.

Newton is the youngest village in Mornington, and, excepting

MORNINGTON 369

Milverton, most important. It is located two and a-half miles
from Millbank, and is a station on the Stratford & Huron railroad,
to which it owes its commercial importance. While this road
ruined Millbank it created Newton. The first building erected
was Henderson s hotel, on the south-east corner of the centre
road and concession line. A store was next opened by Thomas
O Donnell. Other industries soon sprang- up. There are now
two hotels, saw mill, blacksmith shop, hardware and general
stores, woollen factory, and express, telephone, and telegraph
offices. This village is very progressive, and large sums of
money are paid here for farm produce of all kinds, it being the
shipping point for a fine section of country. Burns, Tralee,
Mussleburg, Topping, and Brunner are all post offices in this
township of many villages.

Milverton, with a population of about 800 souls, is an incor
porated village and place of considerable trade. It is surrounded
by a fine section of agricultural land, and its appearance on the
summit of an elevation of some height is very commanding, indeed.
It is unfortunate that its railway station is so far distant from the
business section. The fable of a certain old man and his quadruped
would seem applicable to the promoters of this road through
Mornington. Of course they could not please all, but endeavour
ing to do so have pleased none, and lost a goodly portion of trade
that would have centred at some points into the bargain. It missed
Millbank, and has not been of such advantage to Milverton as it
might have been. In its route from Stratford to Listowel much
of it a splendid agricultural country Newton and Milverton are
places of greatest importance.

It was several years subsequent to settlement near Millbank
before the pioneer reached that point where Milverton now stands.
In 1852 Mr. Andrew West erected a hotel, which was the first
building in the village. This hostelry was built north from the
present business portion, and was for many years know as
"West s Corners." At this period a general store was erected
by Valentine Kertcher, on the north-west corner of Main street and
the Mill road. This building was a pretentious one, indeed, for

370 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

that time, and is still used for a general store. Prominent amongst
the old pioneers in this section were Michael Attridge, John
Torrance, Richard Bennett, Henry Trim, William Orr, John
Edwards, James McCloy, and the families of Hamilton, Coulter,
Niblock, Tennant, Fox, Kertcher, Pierson, and John Weir, who
was first magistrate who presided at the seat of the blind goddess.

As usual, when a new village was founded, a school was the
first public building to demand attention. Milverton was no
exception to this rule. A log school house was constructed on
what was afterwards found to be the principal square in the
village. In architectural design it was considered imposing. It
was a square structure with a cottage roof, from whose apex
extended a clat and clay chimney, built in true orthodox back
woods style. From a distance this looked like the cupola of a
coastguard lighthouse. A lighthouse it certainly was. . Within
its rude walls a knight of the birch from the old land bore full
sway. Clad in home-spun, and on state occasions in a blue-black
claw-hammer coat, punctuated at intervals with brass buttons, he
shed the light of his knowledge on those mischievous boys in
and around West s Corners.

Here sat on its rough benches, wrestling with the rule of three,
or those more abstruse doctrinal points of the shorter catechism,
some who are now prominent men in Milverton and the township
of Mornington. Here several of those now dignified, erudite
village fathers sat watching the pedagogic eye, and pinching with
their hands all the other boys within reach. In the old days
retributive justice followed close in the wake of offence, and
eternal vigilance seemed to be an important attribute of the
old teachers. No Nabob ever wielded his power with more
sublime dignity than an old backwoods dominie. His orders were
emphatic, and a prompt response was necessary to prevent
a supplemental admonition by the rod in support of his just
and unquestionable authority. Amongst these old teachers
were John Philips, Archie Keller, John Finnerty, and William
Alexander, who afterwards became first school inspector of this
county, in 1871. This log building of pioneer days has long since

MORNINGTON 371

disappeared, and a fine structure of white brick has been erected,
at a cost of $5,000. In this seminary three teachers are employed,
it having an average attendance of about 120 pupils.

In Milverton -are several brick blocks, two first-class hotels, and
a number of general stores, where goods of the latest styles of
manufacture can be found on their shelves. Many of the benevo
lent societies are represented, also, helping on that great work
which will inevitably bring that period when, "Man to man the
world o er shall brithers be an a that." The village has also a
mechanics institute library, containing over 2,000 volumes.

No adequate conception of the wealth and refinement of the
citizens of Milverton can be formed without having first seen its
private residences. These are on a scale of greater opulance than
might be expected in so small a centre of population. We
consider it a noble characteristic of any people who make pro
vision for the comfort and happiness of those dependent on them,
and who create an environment refined and elevating that will
impress young minds with a home influence, permeated with the
good, the beautiful, and the true. This principle appears to have
been carried out in Milverton to its fullest extent, indicating a
commendable liberality in her people.

Of manufacturing establishments there is a tannery, a grist
mill, two planing mills, a sawmill, cheese factory, blacksmith
shop, with several of the smaller industries. There is also a
private bank, kept by Mr. Ranney, treasurer of the village. The
legal profession is unrepresented, while Dr. William Egbert and
Dr. A. D. Nasmith represent the medical.

Milverton has one weekly newspaper, the Sun, founded by Mr.
Whalley its first issue appearing on December lyth, 1891, as
an advocate of local interests. In 1893 it became the property
of Mr. Malcolm MacBeth, its present editor and proprietor. The
aim of its present management is to fully report local news, and
advance the interest of the village and county generally, not by
instilling its own political views on public questions, but by a
persistent advocacy of the rights of all the people, irrespective
of party.

372 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

In Milverton are located five churches Presbyterian, Methodist,
Evangelical, Lutheran, and Anglican. The Presbyterian, in point
of membership, is, perhaps, the largest of any of these denomina
tions. This church was first organized in 1855, Joseph Brydone,
James Whaley, Thomas Connell, John Weir, James Drummond,
and John Torrance being its principal promoters. Services were
held in the schoolhouse for several years. The first building
erected for worship was a frame, and stood where the cemetery
now is. This congregation was connected with that of Millbank,
the pioneer Presbyterian congregation in Mornington. In 1887
the present edifice was built, known as Burns church, in honour
of the late Dr. Burns, who was the great apostle of Presby-
terianism in Canada. This building was erected at a cost of
of $6,500. Its first minister was Rev. Alexander Drummond. At
present there is no incumbent. In this communion are 180 mem
bers, and about 80 families. A Sabbath school is also conducted
in connection with this church, of which William Kines is superin
tendent.

The Methodist may be considered also the pioneer church in
Milverton, their first building, a frame, being erected in 1855.
Rev. Mr. Robinson was first minister, and, with a small member
ship, laid the foundation of what is now a prosperous congrega
tion. Some years later a fine brick building was erected at a cost
of $6,000. Present number of members is 120, with Rev. Mr.
Snowden as pastor. There is also a Sabbath school in connection
with this congregation, under the superintendence of Mr. Richard
Coulter, having an average attendance of 60 pupils.

The Evangelical church was founded in 1872 by Rev. Mr.
Staebler, and a frame building was erected on the north part of the
village. Its members at the inception of church ordinances num
bered 15. In 1893 a new building was constructed at a cost of
$6,000. Rev. Mr. J. H. Grenzebach is its present pastor. It has
now a membership of 100. There is also a Sabbath school with
100 pupils. Present superintendent, Louis Pfeffer.

The Lutheran church was organized in 1873 by "Rev. Mr. Shum-
bach, and comprised 12 families. Services were held in the

MORNINGTON 373

Presbyterian church for six years. In 1879 they erected a new
place of worship for themselves at a cost of $2,000. The progress
of this denomination has been steady if not great. Present pastor
is Rev. Mr. Plunck. In connection with this church is a good
Sunday school of 60 pupils. The superintendent, Mr. Conrad
Schaefer, has associated with him nine assistants in the work.

The latest church organization in Milverton is the Anglican,
which was formed in 1893, under the pastorate of Rev. Mr.
Bridgman, with an attendance of 18 families. This congregation
is in charge of Rev. Mr. Howard at present. A number ot mem
bers in connection with this mission have removed from the
village, preventing as great progress being made as would have
been the case under more favourable circumstances. There is no
Sabbath school.

During 1880 a census of Milverton was taken preparatory to its
being set apart as an incorporated village. Its population was
found equal to that required by statute, and a by-law was passed
by county council in December of that year giving effect to the
people s desire. On January 17, 1881, therefore, met Milverton s
first council, composed of J. D. Pierson, reeve; Jacob Karn,
Henry Hasenpflug, Walter J. Passmore and J. G. Grosch. A
committee was appointed to meet Mornington council and arrange
a settlement as to what portion of railway indebtedness should be
assumed by each. This committee arrived at a satisfactory
adjustment, Milverton accepting $1,950 as her portion of these
liabilities. A further sum of $5,000 was borrowed in 1896 to
erect a public school. A certain portion of these obligations are
being discharged each year by retiring maturing debentures or
adding to a sinking fund. At present the village may be
considered practically clear of debt. While taxation is not
oppressive, about $2,000 annually is expended for educational
and improvement purposes. Meantime sidewalks have been
constructed and streets improved, which has largely enhanced the
value of property and added much to the comfort and con
venience of the citizens. Milverton is a progressive village,
surrounded by splendid agricultural country, and her possibilities
are much greater than what she so far has attained.

374 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Subjoined is a list of officers in Milverton since its incorporation.

Reeves. --1881, J. D. Pierson ; 1882, Valentine Kertcher ;
1883-4, J. D. Pierson; 1885-6, James Bundscho; 1887, W. J.
Parke ; 1888, W. H. Dorland ; 1889-95, J. G. Grosch ; 1896,
James Torrance; 1897-9, G. E. Goodhand ; 1900-1, W. M. Appel;
1902, William Zimmerman.

Councillors. 1881, Jacob Karn, Henry Hasenpflug, Walter J.
Passmore, J. G. Grosch; 1882, H. Hasenpflug, J. G. Grosch,
James Bundscho, Wm. Livingston; 1883, James Wood, James
Strong, John Attridge, Alex. Curtice; 1884, J. D. Hoffman,
George Deppisch, J. H. Schmidt, Alex. Curtice; 1885, Louis
Pfeffer, Donald McGillivray, James Strachan; 1886, Jas. Strachan,
D. McGillivray, Peter Ducklow, J. S. Rea; 1887, D. McGillivray,
Peter Ducklow, J. S. Rea, J. G. Grosch; 1888, J. G. Grosch,
Peter Ducklow, Alex. Curtice, C. F. Witte; 1889, J. S. Rea, C.
F. Witte, Alex. Curtice, Chas. Spencer; 1890, Peter Ducklow, C.
F. Witte, C. Spencer, A. Curtice; 1891, H. Gleiser, C. F. Witte,
J. Rothermal, D. Merklinger; 1892-3, H. Gleiser, C.
Honderick, J. Rothermal, C. Spencer; 1894, C. R. Honderick, C.
Spencer, Jas. S. Rea, Louis Pfeffer; 1895, H. Schneuker, C.
Spencer, W. M. Appel, Jas. Torrance; 1896, H % Schneuker, C.
Spencer, Geo. E. Goodhand, Fred. Wiederhold; 1897,
Spencer, F. Wiederhold, Louis Pfeffer, James Coutts; 1898, C.
Spencer, W. M. Appel, John Engel, J. S. Rea; 1899, C. Spencer,
W. M. Appel, J. S. Rea, F. Wiederhold; 1900, J. S. Rae, George
Kerr, Wm. Zimmerman, F. Wiederhold; 1901, David Smith, F.
Weiderhold, Jacob Bundscho, Wm. Zimmerman; 1902, David
Smith, J. Bundscho, C. S. Kertcher, Rudolph Miller.

Clerks. 1881, Herman Taber; 1882, A. W. West; 1883-1092,

W. D. Weir.

Treasurers. 1881, Herman Taber: 1882, A. W. West; 1883-5,
Wm. Livingston; 1886, John Hoffman; 1887, W. J. Passmore;
1888-98, H. Hasenpflug; 1899-1902, Robert G. Ranney.

Assessors. 1881, James Wood; 1882, Samuel S. Hanks; 1883,
Fred. Stieflmeyer; 1884-7, John P. Becker; 1888-9, E. Gartung;
1890, Henry Spencer; 1891, J. P. Becker; 1892-4, W. M. Appel;

MILVERTON OFFICERS FOR 1902.

From Left: R. Miller, Councillor; C. S. Kertcher, Councillor; David Smith,
Councillor; William Zimmerman, Reeve; W. D. Weir, Clerk;
J. Bundscho, Councillor.

MORNINGTON 377

1895-6, J. P. Becker; 1897, Wm. Milne; 1898, H. M. Schaefer;
1899-1902, W. J. Spencer.

Collectors, 1881-4, Conrad Hasenpflug; 1885-8, S. G. Dorland;
1889-94, H. M. Schaefer; 1895-8, Robert McCloy; 1899, G. P.
Hoffman; 1900-2, H. M. Schaefer.

Auditors. 1881, John A. Kerr, Valentine Kertcher; 1882, J. A.
Kerr, C. S. Grosch ; 1883, Geo. Dippisch, C. S. Grosch ; 1884,
J. P. Becker, W. T. Park; 1885, W. T. Park, V. Kertcher; 1886,
W. T. Park, C. Hasenpflug; 1887, E. Gartung, C. Hasenpflug;
1888, C. Hasenpflug, Jas. Torrance; 1889-90, Jas. Torrance, John
Rothermal; 1891-4, Jas. Torrance, C. S. Grosch; 1895, C. S.
Grosch, Wm. Milne; 1896-1902, Malcolm Macbeth, C. S. Grosch.

The municipal history of Mornington opens on the i6th day of
January, 1854, when its first council took their seats at the board.
The representatives on this occasion were Adam Chalmers, James
Whaley, John Hamilton, John Nicklin, and William Rutherford.
Prior to this election Mornington had no separate existence as a
municipal organization, and formed a part of Ellice for municipal
purposes. From its first settlement in 1843, which was again
supplemented by a large influx of population in 1847-8, when
surveying was completed, local government must have been
imperfect and inadequate to meet the requirements of a rapidly
growing settlement. Those gentlemen elect, therefore, having
taken their seats and submitted their declarations of qualification,
Mr. Samuel Whaley was appointed clerk; Mr. John Freeborn,
assessor ; Uriah McFadden, collector ; and Charles Burrows,
treasurer. The municipal machinery was, therefore, for the first
time ready to be put in motion. Like other townships in this
county, the first order of business was a motion in connection
with school sections, thus opening up a department of local
legislation which has been a source of greater friction amongst
our people and greater annoyance to township councils than all
other branches of municipal work. The council formulated a
plan for dividing the township into sections, which they fondly
hoped would be satisfactory, and terminate all agitation regarding
schools. An elaborate map was drawn by some backwoods

2 3

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

scientist, creating nine sections, which on paper appear as models
of compactness. Annexed to this plan is an explanatory state
ment setting forth the principle involved and probable cost to the
people. In this document it is stated that, " according to this
plan, in the event of the union being made, there will be an
average of acres in each section of 4,955^. In No. i, 4,400
acres, and a like number in Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. No. 2 will
contain 5,600 acres; No. 3 will contain 5,600; No. 4 will contain
7,000 acres. In this section there is a separate school, which
reduces it in fact to the smallest section in the township. It also
embraces a large quantity of poor land. Keeping a school for 12
months in sections Nos. i, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 teacher s salary, say,
$300 per annum will require an average taxation of upwards of
$7.20 on each hundred acres. In sections Nos. 2 and 3 teachers
salaries, say, $300 per annum would require an assessment of
$6 on each hundred acres." "I am of opinion," the compiler
goes on to say, "that sections 2 and 3 are not too large, but I
am certain that sections i, 5, 6, 7, 8, and q are too small for the
present comfort of the ratepayers."

Regarding the latter statement made by this officer there could
be no doubt. Small as these sums may seem to an afiflulent rate-
paper at present, fifty years ago with many they were great
amounts. How many acres of ashes, how many troughs-full of
black salts (after hauling for miles over crossways and through
mud holes of unsearchable depth) it would require to obtain $6.00
old pioneers well know. This apparently equitable division was
of short duration. Every subsequent council had its special
deputation of appellants from all pre-existing arrangements.
These delegations were often fierce and emphatic in their elucida
tions of new plans, setting at defiance the dignity of those in
authority. In 1864 this intersectional war reached a climax.
Every man s hand seemed to be against his brother, and a
complete disruption of all former arrangements occurred. At one
council meeting a solution of this important question would be
reached satisfactory to all. Next session the whole would be
over-turned, and a new order of things established. It was not

MORNINGTON 379

till expensive school building s had been erected, and larg-e sums
invested in them, that this maelstrom of excitement died away.
Yet, like an Icelandic geyser, while an occasional burst of hot
spray may be now and again thrown up, it soon falls back in
harmless impotency to its former condition.

Another question disposed of at this meeting- was an application
from Mr. William Hueston for a licence to keep a hotel, the first
issued in Mornington under the statute of 1850. This was
disposed of by recommending the applicant to sell until he "got
notice to stop."

At a meeting held in February this question was settled by
granting- licenses to Wm. Hueston, John West, Robt. Armstrong,
John McLevey, and John Henderson. Charges for these were
fixed at ^ for a hotel, and i, i2s. , 6d. for a shop license.
These important duties for supplying spirituous potations to the
pioneers being completed, the council directed its attention to their
spiritual conduct. Mornington s first by-law, therefore, enacts
that "Any person found travelling on the Sabbath day or driving
with horses or oxen or carrying burdens, except in case of neces
sity, shall be fined not more than 2os., nor less than 58. for each
offence, upon conviction thereof before any one of Her Majesty s
J.Ps." A by-law was also passed allowing each councillor five
shillings per day for his services; clerk, 12, IDS. ; assessor, 10;
treasurer, ^3, 155. It was ordered also that wild land was to be
assessed at $2 per acre, and cleared land at $8. During 1864 the
hotels in Mornington were increased to eight. A few years later
the number was further increased to eleven, the greatest number
ever existing in this township. Excluding Milverton and Newton,
few hotels now exist.

On October 2ist, 1856, a financial statement sets forth that
^503, ios., 3d. had been received from the clergy reserve fund,
all of which had been expended in improvements on roads and
bridges. On September 25th, 1857, we find another statement
presented amounting to ^646, gs. , 3d., of which ^434, 7s., 6d.
was for county purposes. The minutes of this meeting indicate
that the council was moving too rapidly. When Mr. Wm. Grieve

380 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

and Mr. Rutherford moved the above sum to be collected, an
amendment by Mr. Whaley and Mr. Shearer was offered, setting
forth, "that the council make provision for 1856 before laying on
anything for 1857," a very proper thing to do. A compromise was
effected, and ^739, ios. was levied and collected for all purposes.

Assessors in 1858 were instructed to rate wild lands at $3 per
acre, being an increase of $i, while cleared lands were placed
at $6.00, or $2.00 per acre less than formerly. Why this should
have been so there is nothing in the records to indicate. This
council also adopted a most pernicious practice in advertising for
tenders for all offices in the municipality. By an abandonment of
its prerogative in this important function the records clearly indi
cate that public business had suffered. Wherever a plan of giving
offices by tender has been introduced, accepting the lowest, public
business has suffered. All councils in this county have now
recourse to the legitimate and more honourable system of select
ing and appointing persons qualified to discharge such duties as
devolve on them in their several offices, granting fair and reason
able compensation for services rendered.

In 1858 a failure of crops occurred in Mornington, as every
where else in Perth County. Recourse was had by the council to
the fund set apart by the county council to aid poor and indigent
settlers in procuring seed and bread for their families in many
cases. A certain portion was granted to Mornington, but the
records are silent as to the amount, or the manner of its disposal.

Mornington is a highly favoured township in having a fertile
soil and good drainage for surplus water. While those sections
adjoining her have subjected themselves to heavy taxation in order
to drain their swamp lands, this municipality has been compara
tively free from imposts of this kind. It is true she has contri
buted a large sum to the Stratford & Huron railway, but not
to any greater extent than other municipalities. Marketing
facilities for a large section of Mornington are equal to any
other in our county, and superior to some. A special grant of
$40,000 to the Stratford & Huron railway will in a short time be
paid off, when her total liabilities will then be discharged. Even

MORNINGTON 381

with her payments to this debt, improvement has been rapid in
every department, and she is to-day well to the front in this
prosperous county.

It is a fact worthy of notice that no sooner did the pioneer
enter this township than, as in other sections, he first built schools
and next churches. Millbank Presbyterian church is the pioneer
church of Morning-ton. First organized by Rev. Thomas
McPherson, of Stratford, Rev. (now Dr.) McMullen, of Wood
stock, was inducted into the charge on Nov. 5th, 1856. Service
was held in the school house for some time, until a frame church
was erected in 1857. In this building it was continued till 1891,
when the present brick edifice was erected, at a cost of about
$5,000. As might be expected from the nationality of those
pioneers near Millbank, a membership of about 140 was soon
obtained. Although this has increased to 164, the commercial
decadence which overtook Millbank subsequent to constructing
the railway, has prevented great progress being made. A
Sabbath school, with an attendance of about 65 pupils, meets
every Sabbath day, under the superintendence of Mr. M. H. Reid.
The present minister is Rev. W. Haig, who is assisted in his work
by Samuel Boyd, Andrew Bennett, J. W. Chalmers, William
Campbell, and M. H. Reid as elders.

What is now known as North Mornington Presbyterian church
was organized in 1862 by Rev. Mr. Lowry, formerly stationed in
Whitby. The old settlers in that section were largely Scotch and
North of Ireland, amongst whom were the families of James
Ridlev, Alexander Patterson, Alexander Glenn, Samuel and John
Watson, and James, Thomas, and William McGorman. These
formed the nucleus of this new congregation as members, and
now increased to 200. A Sabbath school is also conducted, with
an average attendance of about 164 pupils under the care of Mr.
David Welsh. In 1862 the first church was erected, at a cost of
$1,000. Arrangements are now being made for a new structure
which will be in keeping with the wealth and importance of the
congregation. This church is now in charge of Rev. John W.
Cameron, and is quite progressive.

382 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

The Anglican church in Millbank is an old established congre
gation in Mornington, and was organized in 1856. For several
years subsequent to that period services were held in the Pres
byterian church, Rev. Mr. Newman, who was the apostle of
Episcopalianism in the north, frequently officiating-. In 1862 a
brick building was erected, at a cost of $1,500. This was under
the pastorate of Rev. H. Caulfield. Its membership at that period
was not great, and it now has about fifty-six families, with Rev.
Mr. Armstrong as incumbent. A Sabbath school is conducted
in connection with this congregation, having an attendance of
about 45 pupils.

Wesleyan Methodism appears in Millbank at an early period of
its history, a frame building being erected in 1858 at a cost of
about $800. This branch of the Christian church has also suffered
from a decadence of commerce in the village, and like other
denominations maintains its position without making great
progress.

Nearly sixty years ago Andrew Biessinger and George Stemm-
ler, Germans from Rotenburg, settled in that portion of
Mornington having Mack s Corners as a centre. No survey had
so far been made, neither was there any settlement in the township
excepting a few families in the southern part who had entered the
woods in 1843. These two Germans were the founders of St.
Mary s Catholic church at Hesson. Previous to 1855 those
settlers who came subsequent to Biessinger and Stemmler
travelled to St. Clements, where a mission was established, at a
distance of 15 miles, to obtain church ordinances. Rev. Father
Missner first visited St. Mary s in 1855. At this period it was
known as " Huben Nix," signifying abject poverty. This was
afterwards changed to Bethlehem, Mack s Corners, or Mackton,
until it received its present appellation in honor of S. R. Hesson,
Stratford, who was member of Parliament for several years.

Early in 1867 Father .Glowskey was placed in charge of St.
Clements and Hesson. He was succeeded in 1871 by Rev.
Father Breeskoff, who continued pastor of both stations for ten
years. During this period good progress had been made. A

MORNINGTON 383

separate school had been erected of logs, to which was annexed a
small sanctuary, where mass was celebrated and church ordinances
regularly dispensed to about twenty families then constituting this
mission. The first pastor stationed at St. Mary s was Rev. Father
Heitmann, but such was the condition of those comprising his
congregation even at this late period that he was compelled to
ask charity from those who were in duty bound from the sacred-
ness of his office to have at least contributed a moderate sum to
his support. The position of this poor priest must have been one
of great hardship, indeed, when we consider that offerings on
Sabbath days fluctuated between i2c. and $2.00. His Easter
offering was $2, and at Christmas he was made unspeakably rich
by receiving the sum of $10. This priest was a good and kind-
hearted man, a person of culture and literary attainments, and
rests in an almost nameless grave in Stratford, buried by charity ;
the last rites of sepulchre being performed by Father Brennan, of
St. Marys.

Meantime a change was rapidly approaching. In 1886 a
residence was erected for the clergyman at a cost of $1,000.
During 1891 Bishop O Connor, of London, visited Hesson for the
first time in its history, and in 1892 was constructed at a cost of
$5,000 the present beautiful church, the whole being free from
debt. In 1894 Rev. Father John Joseph Gnam was placed in
charge of this mission, under whose administration it has been
most successful, having now over seventy families who worship at
St. Mary s, Hesson. On December i6th, 1902, a chime of bells
was placed in the tower at a cost of $1,000, whose mellowed
cadence on the holy Sabbath morn can be heard far away in the
home of many a remote worshipper. Evolution in this mission has
been great, and it is now one of the most prosperous in this
county.

Officers in Mornington from 1854 to 1902, inclusive, are as
follows :

Reeves. 1854-6, James Whaley; 1857, Uriah McFadden; 1858,
Walter Pfeffers ; 1859-60, John Smith; 1861, William Grieve; 1862,
Richard Bennett; 1863-7, J nn Watson; 1868-72, Samuel Whaley;

384 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

1873-5, Valentine Kertcher; 1876-7, E. T. Rutherford; 1878-80,
V. Kertcher; 1881, Dr. Jas. Johnson; 1882, Jas. Gibson; 1883-93,
W. B. Freeborn ; 1894-6, Hugh Jack; 1897-8, Charles Trim;
1899-1901, Hugh B. Kerr; 1902, David B. Grieve.

Deputy-Reeves. 1859-61, first deputy-reeve, Jas. Whaley; 1862,
J. Watson; 1863-8, Robert McKee; 1869, Chas. Glenn; 1870, R.
McKee; 1871, J. S. Bowman; 1872, Jas. Rutherford; 1873, Moses
Laing; 1874-5, E - F - Rutherford; 1876-8, George McKee; 1879,
Jas. Kines; 1880-2, W. B. Freeborn; 1883-7, Thomas Magwood;
1888-91, J. Grieve; 1892-3, Peter Zoeger first deputy, D. G.
Nicklin second deputy; 1894, John Langford ; 1895-6, C. Trim;
1897-8, John Campbell; office abolished.

Councillors. 1854, Adam Chalmers, John Hamilton, William
Rutherford, John Nicklin; 1855, Chas. Burrows, Wm. Rutherford,
J. Nicklin, Walter Pfeffers; 1856, W. Pfeffers, Alex. Patterson, R.
McKee, Wm. Reid; 1857, Wm. Grieve, Wm. Rutherford, Jas.
Whaley, Geo. Shearer; 1858, Wm. Rutherford, Uriah McFadden,
Jas, Whaley, Wm. Grieve; 1859-60, John Chalmers, Jas. Riddell,
Wm. Grieve; 1861, J. Chalmers, R. McKee, John Watson; 1862,
George Magwood, P. McKee, Wm. Grieve; 1863, Richard Ben
nett, G. Magwood, J. Nicklin; 1864-6, G. Magwood, J. Nicklin,
Alex. Roe; 1867, G. Magwood, J. Nicklin, Jas. Whaley; 1868, G.
Magwood, J. Nicklin, Chas. Edwards; 1869, J. Nicklin, Chas.
Edwards, Moses Laing; 1870, J. Nicklin, G. Magwood, M. Laing;
1871, G. Magwood, Chas. Brown, V. Kertcher; 1872, G. Mag-
wood, Chas. Brown, David McCloy; 1873, G. Magwood, Thos.
Hall, Allan Goodall; 1874, G. Magwood, A. Goodall, D. McCloy;
1875, G. Magwood, Wm. McConnell, Samuel Whaley ; 1876, G.
Magwood, Chas. Glenn, Jas. Baird; 1877, Jas. Baird, G. Mag-
wood; Jas. Kines; 1878, Jas. Baird, Jas. Kines, Wm. McCormick;
1879, Wm. McCormick, H. W. Kerr, George Langford; 1880,
Wm. McCormick, H. W. Kerr, Jas. Gibson; 1881, Wm. John
ston, Jas. Kines, Thos. Magwood; 1882, Jas. Gibson, Wm.
Johnston, Thos. Magwood ; 1883, James Baird, Jas. Gibson,
Wm. Johnston; 1884, Jas. Gibson, Jas. Baird, Adam Fleming;
1885-6, Jas. Baird, W. F. Rutherford, H. B. Kerr; 1887, Wm.

MORNINGTON 385

Campbell, Hugh Jack, Hugh Kerr; 1888, Wm. Campbell, H. Jack,
Chas. Trim; 1889-91, H. Jack, C. Trim, D. McCloy; 1892-3, D.
McCloy, C. Trim; 1894, Wm. Johnston, D. J. Nicklin, C. Trim;
1895, Wm. Johnston, D. McCloy, John McCloy; 1896, John
Campbell, D. McCloy, D. M. Nicklin; 1897, J. P. Griffin, D.
McCloy, G. Shearer; 1898, J. P. Griffin, G. Shearer, D. McCloy;
1899-1900, David B. Grieve, J. P. Griffin, J. McCloy, G. Shearer;

1901, Robert Ailing-ham, John Davidson, D. B. Grieve, J. McCloy;

1902, R. Allingham, J. Davidson, J. McCloy, David Swartzen-
truber.

Clerks. 1854-7, S. Whaley; 1858, William Willcott; 1859-60,
John W. Beaton; 1861, John Smith; 1862, John Jones (resigned),
Chas. Fleming; 1863, M. McFadden; 1864-72, John Beaton; 1873,
J. B. Rutherford; 1874-1902, John Watson.

Treasurers. 1854, Charles Burrows ; 1855, continuously to
1902, Jas. Reid.

Assessors. 1854, John Freeborn; 1855, S. Whaley; 1856, Jas.
Terriff, Robert Struthers; 1857, Jas. Terriff, Wm. Drake; 1858,
Wm. Drake; 1859, Wm. Drake, Thos. Shearer; 1860-1, Jas.
Baird; 1862, Wm. Drake; 1863, Moses McFadden; 1864-5, Wm.
Drake; 1 866-8, Thos. Hall; 1869, William Grieve, John Riddell;
1870, T. Hall; 1871, John Turnbull; 1872, Chas. Glenn; 1873, T.
Hall; 1874, J. Kines; 1875, J onn Pfeffers; 1876, J. Kines; 1877-8,
W. B. Freeborn; 1879, Wm. Loney, J. Turnbull; 1880-1, Jas.
Magwood; 1882, C. Glenn; 1883-4, T. Hall; 1885-6, J. Grieve;
1887-8, S. Loney; 1889-90, Alex. Stewart; 1891, Jas. Hunter;
1892-4, Michael McCormick; 1895-1901, Joseph Gibson; 1902,
Wm. J. Dowd.

Collectors. 1854, Uriah McFadden; 1855, John Gillespie; 1856,
Samuel Watson, John Coulter; 1857, James Roe, John Legget;
1858, J. Roe, Wm. Hamilton; 1859, J. Roe; 1860, R. Struthers,
J. Legget; 1861, J. Legget; 1862-3, G. Dorland, Alex. Patter
son; 1864-6, S. J. Dorland; 1867-8, S. J. Dorland, S. Watson;
1869-70, S. Watson, R. Struthers; 1871, S. Watson, Wm. Moss;
1872, J. Kines; 1873, J- Watson, J. Kines; 1874-5, James Drum-
mond; 1876, Joseph Williams; 1877-8, J. Drummond, Simeon

386 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Loney; 1879, S. Loney; 1880, J. Drummond, John Swain; 1881,
J. Drummond, S. Loney; 1882-7, J- Drummond, John Gamble;
1888, J. Drummond, S. Loney; 1889, J. Drummond; 1890, Albert
Hall, J. Drummond; 1891-2, John Whaley, J. Baird; 1893-5, J-
Whaley, Jas. Dowd; 1896-7, S. Watson, J. Whaley; 1898-1900,
S. Watson, Wm. McConnell; 1901, J. B. Weir, S. Watson; 1902,
Wm. D. Langford, Alfred Tanner.

Auditors. 1855, Chas. Jones, Joseph Hamilton; 1856, M.
McFadden, C. Jones; 1857, J. W. Keeler, Samuel Watson;
1858-9, C. Jones, James Baird; 1860, J. W. Keeler, Robert Grant;
1861, George Regan, Thos. Caulfield; 1862-3, S. Watson, Charles
Riley; 1864, James Boner, S. Watson; 1865-6, James Johnston,
Georg-e Gamble; 1867, Charles Glenn, James Johnston; 1868,
Dr. Martin, Richard Edwards; 1869, John Turnbull, John Riley;
1870-2, Andrew Mundall, John Riley; 1873, Samuel Patterson,
James Crawford; 1874-5, Alex. Stewart, Joseph Pierson; 1876,
A. Stewart, Thos. Caulfield; 1877, J. Pierson, T. Caulfield; 1878,
John Gibson, John Turnbull; 1879, J. Pierson, J. Gibson; 1880-1,
J. Gibson, William Barr; 1882, J. Gibson, T. W. Johnston;
1883-4, J. Gibson, Jas. B. Davidson; 1885-6, William Waddell,
William Herron; 1887, William McCormick, W. Herron; 1888-90,
Wm. Waddell, Wm. McCormick; 1891-8, Wm. Waddell, George
Thompson; 1899-1901, G. Thompson, Samuel Boyd; 1902, G.
Thompson, W. B. Freeborn.

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CHAPTER XXII.

WALLACE.

Wallace lies at the extreme northern limit of Perth County, and
looks on the map as if it had been added as a matter of expediency
rather than from contiguity. It is peculiarly shaped, being- nearly
triangular, with its south-west corner cut off by a boundary line
extending about i ^ miles. On its southern side it is partly
bounded by Elma, yet nearly separated from Perth by Grey, in the
County of Huron. This triangular shape of Wallace resulted from
the manner in which surveys were made in this section of Ontario.
In the early days of this western province several roads were
opened up, forming governing lines, from which townships
extended backward on either side. That great road extending
from Wilmot to Goderich is a good example of this principle,
municipalities on its north and south sides being laid out with
regularity. The Canada Company and crown lands surveys from
the south, from Wellington and Waterloo on the east, and from
Lake Huron on the west, all converge on the boundary lines of
this triangular township.

This municipality was last to be opened up in Perth County.
Over thirty years had passed away since that eventful period
when John Gait and his friends passed on westward to Goderich,
before the woodman s axe broke the solemn stillness of this
great solitude. In 1852 a survey was ordered by Hon. John
Rolph, commissioner of crown lands. This comprised concessions
i, 2, 3, and 4. These were set apart as common school lands. In
1854 the whole was completed by Mr. Wilkinson and P. Callaghan,
P. L. S. Field notes in the crown lands office indicate an area of

390 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

51,398 acres, exclusive of roads which contain a further portion,
amounting to 1,025 acres, making- a total of 52,423 acres. Of
this area 29,521 were common school lands.

The topography of Wallace differs somewhat from that obtain
ing in other sections of this county. While it is rolling, there
are few of those long sweeping undulations found further south.
Its surface is deversified by low elevations, irregular in outline and
interspersed with depressions which at one period were swampy.
Land of this character would be difficult to clear. Whatever
advantage a logger might have on a declivity would be more than
counterbalanced by a mass of rubbish in low places, forming a
barrier almost impassable to the laborious pioneer. Much of this
has now been cleared and are now fertile sections, producing
abundant returns for labor expended in their reclamation.

This township was named in honour of a certain Baron Wallace,
\vho was chairman of the agricultural board in Great Britain
during the early part of last century. Although not opened really
for settlement till 1855, a number of pioneers had located pre
viously. In 1861 it had a population of 2,400. This was a very
large number of inhabitatants for so short a period. At this time
no winter wheat was planted in Wallace, but it produced in 1861
58,403 bush, of spring wheat from 3, 1 12 acres; of barley, 89 acres
produced 1,742 bush. ; peas, 664 acres produced 1 1,499 bush. ; oats,
88 1 acres produced 24,946 bush. ; potatoes, 242 acres produced
20,660 bush.; turnips, 398 acres produced 69,747 bush.; of butter
there were 38,000 Ibs. ; cheese, 667 Ibs. ; maple sugar, 20,852 Ibs. ;
home-made flannel, 3,389 yards; wool, 2,782 Ibs. Of carriages
or buggies kept for pleasure there were ten, valued at $550. Total
value of live stock, $67,418. Population in 1901, 2,693. Value
of property, $1,939,961.

The soil, while it may differ from those heavy clays found in
other sections, is good. Amongst farmers it would be known as
a sharp, warm soil, with porous substrata, forming an ideal com
bination for successful agriculture. That it has been cultivated
with skill, and produced abundantly, is evident. Buildings, fences,
roads, and other indications all point to good farming. A system

WALLACE 391

of husbandry has been pursued quite equal to those advanced
methods introduced in older sections. Mixed farming- has been
practically adopted throughout. Co-operative dairying has not
been accepted as a source of wealth as it has in Elma, although
something has been done in this important branch of industry.

While much has been accomplished in a short period of forty-
five years, the people have from time to time laid on themselves
heavy burdens for improving their transportation facilities. There
is no municipality in this county that has contributed larger sums
in aid of railroads than Wallace. Beyond her liability for a share
of our county debt which has already been discharged, and that
portion still to be liquidated (nearly $300,000 of which was pred
icated before this township had even been surveyed, and not one
dollar of which was expended in her interest), larg-e sums have
been granted. She aided the W. , G. & B. railway, the southern
extension, and the Stratford & Huron railway to the extent of
nearly $60,000.

It may be that the debts contracted by the United Counties
for the B. & L. H. railway a portion of which she was compelled
to assume may have promoted the manifestations of disaffec
tion once existing. Efforts were made for years by her public
men to obtain a separation from Perth, a plan of redress now
happily no longer considered. In a court of equalization, there
fore, many circumstances present themselves in connection with
this township not applicable elsewhere. In determining what
ought and what ought not to be an equitable equalization in
Wallace reference should be had to those circumstances which
have compelled her to contribute so largely of her substance in
promoting local improvements which to her were really of no
direct advantage.

It is well to consider, also, that without these large expenditures
of township funds, calculated to enhance real estate values, this
and other northern municipalities would not have been available
to so great an extent as contributors to the present requirements
of Perth County.

Surveys in Wallace being completed in 1854, it was thrown

392 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

open for settlement in 1855, at a fixed price of $2 per acre. A
portion of this amount was returned by government as a contri
bution for local improvements. This rebate was afterwards known
as the local improvement fund, and payable annually. Several
settlers had located in Wallace previous to a survey being made.
Mr. John Binning, no doubt, was first pioneer, locating where
Listowel now stands in 1851. Later on in that year came James
Stinson and his family, locating on what afterwards were lots 17
and 18, concession 6. In 1853 came the families of McWhinnie,
Wilson, Brady, Richard and James Strong, who settled on con
cession 5. John McDermott, for many years a prominent man,
was an early settler, and built the first saw mill. South-west
were north of Ireland people and Scotch. Here we find McKee,
Everal, Coughlin, Smith, and Thompson as first settlers. South
east are English and Scotch, as McAllister, Hunt, Bartley, Gordon,
Binning, Dodds, Hay, and Climie. In the north are North of
Ireland people, and settlers from Simcoe. Amongst these are
Burns, Long, Moffatt, McDermott, Home, Johnston, Kearns,
Ranton, Hayes, Elliott, Warren, Henderson, Ruler, Brothers,
and Ferguson. Edward Leggatt and Thomas Milligan were also
early settlers. The pioneers who came from Simcoe had some
experience in backwoods life. This was a valuable acquisition in
a new country. Their knowledge of the work peculiar to clear
ing land was of great advantage to the unskilled immigrants
from across the sea. Its proximity to Waterloo County and the
older sections eastward created a large influx of experienced bush-
men. In fifteen years from its first settlement Wallace had a
population of 3,580, indicating rapid progress.

In this township are few villages, and those of little commercial
importance. This condition does not arise from an unprogressive
feeling amongst the people. Indeed, the contrary is true. The
policy adopted at an early period of aiding railways had led to
centralizing trade at two points, Listowel and Palmerston. These
two important towns lying partly within her original borders,
afford excellent facilities for disposing of goods at remunerative
rates. At these two points, therefore, a large trade is carried on.

WALLACE 393

Gowanstown, about four miles north of Listowel, is now the
seat of municipal government. At this village is a station on the
G. T. R. , also telegraph, express and post office, general store
and hotel, now the only one, I believe, in this municipality.
These business places, with several private residences, comprise
this ruial hamlet.

Kurtzville, situate about four miles from Gowanstown, on the
same concession, is next in importance. This village was founded
by John Kurtz about 1875, and contains a store, blacksmith shop,
post office, saw and chopping mill, cooper shop, and brick and tile
factory.

Wallaceville, now called Wallace, situated nearly four miles
east of Gowanstown, was for several years subsequent to its first
settlement a progressive point. A station having been built at
Gowanstown had a deteriorating effect on its trade, seriously
crippling its progress. At present there is a post office, general
store, chopping mill, and a blacksmith shop. All these villages
are situated on one concession and a few miles from each other.
The country surrounding cannot be excelled for agricultural
purposes.

A number of church buildings exist and religion appears to be
more than an empty form. While several of these are regularly
attended on the Sabbath day, Methodist union and other
circumstances have caused several to be largely if not wholly
abandoned for religious service. In Listowel and Palmerston
nearly all denominations are represented, and are within easy
distance of a large sectjon of the township. People in the rural
districts, therefore, avail themselves of attending service in these
places to a much greater extent than in pioneer days, when
facilities for travelling were not good.

The Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Congregation, Missouri
Synod," was organized in 1874. Originally there was only one
church of this denomination in Wallace, when a separation took
place, and another congregation organized. Its first minister was
Rev. H. Brewer. When this new body was set apart they erected
a frame church on lot 30, concession 5, since substituted by brick,

394 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

in which service is still held. Its first congregation was composed
of 15 members, now increased to about 200 souls, with Rev.
Henry Battenburg as pastor. In lieu of a Sabbath school, classes
are held by the minister, having- an attendance of about 44 pupils.

The Evangelical church, on lot 26, concession 7, was organized
in 1895 by Rev. L. Rothermal, and a log building erected.
Services were held in this structure till 1882, when the present
brick church was constructed. This congregation has been
prosperous, having now about 200 members. Mr. L. Good as
superintendent conducts a Sabbath school with about 165 pupils.
Rev. L. Wittick is the pastor now in charge.

The Evangelical Association, on concession 2, was organized in
1868, and a church erected in 1870, on lot 37, costing about $1,000.
Services are still held in this building. Its first minister was Rev.
J. C. Staebler, whose pastorate comprised 33 members, now in
creased to 44. There is also a Sabbath school conducted by
William Good, having an attendance of 50 pupils. Rev. L. K. Eidt,
of Listowel, is pastor. The Evangelical church at Kurtzville was
organized in 1889, and a stone building, erected by the Mennonites,
was bought from that body, where services are still held. At its
inception this congregation numbered 17 members, now increased
to 47. About 50 pupils attend the Sabbath school in charge of
Mr. Henry Fisher. Rev. Mr. Eidt is also pastor of this church.

In 1863 an Episcopal church was established near Shipley by
Rev. Mr. Newman, who was an excellent and kind-hearted man.
A brick building was erected, but this congregation did not
prosper as others. Service is now held here in summer only, by
Rev. Mr. Farr, of Atwood. A Methodist church, known as
Stewart s, was erected on lot 15, concession 3, which is now used
for Sabbath school purposes only.

At Mayne a Methodist congregation was organized at an early
date. Subsequently a frame church was erected. There is a good
attendance at this station, now in charge of Rev. David Rogers.

The Evangelical Association, at Wallaceville, is a large congre
gation, with a church building on lot 7, concession 5. Rev.
Henry Dierlamm is pastor.

WALLACE 395

On lot 4, concession 5, is a Methodist church, under the
pastorate of Rev. Mr. Bartlett. This congregation is quite pro
gressive, having- over 75 members. A Sabbath school is also con
ducted in connection, having an average attendance of 50 pupils,
with Mr. James Dezell as superintendent.

At a very early period of settlement in Wallace a Mennonite
congregation was organized, and a church erected on lot 43, con
cession 7. Montezuma Brothers was principal promoter of this
mission.

On lot 3, concession 7, is Zion Methodist church. This con
gregation has erected a brick building, and has a membership of
about 50. Under Rev. Mr. Bartlett this station is progressive.
There is also a Sabbath school, having about 50 pupils, under Mr.
E. C. Robinson as superintendent.

The Evangelical Lutheran church on lot 3, concession 9, was
established at a more recent date than many others in Wallace.
Since opening this mission a few years ago steady, if not rapid,
progress is being made. Rev. Mr. Draschael is pastor.

Perhaps the oldest church in Wallace is that at Molesworth.
This congregation was organized by Rev. Mr. Renwick at an
early day. In the historical sketches of Elma and Listowel will
be found further remarks on this mission.

Previous to "1858 Wallace had no separate municipal history.
From its first settlement it formed a part of that district composed
of Logan, Elma and Wallace. This large section of country was
governed by one council, whose place of meeting was Mitchell,
over twenty miles away. Rapid influx of population led to dis
memberment a change rendered necessary for making those
improvements requisite to development. Mr. D. D. Campbell
was appointed by the county council to conduct the first election.
On January 18, 1858, Mr. Campbell, as acting clerk, presided
over Wallace s first council. This body was composed of Free-
born Kee, who was chosen reeve, Jas. Bolton, John McDermott,
John Wilson and Joseph Farncomb. After completing those
formalities usual in organizing a new council, their first motion

was one regarding a union school section between Elma and

24

39^ HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Wallace, comprising" lots 17 to 32, inclusive, concession one.
Thus, in common with all other municipalities, a school section
war began, which continued for many years before an adjustment
was reached. At this meeting another motion was introduced,
somewhat pernicious in its results, and one I regret to say longer
acted upon in this township than any other in this county. This
was a subordination of their own dignity by asking tenders for
those offices which it was a part of their prerogative to bestow.
Adopting this principle subrogated their intelligence to a mercen
ary consideration of dollars and cents. When a council or
councillors shrink from exercising those powers conferred upon
them by statute, they are no longer equal to their duties, and
their conduct detracts from the dignity of that position they are
called upon to fill. The prerogative of appointing fit and proper
officers as servants of the people is one which no representative
man can ignore. To select an officer from several applicants on
the score of clamorous importunity or pecuniary need as expressed
in his tender, in preference to natural fitness or acquired experi
ence, is not conducive to carrying out those ideals essential to a
progressive democracy.

At a meeting in February tenders for offices were opened and
read. These were, indeed, extremely modest ; Mr. Christopher
Massey Hemsworth s -- being $45 per annum for clerk --was
accepted. Whatever may have been Mr. Hemsworth s other
qualifications for this position, as a caligraphist he had no equal
amongst municipal officers in this county. For treasurer, Wil
liam Craig received $40 ; assessor, William Henderson, $50;
collector, James Stinson, $40. These amounts were quite in
adequate as compensation for duties to be performed by these
officers, and could only have been accepted through lack of
knowledge regarding the requirements they would be called on
to perform. Except Mr. Hemsworth, who retained his position
for many years, a change was quickly effected in all other offices.
The mantle of this old officer seems to have fallen on the present
incumbent, whose long period of service as clerk of Wallace has
been characterized by a faithful discharge of his duties.

WALLACE 397

A second meeting" was held in February, 1858, and an attempt
made to dispose of school section difficulties by one sweeping-
measure of organization for the whole township. A by-law was
passed creating ten districts, four of which were unions. This
enactment was considered an equitable one, and it was fondly
hoped that the excitement which had been so prevalent would
soon subside. But, "the best laid schemes of mice and men
gang oft agley. " The trend and varying progress ever present in
a new country, with other exigencies constantly arising , rendered
abortive any attempt at a prompt solution of school boundaries.
Re-adjustment after re-adjustrnent took place, and it was not till
expensive and more permanent building s were erected that school
legislation was eliminated from local politics.

At this meeting other important measures were passed, such as
defining those securities to be given by township officers. The
clerk was required to give bonds for ^300; treasurer, who was
also clerk after this year, ^3,000; collector, ^1,250. Councillors
were each to receive $2 per day for each day at the board. By
laws were passed regulating houses of entertainment, of which
this township appears never to have had more than five (at present
there is only one). License fees were fixed at $14 per annum for
hotels, with 70 cents to the clerk for issuing-. On March 23, with
a promptness worthy of imitation by all g-overning bodies, a settle
ment with the newly separated municipalities was made, and duly
ratified by all parties. This report allows liabilities against Logan
amounting" to ^286, 8s., 8^d., with a counter claim against
Wallace of 112, IDS. , or a balance in favour of the latter
amounting to 173, i8s., 8d. Copies of this report are signed
by Mr. Robert Jones, reeve of Logan, and Alex. Campbell and
Patrick Collins on behalf of Wallace. At the next session a
seheme was inaugurated for a public library, and $100 granted to
purchase books. Regulations highly commendable were formu
lated for extending its usefulness. Like those attempts made by
other municipalities, education through the medium of a circu
lating library did not succeed. Machinery in every case was set
in motion, but the impetus was soon exhausted, and, as far as

398 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

councils were concerned, received no further attention. Another
suggestive motion frequently occurring in old minute books sets
forth that "crossways may be made of any kind of timber except
basswood, string pieces not to be more than ten inches in diameter,
cross logs not less than six inches at the top end and not less than
fifteen feet in length." In August an intimation from the county
clerk was read that $1,605 was to be levied for county purposes.
Several schools also applied No. 6 for $252; No. 3, $280; No. 7,
$65. A total rate was ordered by the council to be collected
amounting to $2,109. In February, 1859, the securities given
by township officers were again re-considered, the collector being
required to give as surety 800 acres of land subject to approval of
the board.

From a statement made in March, 1859, we are afforded an
insight into pioneer life in a dark period of its history. A failure
of crops in 1858 was followed by great hardship and distress in
many backwoods homes throughout Perth County. In a towri-
ship so recently settled as Wallace, where the contest with poverty
was at its crucial point between success and failure, losing a
year s labour fell on a struggling pioneer with crushing effect.
Application was made for a share in the relief fund set apart by
the county council, which was demanded in all municipalities to
a greater or less amount. In Ward No. i, Wallace, was dis
tributed 82 barrels flour and 328 bush, wheat; No. 2, 101 barrels
flour and 105 bush, wheat; No. 3, 56 barrels flour and 87 bush,
wheat; No. 4, 36 barrels flour and no bush, wheat; No. 5, 85
barrels flour and 116 bush, wheat, making a total of 240 barrels
flour and 746 bush, of wheat. For some reason unexplained
applicants received three-quarters the quantity of flour asked for
and five-ninths the quantity of wheat.

At a meeting held on August i5th, 1860, a petition was
presented, praying that by-law No. 34, prohibiting the sale of
spirituous liquor, be repealed. Another petition of an extraordin
ary character, was also presented, "praying that a meeting of
ratepayers be called to discuss the propriety of preventing the
county council from constructing a gravel road through the

WALLACE 399

township." Also, "to consider the propriety of petitioning
parliament to grant a separation of Wallace from Perth, and
annex it to Wellington or a new county to be formed." As a
matter of fact, Wallace, by the authority of parliament, was
placed in both Perth and Wellington Counties. It was not, there
fore, till complete organization was effected in Perth that the
mistake was rectified. These proceedings indicate a certain
amount of discontent, which no doubt existed for many years
subsequent to these events. Characterized by bitterness it cer
tainly was, when efforts were made to prevent the county council
from carrying out much-needed improvements. As to separation,
there could be no vaid reason for such a movement. Nothing
could be gained by annexation to Wellington. Distance from
Stratford may have been an argument in favour of dismember
ment, but would be quite as applicable in the other case. In 1879
the matter culminated in a meeting held at Harriston, where a
plan was submitted. The new county was to be called "Blake,
and to be composed of the townships of Minto and Maryborough,
from Wellington ; Mornington, Elma, Wallace, and Listowel,
from Perth ; and Grey, Howick, and Turnbury, from Huron.
Arrangements were made to bring the whole matter before
parliament. Delay ruined the scheme.

An important product of this new fertile country was a crop of
energetic country towns, who like all youths were progressive and
consequential. Listowel, Harriston, and Palmerston previous to
1879, when the last meeting was held, were all aspiring to the
dignity and importance of being a county seat. Their anxiety in
this instance appears to have outgrown their discretion. Each
one of them was determined that if it could not receive the decided
advantage for itself, it would as far as possible prevent other
aspirants from succeeding. Thus the whole plan, which never
was good, became at once abortive through petty jealousy of each
other. While this scheme of a new county was unsuccessful, a
complete change of policy soon took place amongst the people
regarding gravel road improvement. In 1863 the central gravel
road leading northward from Listowel was in course of construe-

400 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

tion. This was a great boon to Wallace in enabling her people to
transport their surplus products with some degree of comfort.

About 1860 certain events transpired in this township which
literally leaves an impression on all official papers emanating- from
its council. Memories of these are embodied in the coat-of-arms
engraved in its corporate seal. Prior to 1865 Wallace had no
corporate seal. It is true her public documents had a distinctive
character, arising from a plentiful application of red sealing wax
stuck near official signatures. Meantime, two events in Canadian
history had taken place which gave rise to an idea afterwards
formulated into a coat-of-arms, the most unique, and, I dare say,
appropriate of any corporate signet in this county.

In September, 1860, the Prince of Wales, now King Edward,
visited Canada. At Kingston all classes, orders and societies had
erected arches in his honour. Amongst others that of the Orange
order. The Duke of Newcastle, who was guardian of the Prince,
refused to enter the city unless this obnoxious arch was removed.
Of course it was not removed; His Grace, therefore, did not at
that time visit Kingston. This was accepted as a direct insult to
the order and their principles. During the period of this excite
ment an election was held in this county. T. M. Daly was
candidate of the Conservative party. Hon. Michael H. Foley, a
Catholic, was the candidate of his opponents. Wallace gave a
large majority for Mr. Daly, which aroused the indignation of the
Toronto Globe. This paper had been endeavoring, since the
incident at Kingston, to unite the whole Protestant party, but
utterly failed with the Orangemen. In a spirit of retaliation it
accused the Tories, and Orangemen in particular, of having
recourse to intimidation in Wallace, preventing their opponents
from recording their votes. Be this as it may, the Globe, having
exhausted its repertoire of vituperative political epithets, at last
stumbled on that of calling the Wallace Tories, " Daly s Lambs,"
or "Wallace Lambs." Meantime, Hon. John Hillyard Cameron,
who was Grand Master of the Orange order, had been sent to
England with the address of the Canadian Orangemen. He was
graciously received by Her Majesty, who accepted the address,

WALLACE 40 1

thus gaining a triumph over Newcastle. A double victory had
been gained, one over Newcastle and another over Mr. Foley. It
was determined these should be commemorated in a corporate
seal. On this nsignia of authority two wreathes of maple leaves
spring from the lower side extending upwards, branching right
and left, forming an alcove in the centre supporting a crown as a
symbol of loyalty in both parties. In the centre of this alcove
stands the lamb, a perpetual memorial of meekness and good-will
to all men, and safe under the protecting aegis of British power.

The term "Wallace Lamb" really originated at an election in
the adjoining County of Wellington, between Mr. Chas. Clark,
the Reform candidate, and Mr. Gowan, Conservative. Mr. T. R.
Ferguson, M.P. for Simcoe, was a relative of Mr. Gowan, and
assisted at the contest. On the evening of the first day s polling
it was rumoured that the Reformers had recourse to intimidation,
preventing Mr. Gowan s friends from voting. A large number of
Wallace people were from Simcoe, and to them Mr. Ferguson
applied for support, and the clans were aroused. From a letter
written by Mr. Jas. Robinson, of Crandell, Manitoba, who was an
actor in the scene, we subjoin an extract as indicating what was
not uncommon in old times at election contests: " Early on the
morning of the scond day the men of Wallace were there in great
numbers, marshalled by T. R. Ferguson, when whiskey ran
galore and riot ran high. Every man was armed with a good
stout stick, and no surrender was the word. The opposing forces
soon came together, and hostilities began, continuing with vary
ing success for both parties. In the melee Mr. Ferguson could be
heard far above the din calling to his friends, Be quiet, my dear
lambs; be quiet, my sweet lambs. It was on this occasion, and
at the riots in Hustonville where they were dubbed lambs. Had
they been called lions the name would have been more appro
priate." At the close of an election it often happened that the
evolution of phrenological development had been rapid, varied,
and abundant. Many an old settler who had gone to exercise his
franchise, with a head as smooth as a turnip, returned with his
cranial organism so corrugated in outline as would* have been a
very symposium for investigation to Combe or Fowler.

4O2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Prior to 1867 this township had no railways nearer than Strat
ford or Mitchell, entailing great inconvenience in moving" surplus
farm products to market. An offer by the W. , G. & B. railway
board of directors to run their line through its northern section
was hailed with delight. A by-law granting $25,000, payable in
twenty years, was submitted in September, and carried by a good
majority. On September 23rd, 1871, a further bonus of $10,000
was granted to the southern extension onward to Listowel. In
1873 a county by-law was passed, granting $80,000 to the Stratford
& Huron, and $40,000 to the Stratford & Port Dover railroads,
also passing through Wallace. Independent, therefore, of a share
of the county bonus, which she would be required to pay, in 1874
another $10,000 was granted to this road. Thus, during three
years, directly and indirectly, financial responsibilities had been
incurred in this township amounting to nearly $60,000. Having
made these liberal grants, it was several years before Wallace had
a station within her limits. Long and persistent efforts had been
made, culminating in a threat of legal proceedings, before the rail
road carried out their agreement, opening a station at Gowans-
town, being the basis of their contract in obtaining a bonus.
While this township had granted substantial aid to these great
improvements, she had a source of income from school lands
which relieved her to some extent from pressure under these
obligations. Prior to 1886 revenue derived from school land sold
amounted to $24,545. This had been paid by the government as
her share of the improvement fund.

In Wallace at present transportation facilities are good. Two
energetic and progressive towns have been carved partly from her
limits. Of these, Palmerston, as a railroad centre, rivals Stratford
in importance. Trains are despatched from this point in all direc
tions by which every corner of this county can be reached. A
station at Gowanstown affords a convenient shipping point for
surplus products in that section. Schools are equal to any in
Perth County. Farm buildings attest a high degree of thrift and
intelligence amongst her settlers. Roads, while all are not equal
to those in some other municipalities, are rapidly improving

WALLACE 403

These advanced conditions all indicate a fertile soil and skilful
development in agricultural methods.

Following- is a list of municipal officers from the period of
organization to 1902 :

Reeves. -1858-60, Freeborn Kee ; 1861-3, John McDermott;
1864, James Bolton ; 1865-73, John McDermott ; 1874, J os - H.
Craig; 1875-80, John McDermott; 1881-4, George Follis; 1885-9,
James Robinson; 1890-6, G. V. Poole; 1897-8, John Willoughby;
1899-1900, John Brisbin; 1901-2, Joseph Walker.

Deputy- Reeves. 1862, George Mills, first deputy-reeve; 1863,
Wm. Follis; 1864, Freeborn Kee; 1865, Wm. Follis; 1866, Daniel
D. Campbell; 1867-8, Wm. Follis; 1869, Edward Luck; 1870-3,
Andrew Little; 1874-5, George Follis; 1876-8, Alex. Kennedy;
1879, John Willoughby; 1880, Alex. Kennedy; 1881, John
Willoughby; 1882-4, Alex. Kennedy; 1885-9, John Willoughby;
1890-4, Alex. Kennedy; 1895-6, John Willoughby; 1897, Henry
Coghlin; 1898, Joseph Walker.

Councillors. 1858, James Bolton, J. McDermott, John Wilson,
Jos. Farncomb ; 1859, J. Bolton, J. McDermott, J. Wilson, Wm.
Climie; 1860, J. McDermott, J. Wilson, Wm. Hemsworth, Joseph
Farncomb; 1861, Richard Strong, Wm. Follis, D. D. Campbell,
James Bolton; 1862, Wm. Follis, D. D. Campbell, R. Strong;
1863, R. Strong, D. D. Campbell, James Mulvey; 1864, D. D.
Campbell, J. McDermott, J. Mulvey; 1865, D. D. Campbell,
Lewis Bolton, Mathew Donelly; 1866, Wm. Ferguson, John
Mills, James McGee; 1867, R. Strong, James Griffith, Joseph Kee;
1868, R. Strong, M. Donelly, Thomas Greer; 1869, M. Donelly,
Andrew Little, John Warren; 1870, M. Donelly, John Mills, G.
Follis; 1871, G. Follis, J. Mills, M. Donelly; 1872-3, G. Follis, J.
Mills, William Thompson; 1874, J. Mills, Alex. Kennedy, William
C. Lewis; 1875, J. Mills, A. Kennedy, Philip Orth; 1876, J. Mills,
P. Orth, James Robinson; 1877, J. Mills, J. Robinson, William
Ferguson; 1878-9, J. Mills, W. Ferguson, Thomas Speers; 1880-3,
W. Ferguson, W. Robinson, William King; 1884, W. Ferguson,
Michael Farncomb, James Moffat; 1885, W. Ferguson, Robert
Craig, Jacob Walter; 1886, R. Craig, J. Walter, John Brisbin;

404 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

1887, J. Brisbin, John Little, R. Craig; 1888-9, J. Brisbin, Geo.
Little, Valentine Berlet; 1890, G. Little, William A. King, Henry
Coghlin; 1891-4, W. A. King, H. Coghlin, William Morley; 1895,
H. Coghlin, W. Morley, Gustave Nickel; 1896, H. Coghlin, John
Brisbin, Joseph Walker; 1897, W. Morley, J. Walker, Gustave
Nickel; 1898, W. Morley G. Nickel, J. Burns; 1899-1900, J.
Walker, W. Morley, J. Burns, Samuel E. Smith; 1901, W.
Morley, J. Burns, S. E. Smith, John Koch; 1902, J. Burns, S. E.
Smith, J. Koch, Andrew Demman.

Clerks. 1858-71, Christopher Massey Hemsworth; 1872,
William Hemsworth; 1873-5, Marmaduke Hemsworth, resigned,
R. G. Roberts, appointed; 1876-1902, R. G. Roberts.

Treasurers. 1858, William Craig; 1859-71, Christopher M.
Hemsworth; 1872, Wm. Hemsworth; 1873-75, Marmaduke
Hemsworth; 1876-1902, John Stewart.

Assessors. 1858, Wm. Henderson; 1859, Chas. Adams; 1860,
Wm. Henderson; 1861, Jas. Stinson, Edward Leech; 1862, Wm.
Henderson; 1863, Samuel Davidson; 1864, Robert Newton; 1865,
Freeborn Kee; 1866, George S. Climie; 1867, F. Kee; 1868-9,
Joseph H. Craig; 1870, John Stewart; 1871-2, Joseph H. Craig;
1873, Alex. McKay; 1874, Wm. J. Stewart; 1875, Robert Wilson;
1876, Jos. H. Craig; 1877, Wm. J. Stewart; 1878, Jos. H. Craig;
1879, Wm. Stewart; 1880-2, Jos. H. Craig; 1883-4, Adam Hunt;
1885, John Strong; 1886, Lloyd Bourns; 1887-90, John Strong;
1891-2, Thos. C. Greer; 1893-6, S. E. Hunt; 1897-1902, Adam
Strong.

Collectors. 1858, Jas. Stinson; 1859, Chas. Adams; 1860-1,
Wm. Henderson; 1862, George S. Climie; 1863, Thos. McDowell;
1864, Jas. Mcllroy; 1865, Jos. Kee, John Warren; 1866, John
Warren; 1867-8, Jas. Robinson; 1869, George McKee; 1870-3,
Jas. Mulvey; 1874-5, Wm. Follis; 1876-8, J. Warren; 1879-80,
Jas. Simpson; 1881-4, Valentine Berlet; 1885-97, Jas. Simpson;
1898-1902, John Nelson.

Auditors. 1859, Wm. Hemsworth, Robert Martin; 1860-1,
Thos. McDowell, E. Leech; 1862, John Michie, Thos. McDowell;
1863, Thos. H. Gowan, J. Michie; 1864, Robert Newton, R. W.

WALLACE 405

Hermon; 1865, Alex. Morrow, Joseph H. Donelly; 1866, Samuel
Davidson, Freeborn Kee; 1867-8, Andrew Little, Robert Mc
Dowell ; 1869-70, G. McKee, F. Kee; 1871, G. McKee, Thos.
McDowell; 1872, Wm. Follis, John Stewart; 1873, George B.
Gordon, F. Kee; 1874, Geo. S. Climie, Mathew Donelly; 1875,
J. Stewart, Jas. Robinson; 1876, Jos. H. Craig-, Robert Wilson;
1877-9, John Mason, Wm. Follis; 1880, J. Mason, Wm. Turn-
bull; 1881-2, George V. Poole, Wm. Turnbull; 1883, J. Mason,
G. V. Poole; 1884-9, Henry Coghlin, G. V. Poole; 1890, Adam
Hunt, Wm. Somerville; 1891-5, Wm. Somerville, George Howie;
1896-7, Wm. J. Somerville, Wm. J. Turnbull; 1898-1902, Harvey
Ellis, Wm. J. Turnbull.

CHAPTER XXIII.

ST. MARYS.

Not a more beautiful spot in the valley of the Thames could
have been chosen for a town than that at Little Falls. A triple
descent over three ledges of rock, each from two to three feet in
perpendicular height by the river whose volume in pioneer days
was very great, formed a scene which, indeed, must have been
most impressive. Its picturesque environment in these beautiful
valleys, withdrawing north, south and east, must have formed a
scene in dreamy October days so vast, so varied in its variegated
colors, as to impress the first adventurers by its singular mag
nificence and splendour.

To this spot came Mr. Thomas Ingersoll in 1841, and was first
pioneer at Little Falls. Subsequent to Blanshard being surveyed,
in 1839, Mr. Ingersoll had made certain arrangements with the
Canada Company to erect a saw and grist mill as an inducement
for settlers to locate in this new township. To attain an object so
desirable Mr. Ingersoll sent a staff of workmen to proceed with
these improvements in the autumn of 1841. With these pioneers
came James McKay, still living in St. Marys, and last remaining
of those hardy backwoodsmen who came to Little Falls previous
to 1845. A saw m iH was erected on what is now Water street,
on its west side, and close to Trout creek. At this point was cut
down the first tree in St. Marys. A log house was erected, into
which William Carroll came with his wife and child, also in 1841.
This building was used as a boarding house for Mr. Ingersoll s
workmen and such travellers as ventured into this remote settle
ment. Another log house was erected on the northwest corner of

ST. MARYS OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. Frank Butcher, Mayor. 2. Leonard Harstone, Clerk. 3. II. A. L. White,
Auditor. 4. Robert Graham, Councillor. 5. R. C. Hunter, Councillor. 6. David
Curry, Councillor. 7. Wru. A. Fisher, Councillor. 8. Gillean McLean, Auditor.

ST. MARYS 409

Water and Queen streets, and another near the corner of Church
and Park streets by Mr. Tracey. These buildings were completed
in 1842, and constituted at that period the hamlet of Little Falls.

Prior to 1844, as will be noticed by a reference to " Historical
Sketch of Blanshard," a number of settlers had located in this
new section. On the occasion of a visit during that year by Mr.
Jones, Canada Company Commissioner at Goderich, who was
accompanied by his wife, it was decided by the citizens that a
more euphonious name than Little Falls should be given to this
now important village. The honour of giving a new name was
accorded to Mrs. Jones, who had subscribed ten pounds towards
erecting a school. This building stands on the corner of James
and Queen streets, and is still used for school purposes. Mrs.
Jones, therefore, named Little Falls in honour of herself, calling it
St. Marys, her name being Mary. The next buildings erected in
St. Marys were two stores, one by Mr. Cruttenden, from Beach-
ville, and another by James McKay. These stood together about
the centre of the block between Water and Wellington streets, on
Queen street, north side. This was in 1843. On the south side of
Queen street was another log building, erected also by Mr.
Cruttenden for a hotel, the first in St. Marys. Between this
hostlery and Water street was fenced in with a rail fence, forming
an enclosure where the oxen were fed while their owners were
guests of the hotel or transacting business elsewhere. This space
was afterwards occupied for a period of nearly fifty years by the
National hotel, and now by the Whelihan block. South of this
cattle yard, east side of Water street, was a coal pit, where coke
was made, to supply the only blacksmith shop in Blanshard. This
shop was opened by a person named Smith, near where is now the
post office, corner of Jones and Water streets. The next impor
tant branch of trade established in St. Marys was that of shoe-
making, by Mr. Dunn. Meantime Mr. Ingersoll had completed
his grist mill, and St. Marys began to assume the airs of a smart
business centre.

During these years, between 1841 and 1844, Blanshard was
rapidly filling up, and a number had penetrated into the woods far

4IO HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

west of the river. Amongst others an enterprising- and courageous
young pioneer, weary of his lonely condition and the cold, cheer
less aspect of his log cabin, sought out a fair one on whom he
could centre his affections and make her the cherished ornament
of his home life. Amid those leafy shades of Blanshard s lovely
valleys he woo d and won a fair backwoods maiden. They had
arranged to abridge the period of their courtship, and complete
their happiness in a most proper and orthodox way by entering
into the closer relationship of matrimonial life. With these very
natural and highly honourable intentions they repaired to Little
Falls, as a likely place where a clergyman could be found, who, by
performing the ceremony, would consummate their bliss. Fortune
so far had favoured them, a minister, by chance, happening to be
visiting at Little Falls, who would, doubtless, be pleased to com
plete their happiness. A license had been procured from London
some days previous, and everything seemed pointing to a happy
termination. But, alas for all human expectations. The river was
rolling in terrific fury from bank to bank, and they had no means
of crossing. On its east side stood the minister, with that wild,
rolling stream dashing between him and the young people on its
western shore. Hope seemed for a moment to die in their hearts.
But it was only for a moment. It is said love laughs at lock
smiths, as it does at foaming rivers. If the license could be sent
across proceedings might go forward. Even this obstacle could
be overcome, and was overcome by the ingenious bride. No
solution of their difficulties was presented by the bridegroom.
"Tie the license around a stone," whispered the blushing
maiden, "and throw it over." This plan was adopted, and the
marriage solemnized, let us hope to the supreme contentment
of her whose timely suggestion had been productive of such
happy results.

On Jones street, near the river, yet stands unprotected in its
lonesome decay an old landmark in St. Marys an aged maple
tree. This old tree has a history. It was under its spreading
branches the minister stood when the young couple waited on the
other side. Here he pronounced those obligations and respon-

ST. MARYS 411

sibilities they were to assume ere they entered that delectable
land, amid whose hills and vales they were destined to wander till
death should sever them. Under this old tree he stood and
listened for the irrevocable pronouncement of that youthful pair,
who, with hands clasped, called above the noisy waters, "I will."
Never was such a marriage consummated in St. Marys. There
were no pages on that occasion, no orange blossoms, no flower
girls, no canopy of ambrosial aromatic sweets. Aye; but it was
none the less loyal, nor less happy, that it was celebrated under
the wider and more glorious canopy of heaven God s heaven.
What if there were no organ s soft swell in measured tones of the
wedding march, was there not a more beautiful cadence in that
rolling river, intermingled with birds sweet songs in that old tree,
which seemed to lift its leafy head more proudly at such a time to
a sunlit, cloudless sky.

From 1841 to 1844 Little Falls had no postal facilities beyond
that supplied by Mr. Cruttenden and Mr. McKay. These gentle
men were self-constituted postmasters and mail carriers. Mr.
Cruttenden, when he brought his supplies from Beachville, brought
mail also. This was distributed by himself and Mr. McKay to
their several customers as they chanced to call. As Blanshard
was speedily settled, Little Falls grew rapidly. Queen street
was cleared of its ancient covering of timber. A great bank of
gravel, about twenty feet in perpendicular height, which crossed
it at right angles where the town hall and Windsor hotel now
stand, was levelled and made suitable for traffic. Business men
had gathered in and erected buildings. Messrs. Edward Long,
Milner Harrison, George Mclntyre, Moscrip, Barron, Flaws, Mc-
Cuaig, McDonald, Hutton, Guest, and many others had largely
extended its commercial interests, supplying new settlers with
goods necessary to backwoods life. Streets were now laid out,
and a few private residences began to appear here and there
amongst those black stumps which still disfigured its principal
thoroughfares. Queen street presented a busy scene of traffic
with oxen and sleds. Stores were being erected, much distin
guished by a simplicity in architectural design. These were built

412 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

ususally with gables to the street, and were low structures, in
whose interior were displayed a class of goods suitable to pioneer
life potash kettles, logging chains, cow bells, axes, cow-hide
boots, moccasins, home-made flannel, maple sugar, and fat pork
having prominence. In a place of such importance, therefore,
postal facilities could not longer be delayed. During 1845 a
regular mail service was established from London, and Little
Falls, or St. Marys, became a trading centre for a great extent of
fertile country.

It was not till a period subsequent to 1860 that St. Marys began
to assume its present appearance. Prior to that time few good
buildings existed, and these were on Queen street. All fine struc
tures were of stone. The Oddfellows hall, the largest and most
massive building in St. Marys, is also of stone, and would be
creditable to a much larger town. As late as 1870 brick was not
used to any extent for building purposes, all permanent structures
being of stone, from which arose that familiar appellation, "Stone
Town." Although inexhaustible deposits of rock are found in
close proximity, nearly all new structures are now built of brick.
This seems an improvement, relieving that monotonous regularity
on the principal streets. As late as 1860 St. Marys could boast
of comparatively few residences, and these were modest, indeed.
Excepting a large dwelling, now owned by Messrs. Weir, which
crowned the hill-top on Church street south, all others were
destitute of ordinary architectural embellishment. This residence
was erected by Mr. Tracey, an old pioneer, who was owner of a
portion of that land on which the town is built. This eminence is
now most beautiful, and every way worthy of those luxurious
dwellings that nestle here and there amongst a mass of foliage
crowning this height. Forty years ago this spot was naked and
bare, presenting a cold and cheerless aspect.

The only public building worthy of mention, even for several
years subsequent to 1860, was the central school. This structure
still remains, and although it does not challenge our admiration in
its commonplace outlines, it has the merit of being substantial.
During the autumn of 1859 was completed another rookery,

ST MARYS 413

dignified by the appellation cf town hall. This crowning- effort of
embellishment was quite multifarious in the various objects it was-
designed to accommodate. It was built of frame, painted a dirty
yellow. A small erection on its roof like a pigeon-house was.
denominated the cupola or bell tower. Its exterior aspect,
uncouth though it was, scarcely indicated the conditions of its
interior arrangements as far as color or odor was concerned. It
was a useful structure, and within its filthy walls were located a
mayor s office, town clerk s office, police .office, jail, several
butcher stalls, and various repositories for hides, whose redolent
effluvia would have indicated a splendid subject for investigation
by our present board of health. This old place was destroyed by
fire several years ago, and in 1891 a magnificent new building
raised in its stead, worthy of the citizens and highly ornamental
to the town.

In 1858 the Grand Trunk railway reached St. Marys, giving an
impetus to all classes of trade, which was of great advantage to
all. For years subsequent to this event St. Marys grain market
was far in advance of any surrounding business centres. On the
streets could be seen every day a dozen of grain buyers, all busy,
with long strings of loaded waggons pouring into town from all
directions. During autumn the market square was for several
hours each day blocked with teams, and extending down Queen
street as far as Wellington was a mass of men and horses, with
wheat and other products awaiting an opportunity to move
onward. George Carter, the pioneer grain merchant of St.
Marys, was for twenty-five years a conspicuous figure amid this
bustle and apparent confusion. Mr. Carter was in many respects
a daring speculator, and in his most energetic days did much to
maintain the precedence this town had gained as a grain market.
A vast quantity of produce flowed into St. Marys at that period,,
the Grand Trunk being the primary cause, which in a few
years was disseminated amongst several other points. In 1860
the main line was opened to Sarnia, and markets were established
in Lucan, and, later still, in Granton. This seriously affected the
western trade, and the subsequent building of the London, Huron

2 5

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

& Bruce railroad destroyed it to a still greater extent. The
opening of these roads, though most advantageous to the sections
of country through which they passed, almost for a time paralyzed
St. Marys. During the last ten years many evidences of return
ing prosperity are observable, arising from causes which we trust
will be lasting and conducive to solid progress. To facilitate the
volume of business arising out of this movement in grain and
other farm products, a branch of the Bank of Montreal was
established in 1862, and later on the Traders Bank also opened a
branch, which two financial institutions have aided greatly in
developing trade in this locality.

With the influx of population subsequent to 1845 we note also
the presence of professional men. The medical staff was
represented at an early day by Dr. Thayer. He was a thin, wiry
man, and nature seems to have designed him for pioneer work.
Dr. Nelles, Dr. Coleman, and Dr. Wilson were all old pioneers.
At present eight medical men reside in St. Marys: Dr. Matheson,
Dr. Brown, Dr. Sparks, Dr. Smith, Dr. Fraleigh, Dr. Stanley,
Dr. Knox and Dr. Hotham, all graduates of our schools and
colleges. In law Mr. Dartnell, who was elevated to the bench,
Mr. Macfadden, late county court clerk, and Leon M. Clench were
pioneers. This profession is now represented by Messrs. E. W.
Harding, J. W. Graham, Leonard Harstone and Armour Ford.
Dental surgery was not introduced in St. Marys for many years
subsequent to first settlement, Dr. Rupert being a pioneer. This
branch of surgery is now represented by Dr. James Roberts, Dr.
McGorman, Dr. Follick and Dr. Harden. Veterinary science has
three representatives. Dr. William Gibb was for several years an
examiner at the Toronto Veterinary School and president of the
Veterinary Association. Dr. George Gibb and Dr. William
Stevens are graduates of Toronto. In field sports St. Marys has
always maintained an advanced position. In those amusements
so conducive to manly development which attract Canadian youth
she has no mean share of honour. Her curlers have vanquished
many a foe on hard fought fields. On several occasion they have
stood face to face with the finals. Amongst those old veterans of

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ST. MARYS 417

the broom and gliding- stone time has made sad havoc. Many of
our old enthusiastic champions who stood around the tee giving
a shout of triumph at a lucky shot are now, alas ! lagging on
death s "hog score."

In 1853 was issued the first newspaper in St. Marys, by Mr.
George R. Mclntosh, a son of an old pioneer settler. This paper
was called the Journal, and Reform in politics. It was sold to
Mr. Abbott, who transformed it into a Conservative organ. Mean
time Mr. Riggs established another paper in Reform interests,
which he named the Argus. About 1857 Mr. A. J. Belch became
proprietor of this paper, conducting it for a number of years with
some success. Newspaper circulation at that period was very
limited. To ensure even moderate success a man venturing on
the sea of journalism had usually to be editor, proprietor, pub
lisher, compositor, pressman, and devil, all combined. The Argus
is now a lively eight-page paper, printed by a steam press. Mr.
Dillon, present editor and publisher, is an expert and clever writer.
While the Argus was making way into many homes, Mr. Abbott
issued a Conservative paper as a second venture, the Journal
meantime having become defunct. This paper passed through
many viscissitudes, changing names and proprietors frequently,
until it came into possession of John W. Eedy, a most enterprising
publisher, who, under its original name, has given it an influence
never previously attained in its history. The Journal, like the
Argus, is an eight-page sheet, both having a large advertising
patronage. St. Marys has now a third printing office, well
equipped, used for job work only, and owned by Mr. M. J. Dewey.

For two years subsequent to first settlement there were no
schools. In 1843 Mr. Nicholas Rogers came to Little Falls,
and opened a private school. There was no building, but he
transformed a part of his shanty into a seminary, where he trained
the young boys and girls of this new section. Since that period
educational matters have made great progress, ample provision
having been made for comfort and convenience both to teachers
and children. St. Marys has now four public and one separate
school, in which are employed a staff of nine teachers. The public

418 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

schools are under principal William D. Spence, his assistants
being all females. St. Marys public school buildings are severely
plain in architectural style, and certainly indicate a desire for utility
rather than show. One of these is an ancient structure, erected
in pioneer days as a place of incarceration for evil doers. This
has been transformed from a cold cell for expiation of guilt to a
comfortable room for training innocent youth. The separate
school has a substantial and well equipped building, and is also
doing good work, employing one teacher only.

In 1875 a high school was erected, which, a few years later, as
a recognition of its effective work, was elevated to the dignity of
a Collegiate Institute. This is an imposing and well equipped
school, from whose classes have gone out many clever students,
whose names are now written on the scroll of fame, adding lustre,
not to St. Marys alone, but to Canada. This institution has been
for many years presided over by Mr. Stephen Martin, a worthy
and efficient educator, who has done his duty well. With him
are associated four assistants, one being a female. The average
attendance at this school is about 175. For a more complete
description of our public school system and methods employed,
the reader is referred to "Remarks on Education" in another part
of this work.

In the municipal building will be found the mechanics institute
library, consisting of four thousand volumes. This institution is
free to all citizens, and open every lawful day. Reading rooms
are also open in connection, on whose tables can be found the
leading periodicals of interest to Canadian readers. This institu
tion is supported partly by government aid, and largely by special
grants from the town. It is well conducted by a board of prom
inent citizens, appointed as governors by the people. A great
number of societies benovelent and otherwise are represented
in St. Marys. Oddfellows, Hibernians, Foresters, Maccabees,
Chosen Friends, Workmen, Orange Society, Sons of Scotland,
and most ancient of all, Free Masons, are doing good work.
In their places of meeting will be found not only rational amuse
ment, but practical educational work is done, useful to members
in business affairs of everyday life.

ST. MARYS 419

Although St. Marys has several important manufacturing es
tablishments one of which is equal to any in the county in
number or variety she is not equal to Stratford or Listowel. The
first of these was a saw mill, erected in 1841. In 1843 a grist
mill was also built by Mr. Ingersoll, near Queen street bridge,
still operated by the G. Carter Co. In 1849 Mr. Gilbert Mclntosh
erected a carding and fulling mill on Thames avenue. This old
establishment has long since passed away ; perhaps few in St.
Marys could now point out the place where it stood. The first
foundry was erected at the west end of Queen street bridge, about
1847. This place is now occupied by O Brien Bros. In 1849
another foundry was opened by John R. Moore, where agricultural
implements were manufactured. For a period extending over 30
years, until his retirement by age, this establishment and its
proprietor enjoyed a full measure of confidence by his patrons.
This business was, on Mr. Moore s retirement, taken over by
Chas. Richardson & Co., who entered into the manufacturing of
dairy machinery. This has been a great success, nearly 40 men
being now employed on this class of goods, which are sent to
every corner of the Dominion. Industry was still further pro
moted by Mr. Weir and Mr. Forester erecting flax mills, giving
employment to a large number of our people. A woolen mill has
been operated by Mr. Myers for a quarter of a century, employ
ing over 30 hands.

In 1888 David Maxwell & Sons removed their implement
factory to St. Marys. This is the largest establishment in the
town, employing at certain seasons about 200 men. Several acres
are covered by the plant of this firm, whose goods are now sent
to every corner of the world. By removing these important
works to this point a great impetus has been given to all branches
of trade. Of late years, too, the great deposits of stone in this
section are being worked and utilized. Improved crushing
machines have been introduced, and broken stone for macadam
ized roads is now being sent to many parts of our country.
Procuring building stone and lime, for which there seems an
increasing demand, is affording remunerative employment to a
large number of men.

420 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Besides these important industries there are two planing- mills,
two marble cutting- establishments, and the largest creamery
plant in Canada. This enterprise was introduced in 1896, to
manufacture butter for the British market. In connection with
this industry are a dozen skimming stations, surrounding- the
central, at a distance of from five to ten miles, to which points
milk is hauled, run throug-h centrifugal machines, the cream
extracted, sent to the central, manufactured into butter, and
shipped everywhere. During 1901 over $100,000 was obtained
for butter, and put in circulation amongst the farmers who were
patrons of this institution.

For thirty years subsequent to first settlement, perhaps, no
place of equal importance possessed so many undignified churches
as St. Marys. They were all on a line of equality, and no con
gregation could arrogate to themselves any sense of superiority
over another where all were so plain. In 1883 matters took a
change for the better, since which time great improvements have
been made. There are now few towns in Canada of equal popu
lation containing so many fine churches, and there are also few
having so many beautiful situations for such buildings. St.
Mary s Roman Catholic church, on Widder street, is an imposing
edifice. This mission was established in 1852, or shortly prior to
that period, by Rev. Father Kirwin. Service was first held in
Patrick Whelihan s house, where half-a-dozen worshippers met
together, few Catholics being yet in this section. A small build
ing was next erected of boards, near where the present church
now stands. It was only at long intervals, however, that prayers
were attended, there being no resident clergyman. Rev. Father
Crinnon, who afterwards became Bishop of Hamilton, succeeded
Rev. Father Kirwin. Under his ministration a stone church was
built in 1 86 1. For a period of more than thirty years service was
held in this old building, until the congregation had outgrown
such accommodation as it afforded. In September, 1892, under
the present pastor, Rev. Father Brennan, the foundation stone of
a new and splendid edifice was laid, consecration by Rev. Dr.
O Conner following in 1893. This new building is cruciform in

ST. MARYS 421

plan, and measures 54 x 120 feet. In style it is thirteenth century
Gothic, modified to some extent, which we think mars the im-
pressiveness of its front elevation. It is of St. Marys stone, giving;
an air of solidity and strength to the whole structure. Label
moulding-s, string- sills, and arch stones are executed in Ohio sand
stone, while the roof is covered with slate. Central in the front
elevation rises a massive tower to a height of 69 feet, crowned
with a spire of 61 feet, making- in all 130 feet from the base to the
top of the g-ilded cross. The main entrance is beautifully executed
in Ohio stone. On each side are two polished granite columns
resting on moulded stone bases, and supporting richly-carved
capitals, from which spring a pointed arch, also in Ohio stone.
Side elevations are broken by transepts and massive buttresses,
on each side of which is a lancet-shaped window. A long sanc
tuary of semi-octagonal shape occupies the north end, and is
separated from the nave by a massive arch. The windows of the
nave, transepts, and sanctuary are of translucent glass, each
opening containing an artistically painted figure of a saint. The
whole building is finely finished, and lighted with electricity.
During 25 years Father Brennan has done a good work for the
Catholics in St. Marys and vicinity. The congregation now con
sists of about 130 families.

Early records in connection with St. James Anglican church are
meagre and unsatisfactory, affording little data for a historian.
Rev. Mr. Brough, w r ho afterwards became archdeacon of Huron
diocese, was the first Episcopal minister to visit St. Marys.
History leaves him the reputation of being a worthy man, full of
zeal, and with a heart glowing with true missionary spirit. He
was a faithful old pioneer. In 1843 he first visited Little Falls,
preaching to the few people settled there at that time. No
regular incumbent of this denomination was stationed in St.
Marys till 1856, when Rev. Mr. Lampman accepted the responsi
bility of organizing a congregation. During Mr. Lampman s
pastorate a church was erected. It was not completed, however,
for several years, from causes which interfered sadly in those
days with all enterprises, as well as building churches. A

422 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

rectory was purchased west of the river, where the minister
resided until 1890, when it was sold, and the present house
constructed. The present Anglican church building is of stone,
and, since its renovation in 1886, is a striking illustration of
old English ecclesiastical architecture. A prominent feature of
this style is a low elevation, flanked at one corner with a heavy
massive tower extending somewhat hig-her than the building
itself. The cornice on this tower is coped with a heavy plinth in
castellated form, giving to the whole an aspect of solidity rather
than gracefulness in outline. Heavy buttresses support the walls.
Between each of these are lancet-shaped windows filled with trans
lucent glass, harmonizing with its interior arrangement. Upon
completion of this edifice in 1886 it had on it a debt of about
$5,000. It has had several benefactors in its history. Mrs. Hill,
widow of Arundel Hill, an old pioneer of Blanshard, was donor of
an elegant communion set, and till her death was a kind patron.
A beautiful font of Carrara marble, the gift of Mrs. C. S. Rumsey,
is one of the interior ornaments, adding much to its appearance.
The greatest benefactor this church perhaps ever had is its present
rector, Rev. W. J. Taylor. Through his exertions in. England a
sufficient sum was obtained to release it from all indebtedness.
A lectern and prayer desk were also gifts by Mr. Taylor, which,
with a pipe organ, gives an air of impressiveness to its whole
interior.

Methodism in St. Marys did not exist as an organization
previous to 1848. Service was held by local preachers, of which
there were several in Nissouri, as well as by regular ministers
who chanced to visit the new settlement. Subsequent to the old
stone school house on Queen street being erected, meetings were
held in that building. A regular mission was first organized in
1848 by Rev. William T. Williams, who was succeeded in 1849
by Rev. Thomas Williams. During 1849 a report on membership
was presented, showing 119 names in good standing. Although
Mr. Williams has the honour of establishing Methodism in St.
Marys, he was by no means the apostle of this body in Blanshard.
To Rev. Ephraim Evans undoubtedly belongs this distinction

ST. MARYS 425

*

His was the voice crying in the wilderness, "prepare ye the way."
In 1842 this preacher had established a mission on the M. R. in
the shanty of Mr. Johnston Armstrong, which organization is now
Zion church, Blanshard.

Methodist progress in St. Marys was rapid, and in 1856 a
church was built. This was of stone, nearly square, and rudely
constructed. Twelve years later an addition was built 25 x 75 ft.,
making rather a commonplace looking sanctuary. Service was
held in this building till 1879, when under the pastorate of Rev.
Dr. Rice a fine edifice was erected at a cost of $13,000. This did
not long suffice for the wants of this rapidly increasing congrega
tion. In 1893 another large building was added for a Sabbath
school and lecture room, and costing nearly $7,000. In 1896
still further accommodation was necessary, and the interior was
re-modelled at considerable cost. The auditorium of this church
is 55 x 90 ft., while its gallery is 50 x 12 ft. This is a larger area
than any other ecclesiastical building in St. Marys contains. Its
interior is handsome. Beautiful translucent windows, Gothic
pannelling, crimson-covered doors and ornamental ceiling give an
effect worthy of the cause it is designed to serve. Not one of the
old trustee board who laid the first church foundation is now left.
Messrs. Edward Long, Robert Dickie, Joshua Brink, and William
Carroll (the greatest benefactor the old church ever had) have all
passed away. Over 600 members are now on the roll of this
flourishing congregation, under the ministration of Rev. Mr.
Manning. A Sabbath school is also conducted by Mr. Frank
Butcher as superintendent, having 500 names on the roll and an
average attendance of 400 every Sabbath day.

Of the religious denominations organized in St. Marys, that
of the Baptist is most recent. Since its inception progress has
been marked by a steady increase in numbers and influence.
Amongst the earliest and most enthusiastic supporters of this body
is Mr. S. H. Mitchell, to whose zeal and untiring exertions it
owes much of its success. Services were first held in connection
with this congregation by Elder Jones, who continued for two
years. Subsequent to Mr. Jones, Elder Freeman was inducted,

426 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

under whose ministrations much progress appears to have been
made. In 1864 a church was erected, and in this modest thoug-h
substantial building service is still held. A largely increased
membership has led to steps being- taken to construct a new build
ing-, more in keeping with the wealth and importance of the con
gregation. Before this work, therefore, will be issued, a large
and handsome new building of brick will be erected in a central
place at a cost of not less than $7,000. Financial affairs in this
church have been managed with skill and economy, there being no
liabilities, and it has a sufficient fund at its disposal to complete
the new structure. Its members have rapidly increased. In 1864
there were 18 ; at present there are over 100. A Sabbath school
is conducted, with an attendance of 70 pupils, under Mr. Mitchell,
who has been superintendent since its inception until a short time
since, when, on his retirement, he was elected honorary superin
tendent as a mark of approval for his long service. The congre
gation is now in charge of Rev. Mr. Chapman.

The First Presbyterian is the pioneer church in St. Marys, as it
certainly claims priority in establishment, and, at one r period of its
existence, superiority in numbers over all other denominations.
It appears a strange phase of early settlement that while Blan-
shard, west of the river, was largely located by North of Ireland
people, St. Marys, lying wholly within its limits, was largely
Scotch. This somewhat anamolous condition gave the Presby
terians an ascendency in St. Marys, which, although by no means
to the same extent, they still retain. Early records are somewhat
meagre, or of such a character as are not historically useful.
Avonton has priority of establishment over any congregation in
South Perth, St. Marys at one period forming a part. Rev. Mr.
Skinner first established a mission at Little Falls, preaching in a
cooper shop owned by one James Barren, corner of Queen and
Wellington streets. Mr. Skinner also preached near Prospect
Hill prior to 1847, dispensing baptismal rites in several families in
that section. Rev. Dr. Proudfoot was first stationed minister,
residing in a log shanty on the hill top near Mr. Joseph Pearin s
farm residence. On one occasion Mr. John Legg, sr. , took over

ST. MARYS 427

his oxen to root up a small patch amongst the stumps, where the
minister could plant a few potatoes. Having completed this work,
Mr. Proudfoot asked what he had to pay, "I ll tak ma pay in
preaching-," responded the backwoods man. "Aweel, ma maun, if
my preaching doesna pay you better than it does me we ll a
starve thegeither, for my pouch has been as empty o siller for
the last six months as the collection plate on Sunday," which, in
those days, was likely to be true.

In 1851 a grant was made by Thomas Ingersoll, for a nominal
sum of five shillings, of lots 10 and n on Church and Widder
streets to erect a church. A bond was given for the deed until
1870, when a transfer was completed. This site was still in
bush, and a "bee" was made, sufficient space being cleared for
present purposes. In 1852 Rev. Dr. Caven, now and for many
years principal of Knox college, Toronto, had been ordained and
succeeded Dr. Proudfoot. A frame church was erected during this
year, but was not completed for some time subsequently, the con
gregation sitting on planks laid on blocks of wood. As years
passed on addition after addition was made to this old structure,
until it seemed like a great mole-hill crowning a beautiful site and
trying to crawl down into the valley. In 1873 a committee was
appointed to canvass for funds to erect a new building which
would seat not less than i ,000 people, and cost not more than
$15,000, no contract to be let till $12,000 was subscribed and
$8,000 paid up. Abundant success was the result of this move
ment. $10,000 was at once subscribed, and the committee advised
that a new building be erected. I subjoin a list of this committee,
who were all staunch men of that olden time : William Currie,
William Brown, Robert Harstone, Thomas Mclntyre, John Sander
son, T. O. Robson, John Adair, Jas. R. Moore, Robert Barbour,
David Junior, Wm. Mclntosh, Malcolm Laughton, Alex. Woods,
Alex. Robertson, David A. Robertson, John McLean, Thomas
Crozier, Wm. McGregor, and Wm. Somerville. It was not till
1882, however, that the present edifice was erected at a cost of
over $16,000. This is a massive and imposing building, crown
ing a beautiful height. On its southern elevation is a tower sur-

428 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

mounted by a tall, tapering- spire, which is conspicuous for many
miles away. Its interior is comfortable and elegant in design.
The ceilings are trussed, pannelled, and frescoed, producing a
pleasing effect. A large pipe organ adorns its northern wall in
rear of the choir gallery. This congregation, under the ministra
tions of Rev. Mr. Cosgrove, who was inducted in 1891, is in a
flourishing condition, and has a membership roll of 350. There is
also a Sabbath school, having an average attendance of over 100
children.

Knox church is a branch of the First Presbyterian, and was
org-anized in 1879, the corner stone of a new building being laid by
Mr. Milner Harrison on August 5th. This building is of brick,
and is the least imposing of all St. Marys churches. The original
structure, which was destroyed by fire on March 16, 1891, was
much more elaborate in its exterior decorations than the present
one. This misfortune was a serious blow to the congregation, but
in December following it rose again from its ashes, being opened
for public worship by Principal Grant. It is proper to say here that
the marvellous progress displayed in re-building was largely due
to efforts of the Harrison family. Mr. and Mrs. Milner Harrison
had contributed over $5,000 to the first building. On its recon
struction further liberal donations were again made. Mrs. J. D.
Moore was also a large contributor, and with many other mem
bers of the church, who gave according to their ability, the
building was again completed free from debt. Beginning at its
organization with 62 members, it had in 1885 increased to 125.
During November of that year Rev. Alexander Grant was
inducted into this charge, under whose ministration the roll of
members has been increased to 360. There is also a Sabbath
school, having on its roll the names of 170 pupils, and an average
attendance ot 110.

St. Marys churches are now most creditable to the liberality and
religious spirit of her people, and in no town of its population in
Canada can they be excelled either for solidity or imposing design.
The location of all is exceedingly fine, crowning those beautiful
elevations which add so much to the picturesque environment of
this delightful little town.

ST. MARYS 429

Prior to 1855 St. Marys formed a portion of Blanshard.
During- this year separation took place, each having- a local
g-overnment of its own. At this period its assessed value
amounted to ,112,000, or $448,000. In 1856 she predicated her
first loan of $20,000. This was obtained for very laudable pur
poses. First, to build a school; second, to procure a fire engine;
third, to improve the streets. In 1858, therefore, was completed
the central school building-, and which was designated section
No. i. School taxes were collected by a person appointed
specially for that purpose. A warrant was issued to John Sparling-
to collect and pay over " all the said monies opposite their several
names." This warrant was signed by Joseph Brink, chairman,
Milner Harrison, Samuel Fraleigh, William Moscrip. A.
M. Gorman and Lauriston Cruttenden, trustees. Three hundred
pounds was set apart to purchase a fire engine. It is to be
regretted that this old piece of machinery, which was honoured by
the name "Triumph," should have been recently sold for a paltry
sum of $200. It was now historical, and on many occasions had
done g-ood service in saving property in St. Marys. The balance
of this loan was expended in improving streets. In 1858 a
further investment of $1,000 was made in Exeter and St. Marys
gravel road stock. This afterwards became a total loss, the road
being sold at sheriff s sale, realizing only that amount to cover a
capital of $50,000. The assessed value of this corporation has
largely increased since 1855, and in 1901 reached $1,194,175. If
values have advanced, taxation has more than kept pace, amount
ing- in that year to nearly $30,000. It appears to be an inherent
principle in taxation to increase, and seems beyond all power in
heaven and earth to control. When we consider the tremendous
efforts put forth by municipal men to save money for their
constituents, we are often surprised at results. Since this loan of
$20,000 was obtained large amounts have been added from time
to time to her indebtedness. These sums have been expended on
commendable objects in water works costing $40,000, electric
light plant, erecting- municipal building, in constructing perman
ent granolithic sidewalks, and improvement of roads. This

430 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

expenditure has been rendered necessary in order to keep pace
with a constantly increasing wealth and an extending intelligence
and refinement of her people.

Subjoined is a list of officers since St. Marys was first incor
porated, in 1855.

Reeves. 1855-6, Thomas B. Guest; 1857, Gilbert Mclntosh;
1858-9, David A. Robinson; 1860, Milner Harrison; 1861-2,
Joseph McDougall; 1863, Gilbert Mclntosh.

In 1864 St. Marys became an incorporated town, and withdrew
from county municipal organization, no subsequent reeves being
elected.

Mayors. 1864, T. B. Guest; 1865, William V. Hutton; 1866-7,
George Mclntyre; 1868-9, Thomas Iredale; 1870-1, John E. Hard
ing; 1872, Duncan Miller; 1873-4, C. S. Jones; 1875-6, Richard
Box; 1877, A. E. Ford; 1878-9, David A. Robinson; 1880-1, E. W.
Harding; 1882-3, J. J. Crabbe ; 1884-5, H. Fred. Sharp; 1886-7,
Samuel S. Myers; 1888-9, Thos. D. Stanley; 1890-1, J. W. Poole;
1892-3, Gilbert H. Mclntyre; 1894-5, W. C. Moscrip; 1896-7,
William Dunseith; 1898-9, Charles Richardson; 1900-1, George D.
Lowrie; 1902, Frank Butcher.

Clerks. 1855-8, John Sparling; 1859-61, Leon M. Clench;
1862-79, Lauriston Cruttenden; 1880-9, William WiHiams; 1890-
1902, Leonard Harstone.

Treasurers. -1855-69, Edward Long; 1870-1, Robert Harstone;
1872-1901, Edward Long;. 1902, Miss Long.

Assessors. 1855-7, Wm. T. Smith; 1858-61, John Sparling;
1862-79, Wm. N. Ford; 1880-1, James Robinson; 1882-8, J. W.
Poole; 1889, R. S. Barbour, N. E. Birtch, Jas. Thompson; 1890-2,
Robert White; 1893-4, Jas. Harrison; 1895-1902, Jas. Kennedy.

Collectors. 1855-8, William Sparrow; 1859-64, George Jack
son; 1865, Thomas Mclntyre; 1 866-8, Wm. N. Ford; 1869, Wm.
Box; 1870, John Thompson; 1871-81, Wm. Box; 1882-93, N - E -
Birtch; 1894-5, Wm. J. W 7 hite; 1896-1902, Richard Shepherd.

Auditors. 1855-7, G. F. Hutton, J. R. Glendinen; 1858, G. F.
Hutton, Jas. Coleman; 1859, G. F. Hutton, J. D. McDonald;
1860-1, Wm. Sparrow, John Harrison; 1862-3, L. A. Mclntyre,

ST. MARYS 431

Wm. Sparrow; 1864, Patrick Whelihan, L. A. Mclntyre; 1865,
Jas. Eaton, Patrick Whelihan; 1866, Jas. Eaton, Wm. Brown;
1867, Jas. Eaton, Joseph McDoug-all; 1868, Wm. Brown, L. A.
Mclntyre; 1869, Wm. Brown, Thos. Moore; 1870, Jas. Eaton,
Wm. Brown; 1871-2, Wm. Somerville, Wm. Brown; 1873, Wm.
Somerville, G. B. Smith; 1874, G. B. Smith, Wm. Hutton ;
1875-7, w m- Hutton, Wm. Somerville; 1878-80, Wm. V. Hutton,
Robt. Harstone; 1881-91, W T m. Somerville, Wm. V. Hutton;
1892, James Schlater, Wm. Robinson; 1893-5, N. C. Monte-
zambert, Charles Whelihan; 1896-1902, Gilean McLean, H. A. L.
White.

Chiefs of Police. 1855-62, David H. Cuff; 1863-6, Thomas
Woolway; 1867-8, Michael Eg-an; 1869-72, James Dulmage;
1873-9, William Herring-ton; 1880-97, Adam Mitchell; 1898-1902,
Frank Young-.

CHAPTER XXIV.

LISTOWEL.

Listowel is a modern town. Its early history is merged in that
of Elma and Wallace townships, a portion of each being- incorpor
ated in 1866 as Listowel. In this neighborhood, and, indeed,
where the business parts are now built, settlers first located.
True to pioneer usuages, they followed the stream, and on its
forest-covered banks entered on their task of cutting out homes
for themselves in this unbroken wilderness. Mr. John Binning
"was first to locate permanently at this point, on what after surveys
were completed was found to be lot 26, concession i, Wallace.
This was in January, 1852. It appears that a shanty had been
erected here even prior to this by a person named Henry, who
had squatted near the river. This adventurer was for some time
"monarch of all he surveyed, for his right there was none to
dispute." Mr. Binning bought the rights of this squatter, not
only to his shanty, but to all his possessions, for a rifle. An
agreement transferring this part of Canada s fertile soil was made
on a piece of paper one of the parties thereto was possessed of, a
burnt stick being used as a pencil. On this land a large portion
of Listowel is now built. Mr. Binning extended his right of con
quest eastward, which he might have done for many miles with
out encroaching on his neighbours. On a part of his eastern
possessions he afterwards gave up all claim to Mr. G. W. Dodd
for a barrel of flour. In those days a squatter s rights were easily
obtained ; which, indeed, were no rights at all beyond priority
of settlement. In case of dispute by adjoining occupants regard
ing boundary lines it would have been impossible to establish a

LISTOXVEL OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. John A. Watson, Mayor. 2. Jacob Seburger, Councillor. 3. A. Kay, Con
stable. 4. William Bright. Clerk. 5. C. Anderson, Councillor. 6. H. Maloney,
Councillor. 7. C. Prcuter, Councillor. 8. William Pelton, Councillor. 9. Robert
Woods, Councillor.

LISTOWEL 435

claim to any particular lot where a survey had not been made.
There was no incentive to enter suit for any piece of land when
it could be obtained in unlimited quantities simply by entering in
and taking- possession. Previous to Mr. Binning a settler named
Peter Twamley had preceded him, penetrating still further into
that unknown solitude, and keeping close to the stream. These
two neighbours, although only a mile or two apart, were quite
oblivious of each other s proximity. No sound had they heard in
those silent forest halls, except such as were peculiar to Canadian
forest life. Each one, no doubt, considered his own quiet
hermitage as far removed from those haunts where men pursue
phantoms with fond but deluding hopes of finding what never did
nor never shall exist pure and unalloyed happiness.

Mr. Binning, with his wife and child, had been alone in the
wilderness for several weeks when, on a beautiful calm morning,
he distinctly heard echoing through the woods the sound of a
woodman s axe. He communicated his discovery to his wife, who
also heard that steady, monotonous stroke which often guided
wanderers to a place of rescue in those olden times. Their excite
ment became intense at the idea that even here, after all, they
were not alone. Though man s inhumanity to man may be pro
ductive of much evil in this world, yet man s humanity to man
is also productive of much good. With all our shortcomings and
seeming neglect of each other, the idea that we are alone and
isolated from those of our own species, or that a time may come
when we will be separated from home, from kindred, from those
we love, and who may love us, seems to dry up the sap from our
loftiest thoughts and noblest aspirations. Mr. Binning was
anxious, therefore, to look on a man s face once more. Follow
ing that direction from which the sound seemed to proceed, a
walk of a mile or two brought him and Mr. Twamley face to face.
Both men looked at each other in amazement, as if an apparition
had arisen from the earth.

During next summer came William Wisner, John Williams,
and Robert Tremaine, who also settled in Elma. John Tremaine
located where the post office now stands, the others further east.

26

436 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Another early settler was James Barber, who purchased 400 acres
in Elma, where a considerable portion of Listowel is now built.
Samuel Davidson, Thomas McDonnell, and John Climie were early
settlers, locating about 1854. In 1855 came Mr. D. D. Hay from
Innisfil, in Simcoe, to spy out this new land. Prior to his return
he purchased three acres from Mr. Barber, on which he subse
quently erected a mill, always an important industry in a new
settlement. Returning to his home, he reported on the great
possibilities of this new county. In 1856 the family, comprising
D. D., Thomas Erskine, Robert, John, and William G., along
with their father, became permanent residents. All of this family
were men of singular energy, and exerted a vast influence in this
section of Perth County, always to their credit, be it spoken, on
the side of progress and the people s best interests. Mr. D. D.
Hay was a valuable acquisition, not only to Listowel, but to this
county generally. His public spirit, his restless and untiring zeal
in promoting schemes for developing this new land was in a large
degree honourable to his character as a citizen. Our readers are
referred to a biographical sketch of the life and work of this man
elsewhere.

In 1855 Main street was almost yet in a state of nature. Great
black stumps, logs, and brush heaps would seem a hopeless con
dition ever to be transformed into macadam roads and concrete
sidewalks. Across the river a tree had fallen, forming the only
means of passing from each side for pedestrians, while the oxen
and sled found a passage for themselves amongst logs and mud-
holes of unsearchable depths. During this year Mr. W. H.
Hacking arrived, and purchased one acre of land from Mr.
Tremaine, paying therefore $100, on which he erected a general
store. It would appear as if land had rapidly increased in value
since Mr. Binning sold 100 acres for a barrel of flour. No doubt
land had increased in value. Mr. Hay was preparing to erect his
mill, Mr. Hacking was cutting logs for his store, and, above all,
settlers were pouring into the fertile surrounding country. All
these indicated that an important town would spring up at this
point at no distant day. Logs for the new commercial emporium

LISTOWEL 437

being secured, bushmen came long" distances to assist in raising-
it. At gatherings of this kind events were discussed and questions
settled which would have puzzled courts or senates. On this
occasion, after long and no doubt festive deliberation, it was
decided that this new metropolis, whose first building they were
erecting, should be called Mapleton.

Meantime foundations for a rival commercial centre were being
laid west of the river. Mr. William Gibson erected a log building
in Elma, where he sold groceries and liquors. This place after
wards became a hotel, the first in this little hamlet. Mr. Gibson
named this place Windham. Subsequent to a post offiee being
opened by Mr. Hacking, both these names (Windham and Maple-
ton) were discontinued, and Listowel substituted instead.

In 1856 arrived Mr. D. D. Campbell, who erected a frame
structure on Main street in Wallace, the first frame building in
Listowel, opening a general store. This gave a still greater
impetus to trade, which together with a post office and Mr. Hay s
mills, soon transformed what four or five years previous was a
wilderness into a lively little hamlet. As these business men
arrived, the professions were soon represented. Many of those
conveniences were now introduced which always follow in the
wake of civilization, and whose presence indicate a refined and
progressive character in the people. In 1866 the village had a
population of 800 souls.

Listowel at present may be appropriately called a "town of
stately homes." The architectural beauty and variety of design
displayed in private residences everywhere are such as to challenge
the admiration of strangers. As a rule, homes of our Canadian
people, particularly in rural districts, and to some extent in towns
and villages, denote a sameness in construction, somewhat
monotonous. This is not so in Listowel. There is no sameness.
There is an absence, too, of that severity in finish and design so
conspicuous in Canadian architecture. The handsome dwellings
erected on residential streets are varied in appearance, and each
proprietor seems to have vied \vith his neighbour to eclipse him both
in size and in elaborate and ornate embellishment. Streets have

438 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

been graded, sidewalks made, shade trees planted, whose foliage in
summer affords comfort and protection to the passer by. A man s
home is the palace of his gods, and in proportion as he worships
so shall that palace be, as far as his ability will permit. When we
look back at that time well remembered by many still living, when
a solitary shanty indicated human life, and the river w r as crossed
by a fallen tree, comparing it with to-day, progress has been very
great, indeed.

As population continued to increase school accommodation
became necessary. This led to a building of logs being erected
for school purposes. Like similar structures in pioneer days,
services were held within its walls by all religious denominations.
It frequently happened at these old schools, that as one congrega
tion of worshippers retired another at once took their places, and
so the voice of praise was heard from morning until late at night
rising up to heaven from these humble places. In all towns and
villages in Perth County the school house only for years was
available for public meetings of any kind. In these old log build
ings embryonic statesmen roared in patriotic fervor, pouring out
terrific elucidation of the wrongs of their long suffering and mis
governed country. Here a chairman at social gatherings told his
drollest anecdotes, and eulogized the ladies of the locality for their
splendid repast, to which all had done ample justice. This, doubt
less, would be true. Of all the inconveniences inseparable from
pioneer life and they were many want of an appetite was not
one of them. When our backwoods orators had ascended the
platform, and in a good-natured, homely manner drawn on their
stores of broad humour, the old log walls fairly rang with mirth.
Travelling mountebanks, also, for a small contribution to the cause
of education, were permitted by trustees to display their tricks of
legerdemain to admiring maidens and youths clad in homespun,
from back concession lines, arousing their cupidity by an exhibi
tion of something marvellous and incomprehensible. Around
these old schools happy memories still linger, and many grey-
haired men and women now slowly wandering on in life s sunset
shadows, will experience yet a thrill of joy at some happy remem
brance of those school days that come back never more.

LISTOWEL 439

It was not till 1877 that Listowel did itself justice in providing-
school accommodation. When action was taken, it was in no
nig-gardly manner. During- that year was constructed a hand
some central school, quite in keeping- with that liberality displayed
in private residences and other improvements. This building- is
of brick, two stories in height, surmounted by a tower, which
gives it an imposing- effect. Nine teachers are employed in its
several departments at present, with Mr. G. W. Slaughter as
principal, his assistants being- all females. Mr. Benjamin Roth-
well, who was first principal in this school, had at one period
under his charge 550 pupils, but by some inexplicable reason an
increase in inhabitants has been followed by a decrease in school
population, the averag-e being now 450. The original contracts
for this school building amounted to $10,000, which, before its
final completion, was supplemented by various sums, until it cost
nearly $15,000. A good site was chosen, comprising two acres
of land, which has been planted with trees, giving the whole a
trim appearance.

In 1879 steps were taken to erect a hig-h school. $6,000 was
set apart for this purpose, but as usual in such enterprises, it had
to be supplemented by various sums prior to completion, until
over $8,000 had been expended. The site of this school is equal
to that of the central, and was a gift to Listowel by a public-
spirited citizen named Peter Lillico. This building- is tasteful and
modern in construction, although not so large as the central, nor
even quite so imposing. In this school are three teachers, in
cluding Mr. W. A. Phillip, the head master. The average attend
ance is no.

During that period between 1866 (when local government was
assumed with a population of 800) and 1874, a very short period
in the life of a municipality, material progress was greater in
Listowel than at any other time in its history. A by-law was
passed in 1874 providing for a census being- taken preparatory to
its elevation to the dignity of a town. On completion of this
enumeration by Mr. Thos. E. Hay, it was found that the popula
tion amounted to 2,054, or a sufficient number to entitle Listowel

440 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

to incorporation. The Governor-General, on application being-
made, issued his proclamation carrying- out the wishes of the
people. By comparing- her population in 1866 with that found by
Mr. Hay in 1874, so larg-e an increase in a period of eight years
certainly indicates that an impetus must have been received from
some extraneous circumstance beyond that natural increase likely
to occur in a country town. An explanation will be found, we
think, in the action of her public men. To effect railway connec
tion with the main trunk lines in Canada was a prudent policy. It
was, therefore, by a wise disposition of municipal finances she
secured means of communication which gfave at once a marvellous
impetus to her development.

Prior to 1871 there was no railroad connection. Without this
Listowel must have remained a pleasant country village. It is
true that through Mr. D. D. Hay s efforts gravel roads had been
constructed. These extended in several directions. They were
of little use, however, in centralizing surplus produce at this point
without means of removing it to market. Gravel roads extended
through Logan to Mitchell, and through Mornington to Stratford,
in either case a distance of thirty miles. These were doubtless far
in advance of the old crossway, but were still short of those
requirements in a progressive country. In 1871, therefore, a
by-law was submitted granting $15,000 to aid in extending the
W., G. & B. railroad to Listowel. This was an excellent stroke
of policy, creating and g-iving- an impetus to that rapid progress
so apparant for ten years subsequent to its passing. Without
this connection their interests would have suffered very seriously,
and a great portion of trade from Mornington, Elma, and Wallace
must have been diverted to Palmerston, then fast growing- into
importance. The idea of a Stratford & Huron railroad was so far
inchoate, and the movement effectually offset all possibility of
trade being concentrated in this northern railway centre. Not
only did Listowel retain her former importance, but trade was
further augmented by establishing new industries. In 1873 con
struction of the Stratford & Huron railway had become a fact,
and a further sum of $15,000 was granted to this enterprise.

LISTOWEL 441

Accommodation was thus afforded by having- connection with
Stratford and the north. Although these roads were afterwards
absorbed in the G. T. system, destroying competition in rates,
better facilities and means of communication was now afforded
Listowel than has fallen to the lot of many important sections in
this country. When these lines were completed the town became
a great shipping point. Thus has arisen her commercial
supremacy. By the activity of her people these she still retains
in a constantly increasing- volume.

It is noticeable that from these enlarged facilities and constant
increase in population, the projects of her council became more
ambitious. Notwithstanding that a debt of $30,000 had been
incurred, a further liability of $26,000 was assumed for local
improvements. Of this sum $10,000 was set apart for construct
ing a central school, $8,000 for mills, $3,500 for gravel roads,
$2,000 for fire protection, $1,500 Elma debt and interest, and
$1,000 to purchase a new cemetery. A further sum of $3,600
was also raised to purchase a new fire engine. In 1879 $7,000
was set apart for local improvements, consisting of a fire hall
and lock-up, $2,000 supplementary grant to the central school
building, and $1,000 for opening streets and improving fire pro
tection. During this year, also, $6,000 was provided for erecting
a high school. It appears to me worthy of note that while im
provements were being carried out, and the people were putting
forth their energies in every direction, nothing is said regarding a
municipal building, unless we accept the fire hall and lock-up as
being specially designed to accommodate the town officers. I may
also be permitted to say that for a town with its stately homes;
its public buildings, second to none in the province where a similar
population is gathered together; its manufacturing establishments,
extensive and built of costly material, giving the town an impos
ing appearance, it is not creditable that a dilapidated structure on
a principal street should be still used as a town hall.

In 1883 the last important addition was made to the town s
indebtedness by a loan of $10,000 for re-constructing bridges
carried away by a flood, two of which were on main streets. In

44 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

1880 seven hotel and two shop licenses were issued at a charge of
$110 for hotels and $200 for shops. Old Father Time, who has
wrought many changes since that period, has also placed his
finger here, there being now only three. These are first-class,
however, spacious, and well conducted. From the days when the
pioneer placed a tallow candle in a socket made from a potato, and
whose dim light scarcely penetrated the dark recesses of his
shanty, except the coal oil lamp, previous to 1880 there was no
system of lighting. During that year a gas company was organ
ized, with W. J. Hay and Thomas E. Hay as principal promoters.
This institution supplied light till 1897, when the same company
introduced electricity, thus supplying the people with the latest
and most approved mode of lighting. Here, also, will be found
representatives of nearly the whole of the benevolent societies, all
elevating and doing good, each in its own sphere. The sixty
volumes received from Wallace at separation, as Listowel s share
of the public library, have grown and expanded to thousands of
volumes, and is known as the mechanics institute library.

While manufacturing, educational and commercial interests
were being fostered and promoted with judgment and forethought
by the citizens, the church had not been idle nor neglectful of her
duty. Of all denominations represented in Listowel the Congre-
gationalists were pioneers. They were first to erect a building
where service could be held, and with a true spirit of Christianity
opened their doors to all other denominations. A number of their
leading members were Scotch originally, who resided not far
distant from the haunts and homes of old Covenanters. They
apparently had a large portion of that latitudinarian spirit, which
is a graceful attribute in all minds, according unto others those
privileges they think proper for themselves.

Organization in this congregation was almost simultaneous
with early settlement. In 1856 Rev. Mr. Snider from Stratford
initiated religious observances. Rev. Mr. McGregor afterwards
became first regular minister. Progress has not been great, how
ever, owing to removal of a large number of their people. At its
organization there were about forty members, now increased to

LISTOWEL 443

sixty. A neat and substantial brick church was erected a number
of years ago at a cost of $4,500. A good Sabbath school is
conducted by A. Climie in connection with this congregation.

In 1886 a Baptist church was organized by Rev. Mr. Dack.
This congregation, although progressive, never had a large num
ber of members. On its first being established thirteen members
only comprised the roll, which has since been increased to fifty. If
this congregation was not numerically strong, they certainly
evinced great liberality in constructing a substantial building at a
cost of $4,500, where services are now held by Rev. A. J. Sanders,
present incumbent. There is also a good Sabbath school, having
an attendance of about 50 pupils, with Mr. Joseph Bennett as
superintendent.

Presbyterianism, since its introduction into Listowel, has been
perhaps most progressive. In early days Rev. Mr. Renwick, who
was the apostle of Presbyterianism in this northern section, first
established a mission here in connection with Molesworth. This
arrangement continued till 1868, when a separation took place.
Rev. John Bell was inducted at Listowel as first minister in what
was rapidly becoming an important station. At this period
the new congregation had about roo members. The influence of
a resident minister was soon felt, and continuous if not rapid pro
gress was made, until at present there are 430 members. A
small frame church was first erected, in which service was held
for a number of years. A rapid accumulation of wealth in this
congregation, and steady increase in numbers, rendered the con
struction of a new building indispensable to a further successful
prosecution of their work. A new brick church was, therefore,
erected at a cost of $20,000. This is a noble building, and we
are constrained to say is not inferior to any ecclesiastical edifice of
this denomination in Perth County. A "kist o whustles" has
also been added at a cost of $2,000. In connection with this
church is a Sabbath school, under Mr. T. L. Hamilton, with an
average attendance of about 200 pupils. In this department Mr.
Hamilton has associated with him twenty other teachers. There
is also a full staff of auxiliaries in church work. These comprise

444 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

a ladies aid, young people s guild, W. F. M. S., and an energetic
session. During 1901 $4,797 was contributed by this congrega
tion for church work, with an expenditure of about an equal
amount. Rev. Mr. Hardie is pastor in this congregation, under
whose ministrations good progress is still being made.

The congregation of the Evangelical Association of Listowel
was organized in 1876 by Rev. Philip Winkler. A frame building
was purchased from the Lutheran congregation in 1876, where
services were held for a number of years. In 1886 their present
brick edifice was erected at a cost of $3,000. This organization
was instituted with 12 members, now increased to 75. There is
also a Sabbath school, having an attendance of over 70 pupils.
This department is under Mr. George Dippel as superintendent,
with whom are associated 12 assistants. Rev. Mr. Eidt is pastor.

Methodism, although not established in Listowel for several
years subsequent to churches of that denomination in Elma, has
made good progress. Services were first held in 1864, by Rev.
Mr. Armstrong, an old pioneer preacher in this county. Here, as
in other sections, it had a small beginning, the principal promoters
in this village being William McKinney, A. B. Riggs, James Lee,
and J. W. Scott. Rev. Mr. Sanderson was the first stationed
minister, completing organization in 1865. A frame building was
also erected, at a cost of Si,ooo. At that period 12 members and
a few adherents constituted this now important congregation. In
1866 a Sabbath school was organized by Mr. William McKinney,
he being first superintendent. During 1886, or subsequent to
Methodist union, when church organization was effected on a
broader basis, the present substantial brick building was erected,
at a cost of $15,000. There is now a membership in connection
of over 350, with a large number of adherents. 180 pupils attend
the Sabbath school, conducted by Mr. G. W. Slaughter, principal
of the public schools, who, with a staff of assistants, is doing a
good work in what may be called the nursery of Christianity.

The congregation of United Brethren was organized in 1887,
Rev. Mr. Love being first minister. This church had at its incep
tion about 50 members, which number still remains. A neat frame

LISTOWEL 445

building- has been erected, at a cost of about $2,000, where
services are now held by Rev. Mr. Munday. A Sabbath school
is also conducted by Mr. J. Kilgour, having on the roll about
100 pupils.

The Anglican congregation in Listowel was founded in 1862 by
Rev. Canon Newman, and a small frame church was erected in
1863 on the south side of Main street. Messrs. George Draper,
William Gibson, W. T. Waugh, J. A. Halstead, and William
Keever, with a few others, were its promoters. The first vestry
meeting of which there is any record was held in April, 1867,
when their old church was removed to where the present building-
now stands, and which was subsequently destroyed by fire. From
its ashes arose the present beautiful structure, erected at a cost of
$10,000. In a town containing- so many fine buildings, this
church is also creditable to the liberality and public spirit of the
Anglican body. The edifice is of stone, and in Old English style
of architecture, with nave, transepts, chancel, vestry, and tower.
Heavy buttresses in the walls, finished with massive copings, give
the exterior an imposing appearance. Its interior arrangements,
with their elaborate and ornate decorations, are beautiful and
impressive. A handsome oak pulpit, with several other adorn
ments, were the gift of Rev. H. W. Jeanes, a former minister.
This minister was not alone in his desire to render as attractive as
possible the altar at which he worshipped, his example being-
followed by Mrs. H. B. Morphy and other citizens, whose taste and
liberality are displayed in g-ifts of costly and beautiful materials for
adornment appropriate to the house of God. The roll of this
congregation now contains the names of 200 communicants, and
as many adherents. There is also a Sabbath school, with an
average attendance of about 200 pupils, under the superintendence
of Mr. A. St. George Hawkins.

Before leaving this part of our history of Listowel, it is proper
to state as an indication of the social condition of the people that
the professions are fully represented. In the medical department
are Dr. S. T. Rutherford, Dr. John Philip, Dr. Albert Nichol, Dr.
J. Thompson, and Dr. Dingman. The law firms are Morphy

446 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

& Carthew, Blewitt & Bray, Mr. T. C. Hamilton, and Mr. J. E.
Terhune. Listowel has practising dentists Dr. William Bruce,
Dr. A. McDowall, and Dr. J. J. Foster. Financial institutions
are represented by the Bank of Hamilton, Imperial Bank, and the
private bank of J. W. Scott.

Listowel has two weekly papers, whose efforts have done much
to advance the material interests of those amongst whom they
circulate. The Banner was founded in 1866 by Thomas E. Hay
and J. H. Hacking, and was first issued as a four-page sheet,
1 8 x 24. This paper has been a consistent advocate of Reform
principles since its inception, giving its support on all occasions
to those measures it considered calculated to serve the best
interests of the country. Mr. William Climie is now proprietor
and publisher, issuing an eight-page sheet, 17 x 22.

In 1871 was issued the Standard, as a four-page paper, by Mr.
A. St. George Hawkins and W. L. Kells as publishers and pro
prietors. At the end of two years Mr. Kells retired, Mr. Hawkins
assuming full control. The Standard is issued as a Conservative
party organ. Its publisher, while he is not tinctured with fossil
Toryism, believes that political innovation should not be experi
mental, but rather supplemental to the people s wants. At the
end of 31 years the Standard has grown to an eight-page paper,
and is still in the hands of Mr. Hawkins, one of its first proprietors.

No history of a community can be complete without some indi
cation of those industries which give employment to its citizens.
It is from manufacturing establishments that wealth is brought to
any commercial centre, and they are, therefore, of great import
ance to material development. Next to Stratford, Listowel is the
largest manufacturing town in this county. Most prominent of
these establishments is that of the Morris, Field, Rogers Company,
Limited. This company was organized in 1891 to manufacture
Morris pianos, and is most creditable to the enterprise of Listowel.
A great four-storey building of white brick has been erected,
equipped with modern machinery, and of impressive exterior
appearance. From 80 to 100 men are employed in this factory,
many of whom supply skilled labour in order to produce a high

LISTOWEL 447

artistic effect on their goods. These instruments are sent to South
Africa, Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and to every section of
our own country. Under the management of President J. W.
Scott and Vice-President Lieut. -Col. D. D. Campbell, with J. C.
McDowell as executive officer, this enterprise has been a success.

The Listowel Furniture Company was organized in 1900. A fine
brick building, which is being largely extended, has been erected
to accommodate this institution. The principal promoters of this
factory were Messrs. Kay, Wahl, McDuff, Fleming, and Andrew
Forsch, who is president. From 50 to 75 hands are employed
in this industry, and goods sent to every corner of the world,
almost. Bedroom suites, sideboards, bookcases, chiffoniers, all of
high-class manufacture, are special lines. A considerable amount
of skilled labour is also employed in producing these goods, which
commands liberal compensation.

Perhaps the oldest establishment in Listowel next to Mr. Hay s
mills is a tannery, originated by Messrs. Towner and John Camp
bell in 1867. This industry in 1891 became the property of the
Breithaupt Leather Company, and is now managed by Mr. Charles
Anderson. In this establishment are employed from 20 to 30 hands,
where the weekly output of goods is large and still increasing.

An infant establishment in this progressive town is the Bent
Chair Factory, which began operations in 1902. A splendid
building has alsd been erected to accommodate this business, now
managed by a board of directors John Watson, president. It is
gratifying to know that a constantly increasing demand for goods
of this class in our new territories has made this factory a success,
and given employment to from 40 to 50 hands.

In 1882 Bamford Bros, opened an establishment as contractors
and builders. Planing mills were erected, equipped with modern
machinery. This business has expanded as other manufactories
increased, and employs now from 12 to 15 men.

In the manufacture of agricultural implements Gilles & Martin
employ over 50 men. This is comparatively an old-established
business, re-organized about 1894 under its present management,
having now a large trade.

448 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Besides these large manufacturing- establishments, where many
hands find remunerative employment, there is also a woollen mill
perhaps the earliest manufacturing business in Listowel now,
and for over a quarter of a century, operated and owned by B. F.
Brook. An old establishment is that owned by Home & Calder
as a planing mill for manufacturing building material, employing
a number of men. These, with Meyers & Co. s large flouring
mills, managed by Josephus Meyers; the marble works of Robert
T. Kemp, and the brewery of John Watson, constitute the prin
cipal industries in Listowel.

In 1896 Mr. Edward Sergeant opened a forwarding business for
exporting dairy products and eggs. This is of great importance
to the agricultural community, as affording an outlet for their
surplus goods of this kind at remunerative prices. The business
is now of large volume, and increasing, an indication of its
appreciation by those it was designed to serve.

In 1902 Listowel s assessment roll gave a population of 2,661,
and a total assessed value of $830,850, or an increase in value
over the preceding year of $37,450.

Executive officers in Listowel since it was set apart as an
incorporated village, in 1867:

Reeves. 1867-72, D. D. Hay; 1873-4, D - D - Campbell; 1875-
80, Thos. E. Hay; 1881-2, John A. Hacking; 1883, Alex. Davitt;
1884-5, D - D - Campbell; 1886-7, Thos. E. Hay; 1888, D. D.
Campbell; 1889-90, Thos. E. Hay; 1891, Samuel Bricker; 1892-4,
J. A. Hacking; 1895, Wm. Welch; 1896, J. A. Hacking; 1897,
A. W T . Featherstone; 1898, James Tremaine; 1899 county com
missioners elected.

Deputy-Reeves. 1877-8, D. D. Hay (first deputy reeve); 1879-
80, J. A. Hacking; 1881-2, Geo. Hess; 1883, John Riggs; 1884,
A. S. Davitt; 1885, Robt. Woods; 1886, Robt. Martin; 1887,
Wm. Martin; 1888-9, Peter Lillico; 1890, Wm. Welch; 1891-2,
W. T. Park; 1893-4, R - T - Kemp; 1895, J. S. Bowman; 1896,
Jacob Heppler; 1897, Jas. Tremaine; 1898, A. W. Featherstone.
1899 county commissioners elected.

Mayors. 1875-7, D. D. Campbell (first mayor); 1878-80, J. W.

LISTOWEL 449

Scott; 1881-2, Thos. E. Hay; 1883, George Hess; 1884-5, J. A.
Hacking; 1886-7, William Hess; 1888-9, Samuel Bricker; 1890,
Peter Lillico; 1891-2, W. M. Bruce; 1893, Sam l Bricker; 1894-5,
A. W. Featherstone; 1896-7, J. W. Scott; 1898-9, J. A. Hacking;
1900-2, John A. Watson.

Clerks. 1867-77, Benjamin Rothwell; 1878-9, Jas. W. Devlin;
1880-5, Wm. Bright; 1886, Hugh B. Morphy; 1887-9, John A.
Burgess; 1900-2, William Bright.

Treasurers. 1867-77, B. Rothwell; 1878-9, George Sutherland;
1 880-6, Lewis Bolton; 1887-90, John B. Devlin; 1891-1900, Robt.
Martin; 1901-2, Wm. E. Binning.

Assessors. 1867-8, Stewart Mcllraith ; 1869, G. S. Climie ;
1870-1, Isaac Tilt; 1872, James E. Hay; 1873, Wm. Little; 1874,
T. E. Hay; 1875, B. B. Sarvis; 1876-7, Alex. Morrow; 1878-80,
Nathaniel Tilt; 1881, B. B. Sarvis; 1882-4, N. Tilt; 1885-6, B. B.
Sarvis; 1887-8, Wm. Mitchell; 1889-91, Alex. Morrow; 1892-3,
T. E. Hay; 1894, Alex. Morrow; 1895, Wm. E. Binning; 1896,
N. Tilt; 1897-8, John Torrance; 1899-1900, J. E. Allan; 1901,
Wm. C. Hayden; 1902, A. W. Featherstone.

Collectors. 1867-8, Peter Steel; 1869, L. Bolton; 1870-3, John
Binning; 1874, B. Rothwell; 1875-6, Wm. T. Hacking; 1877-9,
Robt. Woods; 1880, Robt. Bogues ; 1881-6, L. Bolton; 1887-8,
J. Purcell; 1889-90, J. B. Dinkle; 1891-2, W. R. Clayton; 1893,
T. J. Ballantyne; 1894, Wm. E. Binning; 1895, S. M. Smith;
1896-1902, C. Tabberner.

Auditors. 1881, Robt. Martin, McBieth Green; 1882, Reuben
Armstrong, McB. Green ; 1883, McB. Green, T. G. Fennell ;
1884-5, B - Rothwell, McB. Green; 1886, Dr. Burgess, Dr. Mich-
ener; 1887, Wm. E. Binning, John Livingston; 1888, F. Mc
Dowell, J. Livingston; 1889, B. Rothwell, J. Livingston; 1890-91,
Wm. R. Clayton, B. Rothwell; 1892, C. Tabberner, Wm. Irwin;
1893-4, C. Tabberner, Wm. Welch; 1895, w - R - Clayton, J. M.
Carthew; 1896, L. Bolton, J. M. Carthew ; 1897, Wm. Irwin,
J. M. Carthew; 1898, L. Bolton, J. M. Carthew; 1899-1901, L.
Bolton, J. McCallum; 1902, Robt. McMillan, C. G. McGregor.

CHAPTER XXV.

MITCHELL.

In many respects the history of Mitchell prior to 1857 is
merged in that of Fullarton, Logan, and Hibbert. Any recital
of it in detail would be simply a repitition of much already set
down in the history of those municipalities. In 1836 a sale of
lots took place, and in 1837 John Hicks erected a frame building
for a hotel, at the corner of St. George street and the Huron road.
Prior to this event, however, a log building was erected near the
river, in Log-an, no doubt the first in Mitchell. Mr. Hicks
erected in 1857 a large brick hotel, destroyed by fire many years
ago, and replaced bv the present Hicks house. The building of
1857 was a unique structure, built in the form of an old baronial
hall, with flanking- towers on the right and left corners of its front
elevation, and finished in castellated form. Another old pioneer
was Daniel Kerr. A store was opened in September, 1844, by
W. F. McCulloch, of Stratford, on the south-west corner of St.
George street and the Huron road. Mr. McCulloch was succeeded
by Messrs. Daly & Mickle, in 1857. Another store was opened
by Mr. Wm. Matheson, who was succeeded by Mr. Edward
Greensides, who later removed to Monkton. Meantime other
settlers were locating-. About 1842 along with Mr. Kerr came
James McClacharty, Duncan and John Campbell, and, soon after,
Robert Christie and R. W. Cana, a grist mill having been erected
by the Canada Co. In 1844 came Thomas Matheson, who after
wards became prominent in municipal affairs. Up to this period,
and for several years subsequent, progress was slow. In the
Canada Company s office, London, England, is an old map of

MITCHELL OFFICERS FOR 1902.

1. Hu^h Campbell, Mayor. 2. William Hyan, Councillor. 3. S. R. Stuart,
Councillor. 4. John Itankin, Treasurer. 5. T. S. Ford, Councillor. 6. William
Thornc, Collector. 7. A. .1. Blowes, Councillor. 8. James Harriett, Clerk. 9.
Frederick Dufton, Councillor.

MITCHELL 453

of Mitchell in 1844, which shows fourteen buildings at that elate.
These were nearly all erected on the Huron road, north side,
between St. George and St. Andrew streets. Some adventurous
pioneer had ventured so far into the woods and erected a shanty
on the corner of what is now St. David and Waterloo streets.
Another house was erected near the present Advocate office, and
one near where the grist mill is now located. A mail carrier made
occasional trips between Stratford and Goderich, Mr. Thomas
Matheson being self-constituted postmaster until Mr. Hicks ob
tained a post office.

It was not till a period subsequent to opening the B. & L. H.
railroad, and construction of the Logan road, that development
took place. These two events gave a marvellous impetus to trade
in Mitchell, and from being a mere hamlet in 1850 she, in 1857,
became an incorporated village. Manufactories now began to
spring up, and in 1873 the population had so increased that she
was raised to the dignity of a town. The document of incorpora
tion was as follows :

"Now know ye, that having taken the premises into our Royal
consideration, we do by this our Royal proclamation, and in the
exercise of the powers in us vested in this behalf, we, as well as
by the said vested act as by our Royal prerogative or otherwise
howsoever, proclaim and appoint that the said village of Mitchell,
in the County of Perth, be on after Monday, the 5th day of Jan
uary next ensuing, erected into a town by the name of the town of
Mitchell.

"Given at our Government House, in our city of Toronto, in
our said Province, in the year of our Lord 1873, an d in 37 of our
reign. William P. Howland, Governor."

At one period of her history Mitchell had a greater number of
manufactories than any other town in Perth County. From some
circumstance quite inexplicable these have not been retained. The
Thomson & Williams manufacturing establishment thirty years
ago was larger than any other in Perth County. It being
removed to Stratford was most detrimental to this aspiring town.

In 1877 the A. M. Gibson Company was organized, but did not

27

454 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

succeed. Another large establishment operated by Tucker & Beer
failed of success. The north country in Logan and Elma was fast
being denuded of timber, which led to closing several saw mills
located in the town, thus destroying her trade in lumber, which at
one period was very important. These events had a depressing
effect, soon felt by her business men.

A very old established factory is that of the woolen mills, still
carried on by Messrs. Dufton & Waterhouse, employing about
twenty-five hands. The hosiery manufacturing establishment
of Burritt & Son, now the largest in Mitchell, is employing
about eighty hands. Goods made by this firm are sent to every
corner of our Dominion, and of such quality as to ensure a still
increasing trade. There is a large planing mill, employing about
fifteen hands. Mr. William Forrester s flax mill employs at cer
tain seasons a large number of people. These, with the grist
mills, now constitute the principal manufacturing establishments
in Mitchell.

In the town are published two newspapers one, the Mitchell
Advocate, a Conservative journal, was first issued by J. E. and
W. R. Davis on April I3th, 1860. This is the only paper in the
county which has continued since its inception (43 years ago) in
the hands of its founders. On November i5th, 1861, was issued
the Perth Reformer, by Mr. Alexander McLean, which a few years
subsequently ceased publication. In 1877 Mr. T. H. Race, a clever
writer and energetic man, launched the Mitchell Recorder, which
he has conducted with success. These two journals have done
much to aid in developing this section, and are in receipt of a large
-advertising patronage.

The legal fraternity in Mitchell are represented by Messrs. Abra
ham Dent, F. H. Thompson, and E. A. Dunbar, while in the
medical profession are Dr. Smith, Dr. Armstrong, andDr.Hurlburt.

The Mitchell schools are well conducted, and the citizens have
made provision for educating their children in providing comfort
able buildings certainly equal to any place of similar population in
this western section. Excellent public school structures have
been erected, and the high school, of brick, is quite hand-

MITCHELL 455

some in architectural design. A very fine public library is also
maintained, with reading room in connection, which, as indicative
of her people s intelligence, is well patronized.

About 1872 or 1873 a system of waterworks was introduced,
known as the "Holly system," at a cost of nearly $20,000, which
has been of great advantage to the town. Granolithic sidewalks
have been laid, streets macadamized, a fine electric plant installed;
in short, all those conveniences will be found in Mitchell which
distinguish energetic Canadian towns. Like St. Marys and Strat
ford, this place has had her period of depression, and now, like
these two aspiring trade centres, Mitchell has indications of a
returning prosperity greater than she in her palmy days ever
experienced.

In 1855 was issued to Mitchell a warrant to establish a fair I
belive the only one ever issued to any town in this county. I
insert this document that my readers may peruse what seems to
me a rather unique piece of composition :

"Edmund Head.
"(Seal)

"Province of Canada.

"Victoria, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c., &c., &c.

"To our trusty and well-beloved Robert Moderwell, our Sheriff
of our County of Perth, in our Province of Canada, Esquire, and
to all to whom these Presents shall come :

"WHEREAS, it hath been represented to us that the establishment
of a FAIR or MART at the Village of Mitchell in the County afore
said, would tend greatly to the welfare and convenience of the
Inhabitants of the said County Now KNOW YE, that being desirous
of promoting by every means the prosperity of our subjects, We,
of our Special Grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, have
given and granted and by these Presents do give and grant unto
Robert Moderwell aforesaid, being Our Sheriff of Our said County
and to his successors respectively, being Sheriffs of Our said
County for the time being, all and singular the PUBLIC FAIR AND

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

MART, and the right, privilege, advantage, and franchise of keeping
and holding a PUBLIC FAIR AND MART, as Stewards of the same
respectively, at and within the Village of Mitchell aforesaid, to
gether with all the Privileges, Customs, Usages, Courts of Pie-
poudre incident to Fairs and laws of Fairs in general as now-
established, used and exercised within that part of Great Britain
and Ireland. To have and to hold the said Fair, Mart, Franchise,
Right, Hereditaments, and Premises to him the said Robert
Moderwell, Sheriff of Our said County, and to his successors for
ever, being Sheriffs of Our said County, to and for the use,
benefit, resort and intercourse of All our Liege Subjects of Our
said Province, to be used and exercised at the several times in
each and every year as follows, to wit: to begin and be holden on
the first Wednesday in the respective months of April and October
in each and every year, and to commence at nine of the clock in
the morning, and to continue at each time respectively until
sunset.

"Subject nevertheless to the powers, provisoes, restrictions, pay
ment of piccage and stallage, conditions and limitations herein
after mentioned, that is to say: Provided Always and it is the true
intent and meaning of these Presents, that all and every person
bringing and exposing to sale any goods, wares and merchandize
within the said Mart and Fair, shall pay unto the said Sheriff and
to his successors respectively, being Sheriffs of Our said County,
such sum or sums of money by way of Toll, for the license of
keeping and erecting a stall or booth, or otherwise using or
occupying any space or plot of ground within the said Fair and
Mart, during the continuance of the same, for the selling, vending
or disposing of by barter or otherwise any goods, wares or mer
chandize, cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, or any other live stock
within the said Fair and Mart as our Justices of the Peace in and
for the said County and in Quarter Sessions assembled, or the
major part of them, shall from time to time in their discretion
adjudge and determine to be paid. And we do hereby give and
grant unto the said Justices or the major part of them in Quarter
Sessions assembled as aforesaid full power and authority to fix,

KNOX CHURCH, MITCHELL.

MITCHELL 459

adjudg-e and determine the Tolls of the said Fair and Mart accord
ingly, and from time to time vary and alter the same, and sub
stitute greater or lesser Tolls according- to emergency as the said
Justices or the major part of them assembled as aforesaid shall
think proper; hereby also giving- and granting unto Our said
Sheriff and his successors, Sheriffs of the time being of Our said
County as Stewards of the said Fair and Mart, full powers to levy
and enforce the payment of such Tolls as fully and effectually to
all intents and purposes as if the same had been specifically
named and given or granted to Our said Sheriff and his succes
sors as aforesaid. Provided always, that all sums of money thus
collected shall be solely appropriated towards the clearing away
the plot of ground whereon the said Fair and Mart shall be kept,
and towards other the incidental expenses necessary to be in
curred, in making the said Fair-stead convenient and commo
dious, and most useful to the Public at large. Provided also, that
nothing herein contained shall extend to the prejudice or common
nuisance of Our Liege subjects of Our said Province of Canada.

"In Testimony whereof, we have caused these Our Letters to
be made Patent, and the Great Seal of Our said Province to be
hereunto affixed.

"Witness Our Trusty and Well-beloved Sir Edmund Walker
Head, Baronet, Governor-General of British North America, and
Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over Our Province
of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Island of Prince
Edward, and Vice-Admiral of the same, &c., &c., &c.

"At Our Government House, in Our City of Toronto in Our
said Province the thirteenth day of December in the year of Our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five and in the nine
teenth year of Our Reign.

"By Command,

"Geo. Et. Cartier,

" Secretary."

The history of Presbyterianism opens in Mitchell during 1846,
when Rev. Dr. Burns, on his way to Egmondville, preached from

460 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

a stump which stood near the old Hicks house. Subsequently for
two years service was held irregularly by Reverends D. Allen,
Graham, and Mackenzie, in a blacksmith shop near the river.
This structure soon became inadequate to congregational de
mands, and an adjournment was made to the Hicks house, until a
school building was erected. No organization was effected till
1849, when Rev. Thos. McPherson, of Stratford, established a
new congregation. Amongst those present on that occasion were
Thomas Wylie, Duncan Campbell, William Irvine, James Mc-
Clacharty, Henry Morgan, and James McKay Messrs. Wylie
and McKay being chosen managers. The newly-established
congregation was called Knox. Sacrament was also dispensed,
Hugh Kennedy Junck and Duncan Campbell distributing the
elements. Not till 1855 was a minister stationed in Mitchell. A
good story is told regarding Rev. Mr. Graham, of Egmondville,
who for several years rendered valuable service in building up this
mission. He was erecting a small house for himself, and Mitchell
people being desirous of assisting him, in acknowledgement of his
work in their behalf, decided to present him with sufficient shingles
to roof his new habitation. On his next appearance, a short time
after this presentation had been made by the congregation, an
old Scotch lady was heard to remark, "We gied him the shingles;
A wunner if he s after the nails noo. "

Rev. James Findlay was inducted in 1856 as first stationed
minister, his stipend being ^130 per annum. A small church
was erected, and considerable progress made. In 1861 Mr.
Findlay removed, which led to an interregnum of six years. A
difference of opinion prevented a minister being chosen, when, on
a suggestion made by Mr. Thomas Matheson, the choice was
relegated to two ladies, Mrs. James McClacharty and Mrs. John
Aikens, who succeeded in making a selection suitable to all
parties. During 1894 was dedicated a splendid brick edifice,
where worship is now held. This is a costly structure, and one
of the most imposing ecclesiastical buildings in the county.
Under Rev. Mr. McAulay, who was inducted in 1900, the number
of members has increased to 255. A Sabbath school was organ-

MITCHELL 461

ized in 1848 by James Boyd, through whose instrumentality much
good has been accomplished.

The English church in Mitchell -was not organized till 1861,
although services were occasionally held during that period ex
tending from 1854 to 1860. During 1862 Old Trinity church was
erected a frame building, where the congregation worshipped for
nearly forty years. In 1899 the present elegant structure was
completed at a cost of $5,000. Since Rev. Mr. Ralley, who was
first stationed minister, was inducted, if advancement has not been
rapid it has been steady, and from a very small beginning has
now attained to 125 families, with a large number of adherents.
A Sabbath school is conducted, with Mr. J. A. Blowes as superin
tendent, having an attendance of 130 pupils. Ministerial work is
conducted by Rev. Mr. Howard.

A mission of the Catholic church was established in Mitchell at
an early day. They also for some time had to avail themselves of
such facilities for celebrating mass as a new settlement could
afford. In 1858 they erected a church, the parish at that period
embracing a wide section of country. A portion of this has now
been set apart as St. Bridgid s, and a part to Kinkora and Dublin.
In 1882 a substantial brick church was erected at a cost of $8,000,
where service is now held, and has one especial blessing of lying
under no liabilities. This parish is mother of those in Logan and
Ellice. In building up these congregations she has given up her
own people to worship at more magnificent shrines and at altars
of greater splendour than she can boast of. Her limits have been
greatly circumscribed, and comprise now only about 30 families,
in charge of Rev. Father J. Ronan.

The Methodist church has perhaps a larger membership than
any other in Mitchell. It was not till 1852 that a congregation of
Methodists was established, Lucie Adams, Robert Keller, James
Hill, Thomas Shillington, Paxton Botterall, and Richard and
Thomas Babb being promoters. Excepting Messrs. Keller and
Adams all of these pioneers are now sleeping in their
graves. No regular service was held, however, and when a
minister was obtained he preached in the school building. During

462 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

1855 a church was erected, complete organization having now
taken place with eight members. Subsequent to Methodist Union,
a fine building, which had been erected by the Bible Christian
section of Methodism at a cost of $18,000, became a place of
worship for the united body. At present 300 members and about
500 adherents meet here every Sabbath day. A Sabbath school is
conducted by Mr. F. B. Holtby, with an average attendance of
450 pupils. This congregation has perhaps the best "home
department " for an aggregate population such as Mitchell that
can be found in the west, having over 300 members. Rev. Mr.
Whiting is pastor.

The Evangelical Lutheran Grace congregation was established
in 1858 by Rev. J. A. Hengerer with a membership of 16.
Service was held in the people s homes till 1862, when a frame
church was erected, costing about $1,000. This congregation
has now a connection of about 250 souls. There is also a
Sabbath school, with an attendance of about 70 pupils, in charge
of Rev. G. Thun, pastor of this congregation.

The following is a list of officers, the first mayor being elected
subsequent to incorporation in 1873.

Mayors. 1874-5, Thomas Matheson ; 1876-9, W. R. Davis;
1880, Joseph Cull; 1881, J. H. Flagg; 1882-4, J- H - Cull; 1885-7,
Jas. Dougherty; 1888-9, Thomas McClay; 1890-1, T. S. Ford;
1892, J. W. Cull; 1893-4, W. R. Davis; 1895-7, Isaac Hord;
1898, William Ryan; 1899, Alden Burritt ; 1900-1, Fred. Davis;
1902, Hugh Campbell.

Reeves. 1857, Thomas Ford; 1858, John Fishleigh ; 1859-60,
Thomas Babb ; 1861-4, J. Fishleigh; 1865-6, T. Babb ; 1867-73,
Thos. Matheson; 1874, Hugh Campbell; 1875, W. R. Davis;
1876-80, James Sills; 1881-3, Thomas McDonald; 1884, James
Dougherty; 1885, John Skinner; 1886, Thos. McClay; 1887, H. J.
Hurlburt; 1888, J. Skinner; 1889-91, S. R. Stewart; 1892, Isaac
Hord; 1893-6, Jas. Dougherty; 1897-8, John White. Office
abolished.

Deputy-Reeves. 1874-5, T - Babb; 1876, Robert Currie; 1877-8,
J. W. Cull; 1879-80, Thomas McDonald; 1881, A. Burritt; 1882-3,

MITCHELL 463

J. Dougherty; 1884, J. Skinner; 1885, T. McClay; 1886, J. W.
Cull; 1887-9, T- S. Ford; 1890-1, I. Hord ; 1892-4, A. Dent;
1895-7, William Ryan; 1898, J. T. Dufton. Office abolished.

Clerks. 1857-72, James Porter (resigned); 1872-90, Robert
Christie ; 1891-7, James Christie; 1898-02, James Barnett.

Treasurers. 1857, E. J. Woods; 1858-72, James Porter (re
signed); 1872-9, William Abbott; 1880, R. H. Sarvis ; 1881, H.
Campbell; 1882, A. Burritt ; 1883-6, G. S. Goodeve ; 1887-94,
A. Burritt; 1895-1901, William Thorne; 1902, John Rankin.

Assessors. 1857-9, R. B. Stephens; 1860-1, John Routledge ;
1862-3, Jas. Hill; 1864, Geo. Hibbert; 1865, Wm. Smith; 1866,
Wm. Sedgwick; 1867, R. B. Stephens; 1868, J. Sills; 1869-70, W.
Sedgwick; 1871, R. B. Stephens; 1872, W. Sedgwick; 1873-4, J.
Thorne; 1875, J. Sedgwick; 1876-7, Nelson Vrooman; 1878-81,
Thos. Leadstone; 1882, Richard Moffatt; 1883-93, Jh n Broderick;
1894, J- H. Flagg; 1895-1901, J. Broderick; 1902, Thos. Skinner.

Collectors. 1857, Charles Thorne; 1858, J. Routledge; 1859-60,
J. Dent; 1861-4, R - B - Stephens; 1865-80, J. Abbott; 1881, H.
Campbell; 1882, J. S. Coppin; 1883, Nelson Brisbin; 1884-5, J as -
Jones; 1886, Chas. Thorne; 1887, J. S. Coppin; 1888-9, J- Barnett;
1890-1, Jas. Boyd; 1892-6, J. S. Coppin; 1897-1901, J. Barnett;
1902, Wm. Thorne.

Aiiditors. 1858, R. W. Cana, Alex. Matheson; 1859-62, James
Barge, G. R. Jarvis; 1863-72, J. Barge, Robert Christie; 1873,
Wm. Clegg, J. Barge; 1874, J- Barge, N. Brisbin; 1875, J-
Thorne, Fred. Butcher; 1876-8, F. Butcher, J. McDonald; 1879,
F. Butcher, J. Broderick; 1880, F. Butcher, J. Thorne; 1881, F.
Butcher, J. Broderick; 1882, J. Brodrick, C. Thorne; 1883-5, W.
Potts, J. Meikle; 1886-7, W. Potts, W. H. Dent; 1888, J. Barnett,
D. W. Cantlon; 1889-90, W. Potts, W. Babb; 1891, C. Thorne,
W. Babb; 1892, J. Sills, W. Babb; 1893-8, W. Babb, G. S.
Goodeve; 1899-1902, Cephas Woodger, W. Babb.

CHAPTER XXVI.

STRATFORD.

When surveys were made in the Huron Tract, in that portion
of it which afterwards was organized as Perth County two town
sites were reserved. These were Stratford and Mitchell. Con
trary to the opinions expressed by several intelligent writers on
Perth County history, we believe this selection of a site for Little
Thames, as Stratford was first named, was not made from its
geographical position, but as a matter of convenience. Its con
tiguity to the river was no doubt a primary factor in its being chosen.
As far as any argument based on a convergence of leading roads
is concerned, it appears of no importance whatever. In the wild
forest who can say what development will induce ? Priority
of settlement may for a time give prestige, but it does not follow
that when half a century has gone that precedence may still be
maintained. Commercial demands are inexorable, and will set at
defiance the best laid schemes of surveyors, speculators, or boards
of directors. Whatever Stratford is to-day she owes not to her
natural geographical position. Her ascendency has been attained
not from environment, but from an impressment of extraneous
conditions which she has compelled to become ministers to her
success. Great towns, like great men, make way for themselves,
and obstacles, which appear insurmountable to some, by an over
powering determination are transformed and compelled to be
factors in their advancement. It is worthy of note in connection
with this city that of all towns or villages in this county its
location was least desirable as an agricultural centre. Fine
sections of farm land surrounded St. Marys, Mitchell, and Lis-

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STRATFORD 467

towel. Stratford was located in a great swamp. It is not sur
prising, therefore, that for a period of twenty years her progress
was inconsiderable.

Stratford was really founded in 1832, or nearly ten years before
a survey of Blanshard had even been made. It had priority of
several years over Mitchell, and yet in 1850 St. Marys had a
larger population than Stratford, and w r as a more progressive
town. This is easily accounted for. In all new commercial
centres material progress at the outset is accelerated or retarded
by their environment having a natural adaptability for agricul
tural purposes. There was no town in Perth County, nor, indeed,
in the Huron Tract, located in a spot so destitute in its surround
ings of those elements which give life to a backwoods hamlet. St.
Marys, in this respect, had an advantage over all other places in
this county, in so far that within many miles there was no land
not available for agriculture when a clearance was effected. It,
therefore, advanced more rapidy than Stratford, until it reached a
certain point. This limit is the line of demarcation that lies where
a town has created a commercial interest large enough to supply
the agricultural community by which it is surrounded. If it does
not aspire to that greater interest of manufacturing, thereby draw
ing wealth for its goods from distant customers, then its progress
must end. This appears to be a solution of the question re
garding Stratford s marvellous progress during the last twenty
years. Beyond supplying the wants of an agricultural section,
St. Marys, until lately, never aspired. On the other hand, Strat
ford has imposed on herself heavy burdens in order to secure
manufacturing industries, and thereby bring an increase of popu
lation and an increase of trade. This policy of her public men has
been most successful, and placed her far in advance of her former
competitors for commercial supremacy.

A writer in 1852 says, "The village of Stratford, now the county
town of Perth, is pleasantly and well situated, but has made no
progress considering its natural advantages. It has increased
considerably in size since we last visited it seven years ago. The
buildings generally are of an inferior character, and appear to

468 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

indicate a want of spirit or of means among- the inhabitants,
which is not, however, surprising, as an inland place, surrounded
by bad roads for a larg-e portion of the year, is scarcely likely to
partake very largely of a cheerful character." If this writer had
been acquainted with pioneer life, he would have understood why
the village of Stratford "did not partake of a cheerful character."
A little backwoods hamlet in the centre of a swamp, where, about
seven years prior to the period at which this extract was written,
a settler had wandered from his home, and was devoured by
wolves within what is now the city limits, was not likely to be
very cheerful. As to the character of the roads, we refer our
readers to reports of Mr. Monteith and others, pathmasters of
Downie.

Towns are like individuals ; there is a "tide in their affairs,
which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune." Whatever this
place may be now is not owing to her natural position but to her
citizens, who compelled circumstances to shape themselves in her
favour. Success comes to no one by listlessly waiting. It is a
result of continuous labour and watchfulness, and if Stratford so
far has won, it was not by waiting on fortune, but by her conduct
compelling fortune to wait on her.

An old gentleman, still living, informs me that he assisted,
when a boy, in cross-laying a portion of road between what is now
Stratford and the Little Lakes in 1831. At this period no one was
residing in or around this section. A couple of shanties were
utilized by the workmen and the oxen, of which he was teamster,
as stopping places. These shanties, roofed with bark, were
erected near the river by surveying parties (as stated elsewhere)
to accommodate such venturesome travellers as might extend
their explorations so far westward of civilization. In 1832 came
William Sergeant, who was first settler in Stratford. At this
period it was known as Little Thames, its present name being
given by Dr. Dunlop in honour of the bard of Avon. Mr. Ser
geant was an Irish gentleman of good family, but broken fortune,
who sought a home in the wilds of the Huron Tract for himself
and friends. The family consisted of John Sergeant and his two

STRATFORD 469

sons, William and Thomas, and came from Clonmell, County
Tipperary, Ireland. They were liberal, high-minded people.
Thomas was married to a Catholic lady, who appears to have had
all the graces this Church so conspicuously develops in female
character. She had assisted several of her Catholic friends to
accompany them to Canada, where they settled near Little
Thames. Mrs. William Sergeant appears also to have been an
estimable lady, whose name is associated with many acts of kind
ness to all. Such were the first permanent residents of Stratford.
Mr. Sergeant erected a hotel near where the post office now
stands, which he named the Shakespeare hotel. In this building
he also opened a general store. About this time also a store was
erected by one George Worsley, west of the river, which was sup
posed would be the point at which business would centre. Mean
time other settlers arrived, and erected buildings on the Huron
road, east of the river, now Ontario street. Mr. Sergeant s hotel
was used for a church as well as a tavern, representing the only
spirituous and spiritual structure in Stratford. John Sharman and
his family were also early settlers. Mrs. Sharman died shortly
after their arrival, which was probably the first death in this
hamlet. Interment took place in what is now the centre of a
street opposite St. James church. J. A. McCarthy was what
was afterwards known as a 32 man. In 1833 came J. C. W.
Daly, as Canada Company agent, and erected another frame
building as a general store. During 1833 arrived J. J. E. Linton,
who was afterwards first school teacher in this county. Another
settler of aristocratic distinction had located near the river as a
suitable position for hunting, who was named Berwick. This
gentleman had a retinue of servants, with a full outfit of dogs,
guns, &c. , but not finding backwoods life to his taste, soon
returned to whence he came as being more congenial. The
first location ticket I have seen is in possession of Judge Woods,
and dated January ryth, 1833, before leases were issued. This
ticket is No. 62-61, covering lot r on concession i and 2, Downie.
Mr. Thomas Ward was the purchaser, and agreed to pay there
fore ys., 6d. per acre. He paid 12, IDS. in cash and gave notes

470 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

for ^62, IDS. This property was afterwards bought by the
Woods family, a portion of it being still held by Judge Woods,
on which a part of Stratford is built, known as Woodville, Pro
gress was extremely slow, however. In 1 840 there were three
stores kept by J. C. W. Daly, John Monteith, and a person
named Meany ; Mr. Sharman s blacksmith s shop, the first in this
county; a shoe shop, a couple of cobblers, Way s cabinet shop,
a saw mill, erected by John Sebring in 1833; a grist mill, built
about the same time; and the "Auld Kirk," built in 1835. Subse
quent to this period settlement became more rapid, although
Stratford s increase in population was still slow. In 1850 the
inhabitants numbered 900. There were now two grist mills, an
oatmeal mill, a distillery, saw mill, foundry, carding and fulling
mill, two tanneries, brewery, two asheries, one on a large scale,
located where the Commercial hotel and Theatre Albert now
stand; a post office, and six churches. Financial institutions were
represented by the Upper Canada, the Canada, the National Loan
Friendly Life Assurance Company, Provincial Mutual & Equitable
Fire Insurance Company, and a Canada Company office.

Separation from the United Counties of Perth, Huron, and
Bruce in 1850, and Stratford being selected as county seat, gave
the first impetus to this still unimportant village. Hitherto it had
been a part of those municipalities which converge within its
limits. The new dignity of being elevated to a county town
created higher aspirations in the citizens than being a small
country village. During 1852 new county buildings were erected,
and January, 1853, saw met together for the first time that
legislative body which was to control local affairs in Perth County.
Stratford now aspired to become a town. In accordance with the
Act, 12 Vic., chap. 81, a petition was sent to His Excellency
praying that Stratford be set apart as an incorporated village.
This petition was approved by William Rowen, then acting as
Governor, who issued a proclamation raising Stratford to this
new dignity. Robert Moderwell was appointed returning officer,
the election to be held on the first Monday in January, 1854. Mr.
Moderwell having taken the oath before Mr. Andrew Monteith,

STRATFORD 471

proceeded to hold nominations at the court house. On this
occasion came before the people as candidates, Alex. B. Orr,
Robert Johnson, James Orr, Peter Reid, P. R. Jarvis, R. H. Lee,
W. F. McCulloch, Peter Woods, James Woods, Henry Walters,
John R.Vivian, John A. Scott, R. H. Keays, John Sharman, John
Lynch, and John Hyde. Of this number Messrs. A. B. Orr, Reid,
Vivian, Lee, and McCulloch were elected. At their first meeting-
Mr. McCulloch was chosen reeve, and Stewart Campbell clerk,
who afterwards resigned, when Mr. S. L. Robarts was appointed.
Jas. Woods and Peter Ferguson were appointed assessors; Robt.
Johnson, collector, and Adam Seegmiller, treasurer. Compensa
tion was allowed to these officers : Clerk, .30; assessors, 10
each; collector, 12; treasurer, 10; auditors, Peter Reid and
Samuel Lloyd Robarts, salary not stated. Hotel licenses were
fixed at ^7, ios., Thomas Stoney, John Alexander, and Samuel
Hesson, inspectors; school trustees, Robert Monteith, John A.
Scott, John Hyde, T. M. Daly, Robert Keays, and Andrew Mon
teith. Dr. Hyde and Dr. Shaver were appointed medical health
officers; George Larkworthy, chief of police, at a salary of 20
per annum. Mr. Hammond s services in this department were
accepted, but without remuneration.

These important functions having been performed they pro
ceeded to other matters. A new fire engine was ordered from
Montreal, and it is interesting to note that a special provision
was inserted in the contract that delivery should not be made
until navigation opened the following spring. Several by-laws of
importance were also passed. Railroads were now occupying
people s minds, as being of incalculable advantage to inland towns
such as Stratford. ^"25,000 was, therefore, borrowed to purchase
stock in the Brantford, Buffalo & Goderich railway. Explanations
regarding this stock will be found in a paragraph dealing with
county indebtedness elsewhere. A further sum of ^1,800 was
borrowed to erect a school building, with ^1,700 for sidewalks and
purchasing a site for a market house. The land selected for this
building was an old saw mill yard, which Mr. McDonald, then
proprietor, agreed to sell for ^200. This is still the city market

472 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

place, althoug-h in 1855 old saw logs, slabs, saw dust, and other
refuse, lying scattered on all sides, was a source of great annoy
ance to the council and citizens generally. It was not till those
in authority had recourse to stringent measures that an abate
ment of this nuisance was made, and sidewalks and streets were
cleared of those unsightly obstructions. Stratford so far having
no corporate seal, it was decided to adopt that of their chief
magistrate for sealing official papers, which was a crest, an aim,
an arrow, with the motto m; it, anims.

During 1855 an attempt was made to introduce monthly cattle
fairs, but which, as in other sections of this county, were never
successful. Further legislation was enacted against saw logs
interfering with travel on the principal streets. During this year
we obtain a first glimpse at the finances of this now progressive
village. Estimates for all purposes amounted to ,1,176, 75., 4d. ,
or somewhat less that $5,000. In 1856 tenders were asked for
constructing a market building, but not to exceed 5,000. A
prize of $o was offered for the best design. A by-law was also
passed authorizing the purchase of stock in the Northern Gravel
road. This was a most important movement on Stratford s part,
opening up that dense swamp, a distance of ten miles, by a good
highway to those fertile lands in Mornington. This road brought
an immense trade to the town, and accelerated development in
that splendid country lying to the north.

The year 1857 saw a market building erected, whose cupola
with its extending flag staff was for years the pride of the citizens,
exciting wonder and admiration in backwoods youths who came
from the northern townships with their oxen to trade in this
great metropolis. Like much in this world, however, it was not
what it seemed. Erected by Messrs. Oliver & Sewell, contractors,
at a cost of 5,490, from some imperfections in construction it
was constantly being repaired. This old structure was destroyed
by fire in 1897. In 1899 the present fine building was erected at
a cost of $45,000. During 1857 a fire company was organized,
and great improvements made on several leading streets. Nile
and Waterloo streets were now graded, at a cost of 45.,

STRATFORD 473

per rod. Downie street was also graded, at a cost of 6s. per rod.
A census was taken this year, the results of which indicated great
progress since 1850. The village was now divided into five
wards Shakespeare, Hamlet, Romeo, Avon, and Falstaff. Enu
merators were appointed for each of these, Mr. J. J. E. Linton
being paid i for his services; W. D. Harrison, B. Grant, and
Jas. Taylor, other enumerators, 155. each. The total population
being 3,198, action was again taken regarding hotel licenses,
which were raised to 20.

1858 saw Stratford elevated to the dignity of a town, with Mr.
J. C. W. Daly as first mayor. Another new fire engine was
ordered, and a new bell was placed in the cupola of the market
building, which since its erection had been silent as the spheres.
Three new town pumps were ordered from Georgetown for town
wells. Tanks were placed on principal streets for cases of
emergency.

On March 21, 1859, Mr. Linton, notwithstanding these indica
tions of material development, presents a somewhat doleful report
regarding poor people in the town. Relief had been given to 33
families, who were reported as destitute. Mr. Linton is reported
as carrying 1 a bottle of wine to a dying man named Pat Conners,
and paying- $2 for his funeral expenses. A soup kitchen was
established where the poor were fed; the first, and we pray heaven
it may be the last, ever established in Perth County. In this
trying period Mr. Linton s conduct presents a noble aspect of
human character and a tender sympathy for human suffering.

Mr. Daly having resigned his position as mayor, Mr. William
Smith was chosen to succeed him. A further sum of ^1,250 was
granted to the Northern Gravel road. Bowling alleys and billiard
rooms were now first introduced, and by-laws were passed impos
ing regulations regarding the manner of conducting them.

On September i2th, 1860, a great event transpired in Stratford.
This was a visit from the Prince of Wales, now His Most Gracious
Majesty King Edward the Seventh. A committee consisting of
W. F. McCulloch, mayor; William Smith, reeve; Thomas Stoney,

deputy reeve; Andrew Monteith, warden of the county, and

28

474 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Messrs. E. F. Ryerson, P. R. Jarvis, J. C. W. Daly, Sheriff
Moderwell, S. L. Robarts, and William Mowat were appointed to
draft an address for presentation to His Royal Highness. The
little old building which was then used as a station was decorated
with bunting. Carpets were laid so that royalty would not soil
his feet as he alighted to receive the professions of loyalty of
the truly patriotic people of Stratford and vicinity. Great crowds
were present ; citizens from behind the counter, and pioneers
from the swamps of Ellice and Elma clad in home-spun and
who had come many a weary mile over crossways and through
stumps to see the future ruler of Britain s Empire. They desired
to give one mighty, heartfelt cheer of God-speed to that modest-
looking youth, whose appearance recalled to them once more the
home of their fathers far away across the sea. On arrival of the
train, as the Prince stepped out on the platform to receive the
committee, he was greeted by such a cheerastrue British hearts
only can give. This committee of prominent men, as they shook
hands with their royal visitor, were covered with glory, and for
once felt like saying, as did Simeon of old, "Now let me die, for
mine eyes have seen thy salvation." As another generation has
sprung up in Stratford since that memorable day, we insert the
address as read by Mayor McCulloch :

"70 His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales:

"May it please Your Royal Highness, We, the inhabitants of
the Town of Stratford, beg to approach Your Royal Highness
with assurances of our devotion and loyalty to the Crown and
authority of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen.

"We, in common with the rest of Her Majesty s loyal subjects
in this Province, would have felt highly gratified had the ex
igencies of state permitted Her Majesty in herself to visit the first
Colony of the Empire and to have received in person the congrat
ulations of her subjects on the success which has attended the
mild and equitable rule under which our country is rising so
rapidly to greatness.

"We desire to thank Her Majesty for the consideration she has
shown in permitting Your Royal Highness to visit us, and we

STRATFORD 475

welcome it as an assurance of our Soverign s earnest desire to
cement still closer the bonds of interest and affection which con
nects us with the mother country, and which enables us to share
in that which is our proudest boast the liberties and glories of
the British Empire.

"We regard it as a high privilege to be enabled to welcome Your
Royal Highness, and we beg respectfully to offer our congratula
tions on the opportunities which this journey affords Your Royal
Highness of seeing the country and inhabitants of which you are
destined we trust at some very distant day to become the
Sovereign.

"Little more than a quarter of a century ago the very country
through which Your Royal Highness has passed, west of Toronto,
was one almost unbroken wilderness, and Your Royal Highness
may realize the rapidity of our material progress by comparing the
present with the past. This peaceful progress has been fostered
and protected by British law and British institutions, which we
cherish as warmly as our fellow-countrymen at home.

"The visit of Your Royal Highness will tend still further to
increase the attachment which binds us to the mother country
an attachment founded on kindred languages, laws, and institu
tions, and a common sentiment of loyalty to the Soverign head of
the vast empire of which we form a portion, and in whose
glorious achievements in the vanguard of civilization we have a
common share and a common interest.

"We pray Your Royal Highness to convey to Her Majesty the
sentiments of high regard in which we hold her rule, and our
earnest hope that nothing may ever occur to sever a connection
which is mutually so advantageous, and which we regard as the
crown of our country s glory.

"On behalf of the citizens of Stratford.

"W. F. McCuLLOCH, Mayor."

To this very flattering testimony of loyalty and affection towards
Her Majesty s person and government His Royal Highness was
graciously pleased to make the following reply :

"Gentlemen, I thank you sincerely for the address which you

476 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

have presented to me. In the Queen s name I acknowledge the
expression of your loyalty to her Crown and person, and for myself
I am grateful to you for this welcome to your neighbourhood."

This terminated the proceedings, and with a few hand-shakings
and a rousing cheer the visit of His Royal Highness became a
paragraph in the page of history.

Meantime, in 1864, population had attained to 3,600 souls,
to supply whose spirituous wants fourteen hotels were licensed.
Another innovation was now introduced of great convenience, in
supplying light for the streets. No effort had previously been
made in this department of civic government; but quiet, inoffensive
burghers, returning from business at late hours, were now aided in
maintaining a decorous and polite deportment in crossing streets
whose mud in rainy seasons was of unsearchable depths. Mr.
P. R. Jarvis during this year applied to the Home government
for a trophy of British power, which young Canadians might look
upon, and thereby stimulate their military ardour. In reply Strat
ford received a cannon, captured by Britain in the Crimean war,
and which now sits peacefully on the north side of Downie street.
In every section evidences of improvement were perceptible.
Several elegant churches had been erected, and good substantial
business blocks were now found on Ontario and Market streets.
Expenditure on public works had also largely increased since
1854, being now, in 1867, $18,000.

Since completing the G. T. R. and the B. & L. H. railway in
1857, Stratford s commercial supremacy in Perth County was
assured. This, again, was rendered more secure by the construc
tion of the Port Dover and Stratford & Huron railways in 1875.
Wealth was now accumulating, and in 1874 a gas company was
organized to supersede the oil lamps of an earlier day. These
luminaries had done pioneer service, although the feeble glimmering
light emitted seemed to do nothing further than render more per
ceptible surrounding darkness. Gas was again superseded in
turn by electric light, which now sparkles on every street and in
the luxuriant homes of numerous citizens. The assets of the
Electric Company now reach over $100,000.

STRATFORD 477

In 1883 a Water Supply Company was organized, with Mr. John
Corrie as president, having- a capital of $115,000. In 1901 this
company supplied, through 70,000 ft. of mains, nearly 325,000,000
imperial gallons of water. This indicates a very great improve
ment since the first council ordered three pumps from Georgetown
for the village wells.

A modern system of fire protection is now in operation, and
a system of sewage has been introduced. Sewage beds have been
constructed on the latest scientific principles, where absolute
purification is attained before being discharged into the river.

These improvements have demanded a large expenditure in
their successful prosecution, and the people in 1901 contributed
for civic taxation $120,000. Of this amount nearly $24,000 was
set apart for education, $16,540 for local improvements, and
$13,585 for fire protection, water, and light.

Before closing this part of our work we desire to add that all
those fraternal societies, which are doubtless doing great good in
the world, are fully represented in a population of 10,500 people,
who are now citizens of Stratford. The benevolent societies are:
St. George s, St. Andrew s, St. Vincent de Paul, Freemasons,
Oddfellows, Foresters, Workmen, Orange and Temperance lodges,
Father Mathew Temperance Society, G. T. R. Benevolent Society,
Friendly Society, Amalgamated Society of Engineers, Sons of
Scotland, Sons of England, Knights of Pythias, and others. A
library and reading room has been established by the railway
company for their employees. A public library is also maintained,
containing at present over 4,000 volumes.

Meantime Stratford had long passed the line of differentia
between a country village and an important manufacturing town.
Bad roads or a small representation of farmers wives or daughters
no longer means a conspicuous depreciation of business. Pros
perity for her does not rest on wealth produced in the townships
surrounding, but in that great amalgamation of skill and labour
found within her own limits. This work of deft hands is now
sent to almost every corner of the world in manufactured goods.

In 1870 the Grand Trunk workshops were opened under the

47^ HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

management of Mr. Thomas Patterson, whose son, Robert
Patterson, is now master mechanic of this immense establishment.
Locating these workshops in Stratford resulted from that policy
persistently carried forward by her public men for many years. A
concentration of railroads at this point led to construction of the
mechanical appliances necessary to their economical operation.
During 1888 these great buildings as they now exist were com
pleted, and became a centre of industry within whose noisy walls
800 workmen earn a comfortable subsistence for themselves and
families.

Next in importance to these great mechanical works is a large
furniture factory erected by the George McLagan Furniture Co.
Mr. McLagan, who appears to be a person of great administrative
ability, had operated a similar establishment for many years, which
was destroyed by fire in 1900. The present building is an impos
ing one of white brick, within whose walls are employed about
200 hands. Manufactured goods from this establishment are
shipped to every corner of the world.

The Macdonald Manufacturing Co. was established in 1876
for constructing threshing machinery. This business has been a
successful one, and is still carried on by one of the original founders
and his two sons, P. A. and J. R. Macdonald. Large brick buildings
were erected in 1901 to accommodate an increasing trade. About
50 men are employed.

The Stratford Mill Building Co. is another large and important
industry, employing over 100 men. This establishment is operated
by Mr. William Preston, present proprietor, who manufactures
mill machinery of every description.

The Startford Bridge and Iron Works were founded in 1892 by
Mr. W. W. Cowan, and are now operated by Mr. Thos. Halliday,
with Mr. Cowan as superintendent. This industry constructs
steel bridges, wind-mills, grinders, force and lift pumps. Im
proved roads has created a great demand for steel bridges, which
in old days did not exist. This factory employs about 50 men.

The Whyte Packing Co., organized by John Whyte in 1899,
while a source of wealth to Stratford, is of great importance

STRATFORD 479

to the agricultural districts surrounding-. This establishment is
well equipped, and affords employment to a large staff of work
men.

One of the oldest industries in Stratford was that of Thomas Orr
& Sons, originally a planing mill. In 1884 this factory was
enlarged, and the manufacture of sideboards introduced. It
was subsequently acquired by the Canada Furniture Co., by
whom it is now operated, under Mr. V. Knechtel as manager,
employing about 50 hands.

David Easson s planing mills and furniture factory is another
thriving industry. Interior house furnishings, office and bar
fittings are principally turned out. This business was founded by
Scrimgeour Bros, over 30 years ago, and now employs about 45
hands.

The Anchor Wire Fence Co. was assumed by its present owners
in 1900, and is engaged in manufacturing farm and ornamental
fences and gates. This business is controlled by Messrs. James
Esplen and Robert Frame, and goods are largely sent to Manitoba,
where an excellent market has been obtained.

The firm of which Mr. E. T. Dufton is head has been in exist
ence for over 30 years, and engaged in manufacturing woollen
goods. Over 40 workers are employed, and their fabrics are sold
throughout all Canada.

The Perth Flax and Cordage Co. was organized in 1895 by Mr.
John Hogarth, and incorporated in its present form in 1897. This
firm manufactures twine, cordage, binder twine, rope, and flax.
About 75 men are now employed under Mr. A. H. Raymond, as
manager.

Another useful industry in Stratford, under Mr. E. T. Dufton
as president, is the Stratford Clothing Co. This establishment
manufactures the finest grade of clothing of all kinds, and employs
a staff of 50 hands.

Messrs. Thornton & Douglas are also engaged in manufac
turing men s clothing, and have branch stores in Guelph and
Chatham.

The Emperor Cycle Works were established in 1893 by Kalb-

480 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

fleisch Bros. , for making and repairing bicycles. Woodworking
machinery is also made by this firm, which employs a number of
men.

Ruston Bros. planing mills have a large trade in builders sup
plies, employing at present about 35 hands. Doors, sash, blinds,
and house furnishing goods of all kinds are manufactured and
sold. These, with a great number of smaller industries, give
employment to thousands of people at remunerative wages, and
are really the conduits through which pass the life blood of Strat
ford s commercial greatness.

At present other manufacturing establishments are being erected.
The Globe-Wernicke Manufacturing Co. have in course of con
struction a large brick building, where high-class office and other
fittings will be made, which will employ from 100 to 150 hands.

Excavations are also being made for a large building, where
manure spreaders will be made (the pioneer factory of this kind in
the Dominion), to be operated by the Kemp Manure Spreader Co.

A Company is also being organized to be known as the Mooney
Biscuit Co., for manufacturing biscuits, which will employ hun
dreds of workers.

A great amount of capital has been and is being invested in
promoting and carrying out these enterprises, which are of vast
consequence, not only to Stratford, but the surrounding country.

Amongst those financial institutions which have taken deep
root in Stratford is the Perth Mutual Fire Insurance Co. This
Company was organized in 1863, with Dr. John Hyde as president,
and William J. Imlach as secretary. It appears to have been
intended to transact business on farm property only. Progress
for several years was necessarily slow. Subsequent to Mr.
Packert being appointed secretary, a change of policy was effected,
it entering the field as a competitor for commercial risks. This
has been followed by marked success. Under its first year s
operations in 1863 262 policies were issued, amounting to
$156,234. As security for this large sum premium notes for
$2,656 were held. These were days of small things, however,
previous to a period of expansion and decided success. For the

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STRATFORD 483

year 1902 there were in force 16,840 policies, covering- property
valued at $18,382,724. As security for these risks were mort
gages, debentures, and other assets, amounting- to $241,509 over
all liabilities. Mr. Imlach was succeeded as secretary by Mr.
William Mowat, and he, in 1877, by Mr. Packert. Dr. Hyde, as
president, was followed by Mr. James Trow, and he by Mr.
William Davidson, county clerk, now president.

The British Mortgage Loan Co. is another monetary institution
creditable to the city. This Company was organized in London
during 1877, re-organized and removed to Stratford in 1878.
This Company transacts a banking business, in so far that it
receives money on deposit, lending on mortgage for a term
of years. Since re-orginization and removal to Stratford, under
the management of Mr. William Buckingham, it has met with
marked success. It is most creditable to those who guide its
interests that no case of hardship has ever occurred with their
patrons, as frequently happens to institutions loaning on mort
gage. It must be remembered, however, that along with Mr.
Buckingham has always been associated in its management
one or other of Perth s great men, who, as president, has
afforded valuable advice and assistance in disposing of its affairs.
Mr. James Corcoran was first president, and was succeeded by
Mr. Andrew Monteith, and he again by Mr. James Trow. This
position is at present held by Hon. Thomas Ballantyne.

The Stratford Building and Savings Society, which commenced
business in 1887, has been a source of profit to its patrons
by inculcating a spirit of thrift, in order to secure homes for
themselves and families. This institution loans to working men
such sums as enable them to erect homes, payments being so
arranged that their liabilities can be^discharged by a smalPcontri-
bution from their monthly earnings. The business of this Society
is confined to Stratford and conducted on liberal terms. This
liberality has been so far appreciated by its patrons that during its
existence no loss has been experienced. In the city are also
branches of the Bank of Montreal, Bank of Commerce and
Merchants Bank.. All of which have contributed to developing

484 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

trade, by supplying capital to business men, enabling" them to
carry on those enterprises so essential to progress.

While these indications of advancement in national wealth are
gratifying" to all, facilties for imparting" instruction to the young"
are still of a more marked character. To those who are yet resi
dents it will appear but a short time since they sat in the log school
building-, and at recess gathered beech-nuts in what is now the
collegiate grounds, or played at "hide-and-seek" amongst brush
and saw-logs, occupying that space where now stands the city hall.
A short time, indeed, but pregnant with events, continuous progress
and marvellous innovation. In 1834 Mr. J. J. E. Linton opened
a private school, the first in Perth County. In 1841 was erected
a log school, so often referred to by historians, in Stratford. In
1843, we have the first report of school work, when about 30
children of all ages met in that old log building, which stood on
the site of the present central school. There could be no report
of this or any other school prior to 1843. The first school Act
was passed in 1841, and under its provisions were opened in 1842
all public schools then in the province. To-day 2,000 children, in
eight spacious school buildings, answer the roll call. Thirty
teachers are now employed. The whole of these schools are
under the inspectorate of Mr. J. Russell Stuart, who is principal
of the city public schools. There is also a Roman Catholic
separate school, with a full staff of teachers, under separate
school inspectors of Ontario.

In 1853 were assembled the first grammar school classes, under
principal Rev. Thomas Russell. In 1854 C. J. McGregor, M.A.,
a graduate of Toronto University, became principal, conducting
the school with success until he resigned in 1883. In 1878-9 a
fine high school building was erected. This structure was at that
time and is, perhaps, now, one of the most beautiful school build
ings in Canada. During the period when Mr. William McBride
was principal, who had succeeded Mr. McGregor, this institution
was raised to the status of a collegiate institute. Under the
present principal Mr. C. A. Mayberry, B.A., LL. B. this school
maintains a position in the first rank of our educational system.

STRATFORD 485

A modern innovation in our educational system was introduced
into this city during 1891 by establishing" kindergarten schools.
Since the first one was opened in that year two others have been
added. These schools are presided over by three female teachers,
with Mrs. L. Irvine as principal, who maintains a general super
vision over the whole, and are kept open from 9 to 12 o clock
only. Pupils are admitted between the ages of four and seven
years, and to those who delight in associating with children these
little people, of whom there are about 140 in attendance, form a
very interesting study. They are not taught to read modelling,
drawing, weaving, sewing, songs, games, and other exercises
occupying their attention. In our tender years the faculty of im
itation is singularly active, and that distinctive trend of thought,
found to a greater or lesser degree in all by its early manifesta
tions in any of these departments, would likely be roused to
activity, thus rendering those studies an important factor in
development. These schools are maintained by a general rate
levied on the city. This really interesting work, first promoted
by Messrs. J. Russell Stuart, principal of the public schools,
W. J. Ferguson, and Jo"hn Welsh, has been productive of good
results, and is quite in accord with public sentiment.

Further remarks on our school system will be found in a chapter
relating to public schools.

On September 11, 1849, was issued the first newspaper printed
in Perth County. This was known as the Perth County News, and
published by Mr. Thomas Rowland. It may be proper to state
here that Mr. Robert McLagan, who assisted on that great occa
sion, is still a resident of Stratford, and the oldest printer, per
haps, in Western Ontario. For this notice of the press in Strat
ford I am greatly indebted to a pamphlet published by Mr. Mc
Lagan a short time ago in relation to this important subject. Mr.
Rowland s paper seems to have survived only for a short time,
and was supplanted by the Examiner, which also appears to
have been somewhat ephemeral. The Beacon, now the oldest
paper in Perth County, was first published on December 29th,
1854, by Mr. Peter Eby, a citizen of Berlin. Mr. William Mowat

486 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

was editor and manager. It was a four-page sheet, with six
columns to each page, a total of 480 inches of space, and sold at
$2 per annum in advance, and $2.50 if not so paid. "Farm
produce taken at market prices, cordwood, and turnips, as may be
agreed upon." In the autumn of 1863 Mr. Mowat sold the paper
to Mr. W. Buckingham, who had hitherto published the Norfolk
Reformer, and who was at that time private secretary to the
Postmaster-General at the then seat of government in Quebec.
On his appointment as private secretary to Hon. Alexander
Mackenzie, Prime Minister of Canada, in 1873, Mr. Buckingham
disposed of the business to his partner, Mr. Alexander Matheson.
To-day this paper contains sixteen six-column pages, with 1,920
inches of space, and is sold at $i per annum. In 1887 a daily
edition was issued by Mr. Matheson, which was subsequently
abandoned. Mr. W. M. O Beirne, for several years associated
with the Globe and other Ontario journals, the Beacon s proprietor
since 1891, again issued a daily edition, which has been successful,
having a large circulation. This "History of Perth" is published
in the Beacon office, under the mechanical superintendence of
Mr. J. T. Perry. The Beacon, since its inception, has been an
unflinching advocate of Reform principles, doing good service for
its party.

In 1852 the Stratford Examiner was published by Messrs. T. M.
Daly and Edwin Dent, and in 1855 passed over to Mr. S. L.
Robarts, who published it until the late 6o s. The Perth County
News was first published in 1863 by Vivian & Maddocks, and was
shortly afterwards issued as the Herald, in June of that year.
John M. Robb bought it out in 1867, and published it until 1872,
when Alex. Williamson and H. T. Butler published it until 1874,
at which time it was purchased by Mr. James Robb. In June,
1874, Mr. H. T. Butler first published the Stratford Times, and
continued it to 1890. In about two years after this it was
merged into the Herald. The Times was a paper of considerable
influence for a number of years. Mr. Butler then established
the Sun, but it gave away in the face of the two dailies before
a year rolled over.

STRATFORD 487

In 1886 the Herald was purchased by Dingman Bros., who
moved it in 1900 to its present elegant quarters on Market square.
This paper has also been successful, being now a sixteen-page
sheet, and sold to subscribers at $i per annum. In 1887 a daily
was issued, which has now a large circulation. Both of the Strat
ford daily papers have a great advertising patronage, and certainly
have done much in promoting the business interests of the city.

In 1863 was established a weekly German paper, named the
Colonist. This sheet was founded by Jacob Teuscher. In 1872
it became the property of Messrs. Schmidt & Scherer, and five
years later Mr. Schmidt became sole proprietor. The Colonist has
a large patronage amongst the Germans, a number of whom are
settled near Stratford. Since the period when the News was
launched, many ventures have been made, but not with great
success. An Orange Gazette was published for some time, but
abandoned. These, with a paper called the Advertiser, constitute
the journalistic ventures in Stratford.

During 1888 steps were being taken to erect a suitable building
for a hospital. If "Man s inhumanity to man makes countless
thousands mourn," man s humanity to man makes many a stricken
heart rejoice. Stratford hospital is a noble charity, and, as a
purely philanthropic work, excels all others in this county. Its
promoters were the Co. Warden, and Mayor H. T. Butler, Messrs.
John Hossie, William Davidson, Hon. Thos. Ballantyne, James
O Loane, John Idington, William Buckingham, J. P. Woods
(judge), James Corcoran, E. T. Dufton, John Mclntyre, and W. R.
Tiffin. This committee soon obtained subscriptions amounting to
$17,000. Of this sum Mr. Wm. Byers, an old pioneer, bequeathed
$2,000, and by making the Trust residuary legatee to his will this
great work received $2,000 more. Stratford municipal council
granted $2,000 and five acres of land. The county council also
granted $2,000, the balance being subscribed in sums ranging
from fifty cents to several hundred dollars. Every effort was
made by the ladies of Stratford to procure necessary appliances
and a full equipment, in which they succeeded. When completed it
was unencumbered. Patients are charged $2.80 per week for

488 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

care and medical treatment. When private wards and special
attendance are required, higher rates are paid. The poor and
helpless are generously treated free. Arrangements are made
whereby the charitable and benevolent may subscribe $100 per
annum, which will entitle them to a bed for one patient each year.
Any person making" a grant of $2,500, or real estate producing
$150 per annum, can send one patient in perpetuity. A patient so
entering under this proviso must be an indigent. The citizens of
Stratford may point to this building with greater pride than to any
other of which their city can boast.

Religious service was a function never neglected in pioneer
days. Whatever the pioneer s circumstances or environment, this,
at least, was always vouchsafed to him : that he could meet in
a shanty with those of his own denomination and worship God.
In 1838 a grant of land was made by the Canada Co. to the
Presbyterian Church. Old St. Andrew s, in Stratford, was the
first Presbyterian congregation in this county. A new building
was erected of logs in 1840, the corner stone being laid on
July i6th, by Mr. Alexander McDonald. On November 2ist,
1839, the Rev. Daniel Allan became Perth s first Presbyterian
minister. With him were, as elders, John Stewart, Robert Eraser,
George Hyde, John Gibb, and Mathew Nelson. Mr. Allan also
preached in Woodstock, this place and Stratford being united at
this time under one minister, who rode through the bush on horse
back between these points, there being no roads. In 1842 came
the disruption in Scotland, which was soon followed by Canada.
Meantime, Mr. Allan had established St. Andrew s church in
North Easthope. During 1844 he withdrew from both, and
organized a new congregation on those principles so effectively
taught by the Edinburgh divine and the stone mason of Cromarty.
The old time-honored institution, which had done so much for
Scotland, was deprived of a portion of her glory. That "Old
Kirk," whose hoary and time-worn edifices had rendered sacred
many a quiet nook in lonely glens and valleys far remote, now
bereft of her former glory, was still undismayed in her native land.
In Canada she was ruined. In 1848 Mr. Bell was inducted in

STRATFORD 489

Stratford and North Easthope St. Andrew s churches. In 1857 a
separation took place. Mr. Miller succeeded Mr. Bell. In 1863
Rev. Dr. George came, remaining till 1870. Rev. Mr. Wilkins
succeeded Dr. George, and he by Rev. E. W. Waits. During
1883 Rev. E. W. Panton was inducted, under whose ministra
tions great progress has been made. Total membership at that
period was 155, now increased to 350. In 1868 the present build
ing was erected, although latterly great improvements have been
effected, adding much to the comfort and convenience of the con
gregation.

Knox Church, Stratford, was founded by the Rev. Thomas
McPherson, in 1849. This minister was of splendid physique,
douse, and energetic. He was selected by the Free Church Society
in Scotland to plant those reforms in Evangelical discipline so
recently introduced in that country. Service was first held in the
school house, until a church was erected in 1850, Knox congrega
tion increased rapidly, and in 1869 greater accommodation had to be
obtained. In 1870, therefore, the foundation of the present build
ing was laid by Mr. Henry Gibson. This is the most imposing
church edifice in Stratford, and presents an outline of singular
grace and beauty. Its seating capacity is about 1,500. In 1878
Mr. McPherson retired, being succeeded by Mr. McLeod, now of
London, England. During 1881 Mr. Wright was inducted, who
was followed by Rev. Lauchlin M. Leitch, in June, 1891. Over
1,100 members are now under Mr. Leitch s ministration, 900 of
whom have become communicants since his inception. A session
composed of George Hunter, John Mclntyre, James Callin, Wm.
Jeffrey, George Malcolm, Henry Duncan, James Barton, Samuel
Rankin, J. A. Bothwell, J. J. Forbes, William Donaldson, F.
Buckingham, W. H. Fletcher, and William Ireland assist in
church work. Another officer who appears to be part of the
institution itself is Mr. Ralph Donaldson (son of an old precentor),
who is caretaker, treasurer, and secretary of the Sabbath school.

St. Joseph s Roman Catholic is one of four congregations
organized prior to all others in this county. This parish contains
over 400 families, 320 of which reside in Stratford; 32 in Downie;

49 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

34 in Ellice; 10 in South Easthope, and 7 in North Easthope.
The first Catholic settlers arrived in 1832, and were John Phelan
and his five sons, Mrs. Thomas Sergeant, John Stinson, Richard
O Donnell, Patrick Cashin, Misses Julia Coffey, Margaret Ang-lin,
and Alice Daly. Mass was first celebrated in this county about
November, 1832, by Rev. Father Dempsey, who came here from
St. Thomas. On June 4th, 1833, Father Dempsey again visited
Stratford, celebrating the first two sacraments in Perth County by
uniting in marriage Richard O Donnell and Julia Coffey, also
baptising Edward Stinson, son of John Stinson. During 1835
another priest visited this new settlement, supposed to be Father
Downie, of London. In May of that year Richard O Donnell and
his wife took their child to Guelph for baptism, accompanied by
Patrick Cashin and Miss Daly. Miss Daly returned Mrs, Cashin.

On the loth of November, 1835, Rev. Father J. B. Werreat, of
Waterloo, visited Stratford, remaining three days, offering up
mass and giving instructions. This good German priest walked
all the way from Waterloo, carrying his vestments on his back.
It was late on a stormy November night when he reached Widow
Cashin s log hut. The news of his arrival spread like wildfire
among the settlers, who came the following morning to give him
caed mille failthea.

From Stratford he set out on the i4th for Dennis Downie s
Irishtown accompanied by young William Cashin, who volun
teered to carry the sacred vestments, continuing his journey to
Goderich, where he remained two days. On his return to
Downie s a great gathering of Catholics was there to greet him,
and he remained two days. When he arrived at Stratford
he was worn out with fatigue; being poorly clad he suffered
intensely from cold. From Stratford, still accompanied by Cashin,
he went to Woodstock. It was then December, and snow had
fallen heavily before the poor priest started on his return journey.
He was almost frozen when he reached Stratford. During this
whole missionary trip he slept in his own clothes. He continued
to visit the mission regularly until replaced by Father Gibney in

STRATFORD

49 1

From 1837 to 1842 Father Gibney had charge of Guelph and
Stratford. During his administration the first church was erected,
a frame structure, 40 x 40, which remained for many years un-
plastered and unfinished. In 1843 confirmation was administered
for the first time in Stratford by Right Rev. Dr. Power.

In 1842 Rev. Peter Schneider replaced Father Gibney, and
continued to visit the mission until 1852, when he was removed to
Brantford, remaining for two years, and returning again in 1856.
During his absence Rev. John Ryan and Rev. Robert Kelcher
looked after the spiritual wants of this fast increasing flock. The
first resident priest was Rev. P. J. Canney, in 1856, under whose
administration the church was much enlarged. Father Canney
continued in charge until replaced by Rev. Peter Francis Crinnon,
on June 6th, 1858. Father Crinnon remained until he was created
Bishop of Hamilton, in April, 1874.

During the administration of this priest the church had been
again enlarged, and a pastoral residence built at a cost of $1,600.
The increasing demands of the congregation rendered a larger
building necessary, and on the 27th day of September, 1867, the
foundation stone of St. Joseph s Church was laid by Very Rev.
J. A. Bruyere, administrator of the Diocese of London. This fine
building is 156x60 feet, with a width of 70 feet at transept, and
has a seating capacity for nine hundred, the whole costing over
$30,000. Before the new church was fully completed, Very Rev.
Dean Crinnon was chosen Bishop of Hamilton, and was conse
crated in his new office on the igth day of April, 1874, Archbishop
Lynch officiating.

Since 1874 the church has been under the administration of Rev.
E. B. Kilroy, D. D., who has done much to further its interests.
The most enduring monument to the energy and devotion of this
prelate is the Loretto Convent, founded in 1878 through his
instrumentality, at a cost of $10,500, over half of which was
contributed by the kind-hearted Doctor himself. He has been
active in promoting education among his people, and on all
occasions is charitable and liberal in his contributions to their
wants. He is a person of amiable disposition, widely and deeply
read, a fluent speaker, and a distinguished man.

29

492 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

St. James Anglican church was founded in 1844 by Rev.
Thomas Hickey. This missionary was sent by Bishop Strachan,
of Toronto, to gather tog-ether the settlers belonging to that
denomination and form a congregation. Huron was not set apart
from Toronto as a separate diocese for several years subsequent
to this Tract being opened up. As Mr. Hickey was first minister,
he was certainly the greatest ever officiating in St. James or any
other ecclesiastical building in Stratford, his weight being 320
pounds. Services were held in the Shakespeare hotel and the log
school house. A few years subsequent to his arrival Mr. Hickey
was able to erect a small building, which was never completed.
This church occupied the site of the present St. James , on the
corner of St. Michael and St. George streets. Rev. Canon
Ephraim Patterson was inducted in 1851, and a new brick building
erected. This church, through imperfect construction, was soon
replaced by the present one. The ecclesiastical buildings erected
by this congregation are now extensive, and cost nearly $40,000,
exclusive of $8,000 which was paid for the organ now used.
Since organization only three ministers have been in charge Rev.
Mr. Hickey, Rev. Canon Patterson, and Rev. David Williams,
M. A., present incumbent. The first choir in Perth County of
which we have any notice assisted in this congregation. It was
composed of the Lee family, Miss Mary Woods, Messrs. Robert
McFarlane, A. Haines, and S. R. Hesson. A Mr. Wilson played
the flute, accompanied by Mr. Hesson on a big horn and another
performer with a clarionet. It is said that when this trio had
risen, "cresendo style," in their finest symphonies to the most
sublime point of excellence, so terrible was their molody that the
wild fowl on Victoria Lake took flight in dismay, never resting
their weary wings till a secluded spot was reached far away in the
Ellice swamp.

The Home Memorial church, also Episcopalian, was founded in
1877 by Rev. J. P. Curran. A building erected first as a Sabbath
school was extended and otherwise improved, rendering it suitable
for a place of worship. Rev. David Deacon, present incumbent,
was inducted in 1882. About 80 families are in connection. A

STRATFORD 493

Sabbath school is also conducted by Mr. Charles Davis, having- an
attendance of 90 pupils. Church buildings of this congregation
are not pretentious, but comfortable, and cost about $2,000.

The Congregational church was founded in 1862 by Rev. Mr.
Durant. From a small beginning this congregation has been
quite successful, having now a membership of 70, with about 150
adherents. A neat church building has been erected at a cost of
.$12,000, a large portion of which was donated by one of its mem
bers. A Sabbath school is also conducted, having- an attendance
of 70 pupils, with Mr. Louis Moir as superintendent. This con
gregation is now in charge of Rev. G. A. Mackenzie.

Zion Evangelical Lutheran church, " Missouri Synod," was
organized in 1859 by Rev. Mr. Hengerer, and was composed of
1 8 families. A small frame church was erected in 1863. Progress
in this church has been steady since its inception, and a new brick
building- has been constructed at a cost of $3,000. There are
now in connection with this church about 66 members, together
with adherents numbering 350 souls. Rev. J. C. Spilman is
pastor, and conducts a Sabbath school, having an attendance
of 70 pupils.

The Central Methodist church is an old ecclesiastical organiza
tion in Stratford, Rev. M. Dignam being its first minister; and
its principal promoters William Rooney, James Rust, and J. W.
Mills. Fifty years ago Rev. John Wakefield, D.D., now of Paris,
preached his first sermon to a few worshippers in this old church,
and in June, 1902, was privileged to give his jubilee discourse to
what is now a large and wealthy congregation. A short period
subsequent to organization in 1845 a frame building was erected
where the present edifice now stands. Service was held in this
structure until 1870, when a portion of the present building was
constructed, and which was again enlarged in 1874. This is now
a large brick edifice, costing over $15,000, and, although modest
in architectural design, is quite modern in its appointments, afford
ing comfortable accommodation to the hundreds of worshippers
who assemble on Sabbath days within its walls. From a mem
bership at its inception of 12 a marvellous increase has taken

494 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

place, there being- now over 500. A Sabbath school is also con
ducted, Mr. Henry Walton, as superintendent, having over 400
pupils on the roll, and an average of nearly 300 in weekly attend
ance. Rev. E. N. Baker, M.A., B.D., is pastor.

The Centennial church of the Evangelical Association is a
modern organization, service being first held in a brick cottage in
1888. Its principal promoters were Henry Ender, Robert Heide-
man, and Peter Dierlamm. Only eight members composed the
first congreg-ation. In this church there has been marked pro
gress, it having- now a membership of 220. In 1900 a very fine
brick edifice was erected at a cost of nearly $11,000. During
1888 a Sabbath school was also organized, with an attendance of
12 pupils, now increased to about 300, with Mr. A. Knechtel as
superintendent. Present minister is Rev. W. A. Hehn.

The Baptist church was organized in 1859, and meetings held in
a log house on Cobourg street and the police office. Its principal
promoters were T. J. Birtch, D. Davis, and Thomas Campbell.
Rev. R. McLelland was first minister. At this period it had a
membership of 14, now increased to over 300. During- 1860 a
frame church was erected, where service was held till 1889, when
the present brick edifice was built at a cost of about $12,000. A
Sabbath school was organized about 1865, with a few pupils, now
increased to about 140", under the superintendence of Mr. George
McLagan. Rev. W. J. McKay, B.A., B.D., is pastor, under whose
ministrations steady progress is being made.

Waterloo street Methodist congregation is comparatively an
old one, being organized in 1854. Beyond that of Wm. Osborne,
I have been unable to obtain information regarding names of its
promoters. About 1857 a frame church was built, where service
was held till 1880. when the present brick building was con
structed at a cost of about $6,000. When this congregation was
organized it was composed of 50 members, now increased to 280.
A Sabbath school was also opened in 1857, which has steadily
increased in numbers, till it has now an average attendance of
150 pupils, with Mr. C. Carter as superintendent. Pastor in 1902
was Rev. Mr. Going.

STRATFORD. 495

Medical practitioners in Stratford now are Drs. J. A. Corcoran,
J. M. Dunsmore, J. A. Devlin, George Deacon, D. B. Fraser,
D. M. Fraser, (Miss) Daisy Macklin, J. D. Monteith, J. A.
Robertson, W. N. Robertson, J. P. Rankin, and W. G. Walker.
Dentists. Drs. A. E. Ahrens, J. A. Bothwell, E. H. Eidt, W. R.
Hamilton, and A. A. Mackenzie. Veterinary surgeons J. W. Orr
and Wm. Steele.

The legal profession embraces the firms of Idington & Robert
son, Mabee & Makins, McPherson & Davidson, Smith & Steele,
Woods & Coughlin, G. W. Lawrence & Son, R. T. Harding,
A. M. Panton, and A. H. Monteith.

The executive officers of Stratford from incorporation as a town
in 1854 are as follows:

Reeves. 1854-5, W. J. McCulloch; 1856-8, A. B. Orr.

Mayors, During 1859 Stratford was created a town, electing a
mayor as chief magistrate, T. M. Daly first occupying that position.
1860-2, W. F. McCulloch; 1863-7, p - R - Jarvis; 1868, J. A.
Carrall; 1869-70, T. M. Daly; 1871-2, John A. McCulloch; 1873-4,
Thomas Stoney; 1875, Samuel R. Hesson; 1876-8, T. M. Daly;
1879, Alex. Grant; 1880-1, A. W. Robb; 1882, David Scrimgeour;
1883, Wm. Roberts; 1884-5, William Gordon; 1886-7 C. J. Mac-
gregor; 1888-9, H. T. Butler; 1890-1, John Brown; 1892, Elijah
Hodgins; 1893-4, John C. Monteith; 1895-6, William Davidson;
1897-8, John O Donohue; 1899-1900, James Hodd; 1901-2, James
Stamp.

Clerks. 1854, Stewart Campbell; 1855-6, S. L. Robarts; 1857-9,
Alexander Leitch; 1860-2, John Hamilton; 1863-5, Henry Sewell,
sr. ; 1866-82, Henry Sewell, jr.; 1883-1902, Robert R. Lang.

Treasurers. 1854, Adam Seegmiller; 1855-65, Alexander Mc
Gregor ; 1866-95, George W. Lawrence ; 1896-1902, William
Lawrence.

Assessors. 1854, James Woods, Charles Vivian, Peter Fergu
son; 1855-6, Robert Keays, Alexander Scrimgeour; 1857, John A.
Scott, Alex. Scrimgeour; 1858, P. Ferguson, Robert Monteith;
1859, R. Monteith; 1860-1, William Hynes ; 1862-5, William
Easson; 1866-9, D. T. Bailey; 1870, Joseph Johns; 1871, James

496 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Bennoch; 1872-86, D. T. Bailey; 1887, P. R. Jarvis, D. McPher-
son; 1888, James Sharman; 1889, W. S. Bolger; 1890-1902, Jas.
Sharman.

Collectors. 1854, Robert Johnson; 1855-6, R. Keays; 1857-61,
William Downie; 1862-4, Robert Service; 1865-78, Joseph Johns;
1879-80, Thomas Stoney; 1881-95, J. Johns; 1896-1902, David
Scrimgeour.

Auditors. 1854, Peter Reid, S. L. Robarts; 1855-6, Robert
Williams, Mr. Mickle; 1857, R. M. Hay, John M. Robb; 1858,
Jas. Orr, Jas. Redford; 1859, Peter Watson, P. R. Jarvis; 1860,
William Powell, Wm. D. Harrison; 1861, R. S. Service, Henry
Sewell; 1862, R. S. Service, W. D. Harrison; 1863, John Watson,
Wm. Whitley; 1864, C. A. Crawford, Thomas Clark; 1865, Thos.
Clark, R. H. Nielson; 1866, Thcs. Clark, Edwin Dent; 1867, John
D. Hanson, Henry Imlach; 1868, Thos. Clark, John A. Scott;
1869, Thos. Clark, E. Dent; 1870, Thos. Maddocks, C. J. Mac-
greg-or; 1871, Thos. Clark, Jas. O Loane; 1872, Alexander Caven,
Thos. Clark; 1873, Thos. Clark, John A. Scott; 1874-5, Thos -
Clark, F. A. Marshall; 1876-8, Thos. Clark, J. A. Scott; 1879-80,
J. A. Scott, Alfred Burnham; 1881, David Scott, A. Burnham;
1882-3, D. Scott, W. H. Burnham; 1884-95, W. H. Burnham,
G. G. Ewart; 1896, P. R. Jarvis, G. G. Ewart; 1897-1902, H. W.
Copus, G. G. Ewart.

H

u

G
f*
O

H

C/5

CHAPTER XXVII.

SKETCHES.

We rejoice in these sketches of our pioneers to place before the
reader of to-day and those of a far distant future a portrayal of
those characters who have left so great an impress on this
county. To the present they may be entertaining, to posterity
instructive. Imbued they were with a bold and robust indi
viduality, typical of a large class of our early settlers. The work
accomplished by these old veterans requires no special pleading to
render their lives a subject of such import as to demand the
exercise of literary merit far beyond the humble effort of at least
one who has essayed the task of placing them on record. The
lowly circumstances in which they were placed, to struggle with
penury alone, far from home and friends, in a constant endeavour
to attain success through honest and steady perseverance, never
losing sight of true manhood, never without an aim and a deter
mination to attain it, surely adds lustre to pioneer life. On these
qualities true greatness must ever rest, and are worthy of emula
tion by every youth entering on his career to play a part in the
great drama of life.

During 1828 the Canada Co. were completing arrangements in
London for opening up that great wilderness in Upper Canada
where men in future years would found a new home for them
selves. In January of that year was born in Droughty Ferry, a
suburb of Dundee, Scotland, one who was destined to play an
important part in that yet unknown land.

DAVID DAVIDSON HAY was the eldest son of Robert Hay, and

5OO HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

descended from an Inverness-shire family, his mother being a
native of Forfarshire. He was educated at the parochial schools,
chiefly in the English branches, a dash of mathematics being-
thrown in, and well ballasted with the shorter catechism. In 1845
he came to Montreal, remaining for some time, engaged in mer
cantile pursuits. Removing to Upper Canada, he became an
employee of Senator Simpson, at Bowmanville, where he remained
for a short time. During 1851 he went to Simcoe County, and
entered into business at Cherry Creek and Lefroy, being quite
successful in his operations.

It was not till 1855, however, that he reached the crucial period
of his life. While on a visit to relatives in Wallace he purchased
three acres of land as a saw mill site where Listowel now stands.
During 1856, therefore, along with his father and other members
of the family, he removed to this county, and erected a saw and
grist mill. Although surrounded by a fertile country, it was yet
but sparsely settled, and a paucity of business rendered this
venture for a time not very successful. Pioneer commercial life
was attended with as great difficulties as those inseparable to
clearing a farm, although, perhaps, not quite so laborious. Lis
towel, at this period, had only one leading road, extending along
the townline of Wallace and Elma towards Berlin, a distance of
35 miles. To make a round trip over this highway required one
week. In 1856 when Mr. Hay moved his family from Glenallen,
a distance of 15 miles, to Listowel, two days were spent struggling
over crossways and through mud holes. Postal facilities were
semi-weekly, and an old horse possessed by the mail carrier was
impressed into moving the "flittin ." As the procession toiled
on through holes and over crossways, it came to a sudden halt in
the centre of a mud trap so great and of such vast depth as to defy
human calculations. The old equine was unable to proceed, and
from his soft resting place, still anchored to the "flittin ," looked
to the shore beseechingly for aid. The doughty proprietor, seeing
the dangerous situation of his goods, was forced to strip off his
lower garments, in defiance of his innate modesty, plunge into the
mud bath, extricate the old horse s foot from an elm root, where

SKETCHES 5OI

it had become fast, and so allow the "flittin" to move on.
Episodes of this kind were of frequent occurrence, and Mr. Hay
says "The machinery for our mill was hauled in trom Berlin, the
boiler being- one week in making- 35 miles, with a squad of men
and teams, costing- $100, and, although we had several upsets no
one was badly hurt. " 1 Mr. Hay subsequently assumed manage
ment of the grist mill, and under his energetic manipulation
the g-loomy prospects at its inception soon eventuated in success.
This enabled him not only to extend his business in other lines,
but to increase the capacity of his mill by adding- new and im
proved machinery, it becoming an important factor in promoting
prosperity in this new hamlet.

In 1858 came an important period in this man s life. So far he
had not found a resting place for his feet in any of those vocations
in which he was eng-ag-ed. From a sense of duty he stood in his
store selling needles and pins, or in his mill weighing- out grists to
backwoodsmen. He now aspired to that God-given function of
being a leader of men. This he attained, and how well he has
done his duty there is no lack of testimony in the old records of
this county. In 1858 he was elected to the council in Elma, but
resigned. During 1859 he was employed to purchase and distri
bute seed amongst the settlers. He was again chosen reeve in
1860, holding that position until a separation between Listowel
and Elma for municipal purposes was effected. Subsequent to
this event he was chosen reeve of Listowel, holding that position
for a number of years.

During 1858 he succeeded in carrying out his first great work.
It was made a provision in the Act of Settlement that of all lands
sold in Elma and Wallace a certain proportion of the funds received
should be returned by government to be expended in improvement
of highways. This grant was further made subject to Orders-in-
Council ; but so far had not been carried out. Several petitions
had been presented to government, but were unsuccessful. Mr.
Hay, therefore, organized a committee to interview the authorities
and press their claims for adjustment. This interview resulted in
some nice expressions from the Minister of Crown Lands, and the

502 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

kindly advice that they should return home, where they would be
communicated with. The deputation returned crest-fallen, but
not so Mr. Hay. He remained, and so persistently applied his
arguments in favour of immediate adjustment, that he returned
with a full settlement of his demands. From this period until
1867 this fund was promptly paid, and by its judicious distribution
soon became apparent an improvement in roads. Subsequent to
that year, however, payments were again allowed to lapse, but
under Mr. Blake s government in Ontario, chiefly through Mr.
Robert Cleland s efforts (who was then reeve of Elma), were
again restored.

From the time when he first became a member of the county
council a very brief period elapsed before he stood in the front
rank of its most prominent and influential members. He was for
years chairman of its most important committees, at a time when
subjects of vital interest were under consideration preparatory to
equitable adjustment. Some of his reports on record during those
years are characterized by great breadth of view and intelligent
grasp of detail. He was chairman for years of the committee on
county indebtedness, then an important and grave question; chair
man of the house of refuge committee, and reported on toll gate
abolition. This latter is an exhaustive paper, and was adopted,
without altering a single word, sounding the death-knell of a
contemptible impost on a free people.

In promoting gravel road extension he was without doubt
the moving power, and the northern townships in this county are
under great obligations to him for his persistent efforts in their
behalf. His contention was that this county had expended large
sums in aid of railroads, gravel roads, and other improvements in
the south, while not one dollar had been laid out for any purpose in
the north, but to which the latter were now compelled to contribute
large sums in their liquidation, those obligations still amounting
to over $280,000. This was undoubtedly true, and as unjust as
it was true. There is no part of this man s career where his
character and his work stands more clearly revealed than in that
long, and for a time hopeless, struggle he maintained for the rights

SKETCHES

503

of his constituents. From reports we have seen in our public
records he had relinquished all hope of redress, and on more than
one occasion had formulated schemes of relief in other directions.
Although he was baffled often, he was never subdued, returning
again and again to the battle with a bold front and renewed
energy, till the justice of his claims was recognised and partially,
at least, satisfied, thereby leading to a unification in this county
which at no former period ever existed.

Previous to constructing the Northern Gravel road, access to
markets on our main lines of railway from the northern town
ships could hardly be said to exist. It is difficult to understand,
even at this later day, how the county council should have shown
such utter disregard of those claims well established by northern
public men as to abandon, in an incomplete condition, some of
their roads after large obligations had been incurred. During
1863 a by-law was passed by the county council, on a close
majority of one, granting $19,000 for gravel road construction.
This by-law, on appeal, was quashed, and the main road leading
from Mitchell to Listowel, on which Logan spent altogether
nearly $100,000, completed only to Newry, was abandoned. Mr.
Hay, fully realizing the importance of this great work to Listowel
and the back municipalities, advanced $4,500 of his own private
funds, completing construction to Listowel. Wallace also con
tributed a large sum, and this road was extended to Palmerston.
It is gratifying to know that the county council adopted a more
liberal policy subsequently, and Mr. Hay was recouped for his
outlay.

In 1870 and 1871 he was the moving spirit in securing the
southern extension of the W. , G. & B. railroad by way of Listowel.
At an interview with the directors and officials of the G. W-
railroad the claims of Wroxeter and Harriston were urged by
their delegations. Mr. Hay was able to keep Listowel to the
front, and received private assurance before his return that Lis
towel would get the road. He subsequently rendered effective
service in carrying bonuses for constructing the new work. He
was also appointed to interview Sir Thomas Dakin, president of

504 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

the G. W. R. , and, with Col. McGivern, consulted Sandfield Mac-
donald for government aid. In 1867 he contested North Perth,
but was defeated by the late Andrew Monteith. During- 1873 ne
was employed by government as special immigration agent to Great
Britain, and was engaged for a time in revising and circulating
immigration literature. He also lectured in Scotland on the
advantages of Ontario, and its resources as a desirable place for
the emigrant. He also had charge of immigrant parties to Quebec,
and thence to their destination in this province. This work was
not congenial to his taste, however; the routine of official life was
but ill suited to a restless mind, which found pleasure only in
activity. He, therefore, resigned his position, much against the
wishes of the Government, and in 1874 was returned for the North
Riding, defeating the late Mr. T. M. Daly. At the next contest
he was again elected, defeating Mr. John McDermott, of Wallace,
but was defeated in 1882. In a short time he was again employed
by the Government, lecturing in Scotland, and endeavouring to
secure immigrants of the tenant farmer class.

During 1873 a by-law was passed by the county council of
Perth granting $80,000 to aid in the construction of a railway
from Stratford to Lake Huron.

At the request of the Stratford Board of Trade Mr. Hay took
charge of the railway delegation and the canvass for this by-law
in the county, and, as the result in a large measure of his clever
advocacy of the railway question and its advantages, the by-law
was carried by a good majority.

During 1876 the road was being extended to Wiarton. Local
by-laws in aid of this extension were submitted in Perth and
northward along the line to Wiarton, amounting in all to over
half a million dollars ($550,000), and successfully carried.

In conjunction with Colonel Tisdale, president, and Mr. S. S.
Fuller, vice-president of the road, Mr. Hay spent months in the
promotion and passing of those by-laws, and it goes without
saying that he rendered vitally important assistance in the dis
cussion and advocacy of the scheme. Col. Tisdale is in evidence
anent the value of his services in his own County of Perth, which

SKETCHES 505

will apply with about equal force to those services along the line
to W T iarton.

In Parliament Mr. Hay rendered invaluable aid in securing
Government assistance for the road. He was chairman of a
delegation numbering some 450 members, representing munici
palities on the line and others interested in its construction. Such
a delegation had never before or since waited on any government.
Their application for aid was granted without delay, the road
shortly thereafter being built and in operation to Wiarton. Mr.
Peter Watson, of Stratford, secretary of the company, did excellent
service in the successful submission by the local councils of the
bonus by-laws, which was accomplished without a single hitch
along the whole line.

Before dismissing this important part of the subject I may be
permitted to insert an extract from a letter in my possession from
Col. Tisdale, late president of the company, as a mark of appre
ciation of Mr. Hay s services: "I hardly know how to put in
short space an account of the services you rendered to the County
of Perth in connection with the construction of the railways. I
can only say that, in my opinion, without your assistance I am
quite sure the municipal bonuses in the County of Perth could
never have been carried. Your intimate knowledge, able and
persuasive way of putting the benefits which the railway would
confer upon the locality were most effective in satisfying the
people, and contributed more than any other factor I know of in
convincing them it was to their interest to contribute the large
sums they voted to the scheme. Your unselfishness, not only in
reference to your personal position, but even when, as it did at
times, endanger your political position, I have not seen equalled.
Without personal interest, without any desire of personal profit,
without compensation, and with a regard only to local and public
benefit by the completion of the project, you devoted weeks and
months of your time, and submitted to personal exertion, display
ing an amount of knowledge and ability in connection with the
subject to which any words of mine can hardly give to others the
full appreciation your actions deserve, and of the great assistance

506 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

you rendered. I think it, therefore, but small justice to your
unselfish efforts to say that no single man did more than yourself
to achieve success, and without your assistance I doubt if the
work could have been accomplished."

During- his second term in the Legislature he had the honour of
moving the address in reply to the speech from the Throne, and
being an effective and convincing platform speaker, his services
were always in demand by the party with which he was associated.

Mr. Hay was brought up as a Presbyterian, but as the outcome
of "careful study of divine truth, he embraced the doctrine of a
conditional immortality and an abiding faith in the pre-millennial
advent of Christ," which doctrine he still retains. In 1851 he
married Jane Rogerson, of Innisfil, in the County of Simcoe. The
issue of this union was five sons and four daughters, all of whom
survive except two. Mrs. Hay died some years ago, and Mr. Hay
is now in feeble health, wandering among the foot hills of life alone.

Mr. Hay is a man of high poetic temperament, strong convic
tions, firm moral principles, conscientious, and truthful. If he
accomplished much for the people whom he represented, it was
done by no other method than constant honest toil. Nature
designed him for literary rather than commercial pursuits. His
numerous reports in the public records all indicate a literary mind.
On more than one occasion in these reports he has sacrificed
strength and vigour of expression to a pleasing and well-rounded
sentence. He was a man of broad public spirit, and would make,
and did make, great sacrifices in the interest of the people with
out hope of pecuniary reward. To the sordid and mean his con
duct was often inexplicable, but to those who understood him his
actions on all occasions arose from a desire to advance the
material interest of those whom he was chosen to serve. He was
a good public speaker, not eloquent, but clear and convincing.
The history of this man s life is inseparable from the early history
of a large portion of the County of Perth.

SAMUEL ROLLIN HESSON, an old pioneer of the County of Perth,
was born in the parish of Kilray, Co. Antrim, Ireland, Sept. 25th,

SKETCHES 507

1829. The family, with the idea of bettering their circumstances,
came to America in 1831. After a long, tedious voyage, they
reached Ogdensburg, remaining there about a year. The system
of government obtaining in the U. S. was not in accord with the
pre-conceived ideas of the elder Mr. Hesson, and a return was
made to the British flag, in the territory north of the St. Law
rence. Arriving in Canada in 1832, they rented a farm between
Hamilton and Dundas with the idea of making agriculture their
vocation. A great misfortune overtook this immigrant family in
the death of the father. In a strange country, without friends,
with no great store of this world s goods, this was a sad calamity,
indeed. Renting a farm was now an impossibility, and the
widowed mother retired to Dundas with her seven children, of
whom the subject of this sketch was the youngest. Mr. Hesson s
earliest recollections of school days (a period in young life when
many happy recollections are stored up) was walking two and
a-half miles to a log school on the Hamilton road. His first
recollection of trying to read was the motto on an old square sign
swinging in front of a quaint, old-fashioned country inn. Im
pressions made in youth are lasting, and the motto on this old
sign-board has been ever since remembered. It was a strange
mixture of doggerel, poor rhythm, and, perhaps, truth, embodying
the conditions for the entertainment of such guests as chose to
honour mine host with their patronage, as follows, "The travel
ler s friend, the extortioner s foe; try me to-day, to-morrow you ll
know. Peter Bamberger." Whether the bill of fare set up by
the philosophic Peter was in accord with his announcement on the
sign-board, or whether he conducted his advertising business on
the principle that it is best to be impressive, even if it requires a
little exaggeration, history sayeth not.

At the Dundas grammar school, under Dr. McMahon, Mr.
Hesson received the little education he ever obtained. This was
long before the period of free schools in Canada, and poor as the
family was, they had to contribute $2.50 per quarter towards the
salar of they teacher, or remain without education. During the
short period he attended this seminary, he formed an acquaintance

508 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

with another lad whose representations of the Huron Tract pro
duced an impression on young" Hesson which determined his
future course of life. This lad was T. M. Daly, who came from
Stratford to attend school that year. This acquaintance formed
on that occasion was afterwards the friendship of a lifetime.

In 1843, therefore, the family came to Stratford on the 4th day
of June. Mr. Hesson says: "We left Dundas for the same
reason we left old Ireland, because we were poor, like most of the
early settlers." Ah! yes; like most of the early settlers. What a
glorious thing- for Canada that in old Ireland and other far off
lands people were poor. And what of those early settlers who
left their old homes because they were poor? It was a glorious
thing for them that there was a Canada, where they could bring
their poverity. Aye, and their British spirit, and their energy, and
their thrift, and their determination that the day would come
when Canada would bring her best gifts to those deserving poor,
and lay them like golden crowns at their feet. In the eternal
fitness of things so it has been, and Canada, with the County of
Perth, rejoices to-day that many left their old homes and came to
her fertile shades in the olden time because they were poor. But
this young fellow, if he was poor, was full of muscle and
ambition, anxious to work, and he says, "I got plenty of it."
What more does a poor man need; if he has muscle, ambition,
and plenty of work, he is equipped like a giant, and the odds are
all in his favour that at the end of the contest he comes under the
wire far ahead of those who entered the race of life with what is
considered superior advantages.

Having reached the Huron Tract, the family settled in the Gore
of Downie, near No. 4 school house, where ample opportunity
was soon afforded him to exercise all the muscle and ambition
of which he says he was possessed. There was chopping
and logging to be done; there was cordwood to cut, thereby
enabling him to earn a little money to carry home to his mother.
Near where the city hall now stands he chopped cordwood, walk
ing four miles each way to his home, carrying a cold dinner,
which he ate from the top of a maple stump, which, by the way,

SKETCHES 509

is an excellent substitute for a table. When the cordwood sold
at Mr. Daly s ashery, which occupied the site of the present
Albert Theatre, or J. P.Vivian s brewery, for 87^ cents per cord,
the profit to this axe man was not great. Wood in the old
virgin bush was easy to chop, and he was able to cut three cords
per day, for which he was paid 31 cents, a small recompense
surely for so much severe labour, but that was the period of
small things in every department, except that of work. Even
then his feelings were well expressed by the line from Burns
"Who was contented wi little, and thankfu for mair. "

In 1847 he assisted at the erection of the log school house in
No. 4, or McEwan s school, and in which he became teacher for
a term of three years. Teaching in those "brave old days" was
not a remunerative employment, his salary being $10 per month;
he had also to collect a rate bill of 20 cents from each pupil per
month. Of course he had the privilege of boarding round "
amongst the pupils, an opportunity of which he did not avail him
self, his spare hours being valuable and his home near the school.
The School Act of 1841 made provision for the examination of
teachers, and he made the journey on foot to Goderich, passing-
through the ordeal before the superintendent of schools for the
United Counties. He succeeded in obtaining a certificate, how
ever, and came home rejoicing, with the coveted document snugly
tucked away in his inside pocket. This was in 1847, and it took
four days on the trip.

Finding teaching and bush-whacking too slow, he bade adieu
to the shanty and came to Stratford in search of employment.
This he found with U. C. Lee, then a prominent merchant, thus
taking up the business which proved to be that of his life. Mr.
R. H. Lee also came to Stratford, entering into mercantile pur
suits, Mr. Hesson being engaged in the management of the con
cern till 1856. Mr. Sebring, the founder of the village a short
distance west, feeling his health failing, Mr. Hesson entered into
negotiations for his stock-in-trade, which were finally concluded
by his becoming proprietor of that portion of the Sebring estate.
The year 1856 was one of importance to him; he had launched his

30

5IO HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

barque into the stream of life for the first time with himself as
pilot, and time alone would determine whether he had sufficient
skill as a navigator to keep away from the rocks and shoals on
which so many trim sails are dashed to pieces and lost. During
this year he was appointed postmaster in Sebringville, and was
also made a justice of the peace for the county. He continued to
conduct this business for ten years with success. In 1854 he
married Miss Margaret Jane Policy, and soon had a family grow
ing up around him, and being desirous of securing for them a
good education, he sold out his property in Sebringville, removing
to Stratford. Here he again entered into business, which he
continued to manage with success for over a quarter of a century,
when he retired on a competency from active life to enjoy a well-
earned repose.

During all the years he was actively engaged in his calling he
did not disregard his obligations of citizenship, in discharging
those public functions which all good men owe to their fellows.
When asked to come forward and contribute of his knowledge
and experience for the public good he was found at his post. He
served the city as councillor for some years, and as mayor in 1876.
On this occasion he was elected by acclamation. He was school
trustee for some years, and chairman of the building committee in
1878, resigning that position to contest the north riding of Perth
for the House of Commons. At this election he defeated Mr.
James Fisher. In 1882 he was again elected, defeating Mr.
Robert Jones, of Logan, and was again elected in 1886 over Dr.
Johnston, of Millbank. In the next contest he was defeated by
Mr. James Grieve, of Mornington. The withdrawal of confidence
by the electorate on this occasion arose entirely from his devotion
to Sir John A. Macdonald in supporting a certain measure which
was considered inimical to the principles of a number of his
supporters.

Mr. Hesson was chosen chairman of the Trust Board under
whose control were the funds for constructing the Georgian Bay
& Lake Erie Railway. He has been a director of the Gas &
Electric Light Co. since 1875, and president for the past three

SKETCHES 511

years ; was appointed first license inspector when Stratford was
incorporated, and gave the first license to the Old Albion hotel on
Ontario street, then considered to be the acme in hotel construc
tion and in the magnificence of its appointments.

Away back in the forties he was scrutineer for the Hon. Mr.
Cayley in the Cayley-Cameron election for the United Counties,
before Perth had a separate existence. In those brave old days
the polls were kept open for two days, and the qualification of a
voter was a free deed. There was one polling- place in Ellice, and
only one vote for poor Cayley, who was a Conservative. This
was polled by an English Tory named Finder, who was, like the
"Last rose of Summer," apparently "blooming alone," and
"wasting his sweetness on the desert air." Mr. Cameron was
elected.

Mr. Hesson was president for a period of five years of the first
brass band (organized in Stratford in 1851), and doubtless marched
off with the boys behind the drum major, who with his baton led
the way in all the excruciating dignity of a half-pay officer or a
town beadle, girt with the parish sword.

During the agitation in the matter of good roads, over 50 years
ago, he took an active part, and travelled over eight miles to the
school-house north of Shakespeare to record his first vote in
favour of so excellent a movement.

This old pioneer, who cut cordwood on the principal square of
the city of Stratford, is still a youthful-looking and robust man.
He saw the city when it was yet a hamlet, and the surrounding
country a wilderness. He saw it pass through the several stages
to its present importance, and contributed his personal efforts to
its commercial success. He sat in the high places, amongst her
great men. Alone and without other aid this cordwood-chopper
became a counsellor in the great council of the nation. What
were the weapons with which this battle was fought that
gained power and honour and prestige ? Nothing but honesty of
purpose, a high ideal of personal worth and integrity, and an
ever-present feeling that he who fights on honourable and just
principles will eventually win. So it always has been ; so it will

512 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

always be. Mr. Hesson s life, like others of the grand men of
this county, ought to be an object-lesson to our youths who are
preparing themselves to climb the hill "Difficulty" to honour and
fame. To those without wealth, family connections, or influence,
I say think of this wood-chopper and others of the old pioneers,
and remember that though you are not equipped for the race with
money or a great education, those are not the pearls without price
they are only the settings, and not the gems. Let the goal you
intend to reach be a high one, and if you never reach it (because
few men ever attain their highest aspirations), you will at least
by constant work ascend part of the way, your own manhood will
be strengthened, and the world be the better of your efforts.

In conclusion, permit me to say that the life of this man is well
worthy of emulation. It is a life of action, and of honest effort,
directed and sustained by a consciousness of moral rectitude,
which has brought its own reward in a self-approving conscience
and a competency for a quiet rest in the gloaming hours which
make up the term of our increasing years.

WILLIAM DAVIDSON. The life of this pioneer, in the number
and variety of the offices he has been called upon to fill, presents
a somewhat multifarious aspect when we consider the qualifica
tions necessary to a proper discharge of the varied obligations of
those pursuits in which he has been engaged. Like many others
of our great men who have accomplished much, he did not take up
his first occupation either from a desire for it or natural adapta
bility to discharge its functions. He became a bushman, because
he believed in the principle of doing whatever was nearest him to
do. It was characteristic of him that whatever he undertook to
do he did well. To this excellent feature he owes largely his
success. With him there was no slipshod work, no dallying with
important trusts, no leaving to others or to chance what it was
his duty to perform. This thoroughness and honesty of purpose
where it exists to that degree as in Mr. Davidson is fortune
enough for any man. He who waits for chances and opportuni
ties to show his powers will never be likely to find them. The

SKETCHES 513

men, therefore, who brave all circumstances and press manfully
forward will find opportuities near their pathways in every direc
tion. In this company he had a prominent place. A want of high
education made him careful in his calculations, and so he became
exact. An honest desire to overcome and advance his worldly
circumstances gave strength to his character, and men will always
lean on an oak rather than a willow. These qualities are eminently
distinguished in this man, and to them, and not to external
influences, he owes his position.

Mr. William Davidson, present county clerk, was born in
Monaghan, Ireland, in September, 1833. His education was
such as could then be obtained in that country, which, he says,
comprised the three Rs., and doubtless a fourth branch might be
added a close acquaintance with the "tawse." In this depart
ment of our old country system at that period a close companion
ship with this pedagogic appliance was considered a very effective
means of communicating information. Of course a young aspirant
after knowledge was not consulted regarding this part of his
tuition, and frequent admonitions, even by the subject of this
sketch, were not likely undeserved. In this seminary Master
Keenan was all powerful, for good or evil. The seats were pieces
of rock, and writing desks were simply a piece of board laid
across the pupil s arm. Of these educational advantages he
availed himself only for one year.

In 1845 hi s father, the late Abraham Davidson, emigrated to
Canada, accompanied by his wife and six children, of whom
William was second oldest. After a long voyage of nearly seven
weeks they arrived in Toronto on June gth. His father at once
came on to Fullarton, settling on lot 14, concession 7, then a
wilderness. Young Davidson remained in Toronto township with
his uncle, who was engaged in teaching. They kept bachelors
hall, William the younger being cook. Here, for about twelve
months, he resumed his acquaintance with his books, not much
progress being made, his culinary duties no doubt being of so
varied and interesting a character as to prevent a great acquisition
of book learning. During 1846, in his thirteenth year, he rejoined

514 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

his father s family in Fullarton, walking from Toronto township
on foot and driving- two cattle, his journey occupying five days.
On his arrival, along with his brother, he entered on the laborious
task of clearing land. The woods were soon removed from the
homestead, when contracts were effected to clear land for others.

In 1857 he married Elizabeth Cole, of Fullarton, and was now
on the very threshold of that career in which he has so much dis
tinguished himself. In 1859, at the age of 26, he was appointed
township clerk. His subsequent municipal life in every depart
ment goes to prove that the choice made on that occasion was
most advantageous, not only to Fullarton, but to Perth County.
His thoroughness and adaptability for this work led to his appoint
ment as treasurer in 1860. He continued in office as clerk for
nine years, when he resigned and was elected reeve. This position
he held for eleven years, or until 1878. Meantime he became
recognised as an authority on municipal law, which reputation he
still retains in an increased degree. In the legislation affecting
municipalities from the Act of 1850 onward, through every depart
ment, it is doubtful if any other officer in this county has a more
extended or correct knowledge of the principles underlying that
enactment.

For a number of years previous to 1878, when he resigned the
office of reeve to become county clerk, his worth as a public man
was recognised in the South Riding. At a convention of the Con
servative party, to whose platform he adhered, he was in 1870
nominated as their standard-bearer for the Legislative Assembly.
This honour for private reasons he declined, considering the proper
discharge of his legislative functions, if elected, would interfere
with those important trusts the people in Fullarton had confided
to his judgment and ability. In 1860 he built a store in Carling-
ford, and, in conjunction with his farm, carried on a mercantile
business such as suited the requirements of a country village. He
was also postmaster in this little hamlet, continuing to hold that
position until his removal to Mitchell in 1877. From the multi
farious duties arising from his own private business on the farm,
in the store, and the post office, with his other public employ-

SKETCHES 515

ments, Mr. Davidson at this time was a busy man. In 1869 he
sold his store, but did not by any means seek to relieve himself
from any of the activities in which he was engaged, as he at once
accepted a general agency for the Perth Mutual Fire Insurance
Co., in which capacity he rendered valuable service to the insti
tution.

Meantime, during 1867, he resigned the office of township clerk,
and in 1868 was elected reeve, with his father as deputy. This
change opened a new sphere for the display of that faculty of
careful manipulation in those affairs committed to his trust which
has proved the mainspring of his success. At the council board,
in the county council chamber, amongst the large number of
representative men from every section of this county, it was but a
short time till he was considered one of their most careful and best
informed men. As a natural consequence, he was soon honoured
with the highest position in their gift by being elected as warden.
His record here is also unique in county history in being elected
consecutively for 1875, 1876, 1877, and till October, 1878, when
he resigned to accept the clerkship tendered him by the county
council. In our municipal history no other case has ever happened
where a reeve of any township has been elected warden four years
consecutively. During his term of office county indebtedness to
the municipal loan fund was settled. Another able man had a
seat on the county board at this period, as reeve of Downie, in
Hon. Thomas Ballantyne. To these two representatives, with
whom were associated the warden, were assigned all negotiations
in relation to this very important question. Reports regarding
this affair are signed by William Davidson as chairman, and are
by far the most comprehensive of any reports I have seen in
connection with public business in this county. Suffice it to say
that this committee finally disposed of our indebtedness to this
fund in a manner satisfactory to all. For a more exhaustive
explanation of this question, my readers are referred to "Munici
pal Notes" in another part of this work.

During that period in which he was warden another important
matter affecting this county was dealt with. It will be remem-

516 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

bered that in 1873 a bonus of $80,000 had been granted to a
railway from Stratford to Wiarton. This project met with
strenuous opposition from Blanshard, Fullarton, Hibbert, and
Downie. Towards its construction Mr. D. D. Hay had exhausted
every effort in its favour, being- strongly supported by Stratford
and those municipalities lying north. The attitude of the
.southern townships at that time did not arise from opposition to
the scheme itself, but to their being made contributors to it, which,
as far as human foresight could extend at that period, would be
of no benefit to them. Fulminations loud and deep were launched
against the by-law, and that iniquitous measure passed by Mr.
Blake s Government known as the grouping system. This measure
enabled a few municipalities in favour of a scheme to group other
municipalities with them who would have a minority of votes, and
thereby force legislation on the weaker party antagonistic to their
interests. In this case it was fully carried out, forcing a large
debt on the southern townships. A quarter of a century has now
passed away since this event, and looking back over the whole
question and its results, I am constrained to say that in the
interest of all our people it was well that Mr. Hay s measure
became law.

Mr. Davidson, as warden, now opposed issuing debentures to
the company until a sufficient guarantee was given that it would
complete its contract in building the road. The company, mean
time, had made a demand for these securities without such
guarantees, which Mr. Davidson considered, very properly, was a
breach of contract. They were determined to compel compliance
with their demands, and entered a suit ag-ainst the county. His
management of this affair on behalf of his constituents indicated
great zeal and judgment, as well as an extended knowledge of
municipal law. When this struggle terminated, after three years
litigation, in which he defeated his opponents on every occasion,
they at last made arrangements to carry out their original agree
ment. If they had accepted this position at the outset much time
and useless expense would have been avoided. Three years had
now elapsed since this by-law was passed, and before passing over

SKETCHES 517

the debentures Mr. Davidson detached the coupons falling due
during- that period, which the company were not now entitled to
receive by their conduct, thus saving- to this county $14,000.
When we consider this large item, and that much larger one
saved in our municipal loan fund indebtedness by Mr Ballantyne
and himself, this county has been relieved of a liability amounting
to nearly $100,000,

Before leaving this subject, I may be permitted to say that he
did not object to carrying out the provisions of the by-law, although
opposed to the principle by which it was carried. As a proof of
this those debentures granted to the Stratford and Port Dover
road were promptly handed to that company, they having at once
complied with their agreement. Throughout this whole affair Mr.
Davidson evinced great common sense and discretion, discharging
his duties in a manner honourable to himself, and eliciting warm
approval from every section of our county: During 1879 he
removed to Stratford, and at the election of 1881 he was chosen a
member of the board of education, being appointed secretary-
treasurer at its first meeting. This position he has held ever
since.

That our readers may form an idea of the work accomplished
by this pioneer, and those matters he has dealt with during a busy
life, we submit a statement of the various positions he has been
called upon from time to time to fill. He was township clerk of
Fullarton for nine years, and reeve for eleven years; warden of
Perth County for four years; county clerk for twenty-four years,
still retaining that position. He was postmaster in Carlingford
eight years; secretary trustees S. S. No. 4, Fullarton, for seven
teen years; trustee and secretary-treasurer Mitchell high school
board for eight years; trustee Stratford school board for four
years, and secretary-treasurer for twenty-two years, and alderman
of the City of Stratford for eighteen years, for nearly all of which
period he was chairman of the finance committee. He was mayor
of Stratford two years; auditor British Mortgage Loan Co. for
twenty-one years; trustee of the hospital since it was first insti
tuted ; inspector of house of refuge since it was erected ; director

518 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

of the Perth Mutual Fire Insurance Co. for fifteen years, and its
president for ten years.

To discharge the multifarious duties in connection with these
positions was the work of no ordinary man. The whole secret of
his success was honesty of purpose and a thoroughness in every
thing he undertook to accomplish. This inspired confidence in
those whom he served, which in his career has never been shaken,
and which he still retains.

He was a man of strong and robust physique, and his youth
spent in chopping and logging had so inured his constitution to
hard labour that he was able to accomplish all his undertakings
with ease. He is possessed of a large amount of good, common
sense, is affable and kind in his manner, knows men well, and has
the faculty of penetrating their motives. These characteristics,
with a capacity for hard work, were the instruments by which he
raised himself to the front rank of Perth s great men.

ROBERT JONES, for many years a prominent man in this county,
was born at Wicklow, Ireland, in 1828. He was a farmer s son,
and obtained only such education as the country afforded at that
period, which was very imperfect. He was endowed with natural
qualities, however, which education could never supply. During
a busy life these were brought conspicuously forward, and faith
fully applied in promoting the interests of his adopted country.
Mr. Jones was an ideal pioneer. He was a man of fine physique,
robust, tall, and well formed ; of marvellous energy, restless and
continuous in pursuit of those affairs committed to his trust. In
his management of public business in Logan he displayed great
tact and judgment, honourable to himself and advantageous
to his constituents. As a recognition of his ability he received a
greater share of confidence from those whom he served than has
ever been accorded to any other representative in Logan. This
he retained to the end, when he laid down his harness, which on
his part was a voluntary action he still maintained his popularity.

In 1849 he came to Canada, remaining a short time in
Fredericksburg, then removing to Kingston, where he made the

SKETCHES 519

acquaintance of Sir John A. Macdonald. In 1853 he settled in
Logan, on lot 15, concession 4, where he resided the greater
portion of his life. In 1850 he married Miss Susan Jones, who
became the mother of a large family, all of whom survived her.
To a person of Mr. Jones temperament, clearing land afforded no
scope to his restless disposition. Other avenues had to be sought
in which he could spend his energy, and these he soon found. In
connection with his farm he entered into the business of shipping
stock, and for many years was one of the largest operators west
of Toronto. His great aptitude for business was soon observable
to those with whom he came in contact, and in 1860 he entered
on his municipal career, being elected councillor in Logan. In
1862 he was chosen reeve, retaining that position for seventeen
years. During 1879 and 1880 Mr. Coveney was reeve, when Mr.
Jones was again elected to the reeve s chair, which he retained
till 1890, when he retired. Important events meantime had tran
spired in connection with our gravel roads, in which he played a
conspicuous part. In this he was ably assisted by Mr. Tom
Coveney, then township clerk. As public men they were unlike,
but admirably adapted to support each other. Mr. Jones was
impetuous in his conduct, fertile of resource, competent to formu
late great schemes, but impatient in managing details. Mr.
Coveney, on the other hand, was patient and painstaking in
everything he did, watchful of the smallest consideration, thus
supplying exactly those qualities in which Mr. Jones was deficient.
These two men gave Logan an influence in this county only
exceeded by Fullarton, whose municipal affairs were managed by
Mr. William Davidson. In the historical sketch of Logan will be
found many proceedings which illustrates the life and conduct of
this marvellous and energetic man.

During the period he sat at the county board he was honoured
on three different occasions by being chosen warden, a record only
excelled by two others during a long period of fifty years. He
contested the North Riding of Perth for the Commons, but was
defeated. Near the close of a busy and well spent life this old
pioneer retired to Mitchell, where he died in 1895. Take him all

520 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

in all Mr. Jones was an extraordinary person, and like others of our
pioneers, his character is worthy of emulation by our young men.

JOHN BINNING was born in Somerset, England, in 1812. At
24 years of age he became a British soldier, joining the 46th regi
ment of Light Infantry, serving for eleven years. During this
period he was stationed at Gibraltar and the West Indies. In
1846 his regiment came to Canada, being for some time stationed
near Montreal. He then decided to make this country his home.
Obtaining his discharge, he retired with the rank of corporal.

In 1849 he married a daughter of Mr. G. W. Dodds, and
removed in 1851 to what is now Listowel, taking possession of a
shanty already erected by some pioneer near the river. From
Glenallen he brought a supply of provisions, and thus equipped he
entered on pioneer life. This shanty he afterwards bought from
a Mr. Henry for a rifle. This gentleman set up a right of priority
in possession, which was a common mode of procedure in those
early days.

Mr. Binning, in turn, set up a right of possession on adjoining
land eastward, and which he afterwards disposed of to Mr. Dodd.
Subsequent to a survey being made and settlement taking place,
on these lands was built a large portion of Listowel. When a
small clearing had been effected, and a little wheat produced, it
was hauled by the oxen and sled to Hawkesville, where it was
made into flour for the new settlement, each trip occupying three
days. This continued till Mr. D. D. Hay erected his mill, thus
relieving these old bushmen of a great amount of hardship and
inconvenience. Mr. Binning s life is so closely identified with the
growth and development of Listowel that a history of one for a
period at least is almost a record of the other. Our readers are
referred to the historical sketch of that municipality for further
remarks on this pioneer. Those who were contemporaneous with
him refer to his disposition as being kind and friendly. Possessed
of a well balanced mind, he was a good neighbour, a worthy
citizen, and respected by all classes. He was honoured on many
occasions with positions of trust, being for some time a member

SKETCHES

521

of the council and the first school board. In politics he was
Conservative, in religion Presbyterian, being a member of Knox
church since its inception. Throughout his long life he was
honest and progressive, thrifty and industrious, and as a con
sequence was able to retire in his old age to a well earned rest.
At the age of 87 years this old pioneer and first settler in Listowel
laid down life s burden as one who had done his duty well and
was needful of rest.

JAMES DICKSON, of Elma, was born in Peeblesshire, Scotland,
in 1819. Although not one of the earliest settlers in this town
ship, he was a man who exerted a great influence for gx>od in that
section where he resided. Being accustomed to farm life in Scot
land, but considering Canada offered greater advantages, at the
age of 32 he came to this country. In 1844 he married Mary
Grozart, also a native of Peebles, who was his faithful helpmate
for over half a century, having celebrated their gulden wedding- in
1894 with their family and friends. During 1851 he arrived in
Canada, for a number of years carrying- on farming- on his own
account. In 1868 he came to Elma, a great portion of which was
still covered with wood, and settled on the lot still occupied by his
son James, ex-warden of Perth County. On this farm he remained
until his death on January igth, 1898, his aged partner preceed-
ing him on the lonely path by a few months. Mr. Dickson did not
take an active part in politics, although a supporter of the Liberal
party. Like nearly all his countrymen he was a consistent Pres
byterian, and in every department of life earned for himself the
best regards of his fellow men. He was a fine specimen of our
pioneers, honest, truthful, thrifty, and industrious, and of kindly
though unbending principle. Of co-operative dairying, which
has done so much for Elma, he was an active promoter. To such
men this country owes much of her prosperity, and the example
they set in their outgoings and their incomings, has shed an
indelible influence on the moral aspirations of our people.

MOSES HARVEY, late treasurer of Elma, was born at New

522 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Brunswick in 1822. In 1849 he married Mary Leckie, of King s
County, in that Province, and in 1856 removed to Elma, settling
on lot 18, concession 9. Here he made for himself a home, and
on this farm he resided until his death. A family of thirteen
children was born to him, many of whom are now dead. During
1865, being- still of an adventurous spirit, and having caught the
California gold fever, he made a trip west to that fabled land,
remaining only a short time, and although quite successful, he
returned again to Elma. In 1871 he was appointed township
treasurer, which position he held till his death on May 2oth, 1901.
He was a good book-keeper, and throughout his long official
career, though having large railway and drainage accounts pass
ing through his hands, his work is characterized by accuracy in
every detail. At an early period he was appointed a justice of the
peace, and was a consistent supporter of the Liberal-Conservative
party. Either in religion or politics he was not dogmatic in
his views, allowing every man to deal with affairs of his conscience
as best suited himself. As a proof of this aspect of his character
and his broad principles he took an active part in promoting
Methodism where he resided, he being a consistent Presbyterian.
Mr. Harvey was an honest man, which, after all, is the highest
enconium we can give to any one.

THOMAS ROTHWELL was born in Wexford, Ireland, in March,
1808. The family emigrated to Canada in 1815. In January,
1833, he married Eliabeth Tompkins, of Wicklow, which union
extended over a period of 63 years, when death separated the
aged pair in January, 1896. To them were born six sons, who all
became professional men except one Mr. B. Rothwell, the eldest,
having been principal of Listowel public schools for a quarter
of a century.

Mr. Rothwell arrived in Elma during 1853, settling on lot 29,
concession 2, where he remained until his death. In his youthful
days he was a man of robust physique, fine personal appearance,
and a splendid specimen of the better class of our pioneers. He
was an even-tempered, kindly man, well informed, and of far

SKETCHES 523

more than average intellectual ability. We are apt to inquire
sometimes why people of education and refinement should ever
enter the woods, where naturally nothing could be found we
would suppose congenial either to their tastes or aspirations. To
answer this we would require to know the man, for although fate
does play strange vagaries with us all, there is a trend of thought
and feeling in our hearts causing many events we blindly attribute
to fortune. Whatever may have been the cause in this case of
taking up backwoods life, Mr. Rothwell fought the battle in a
manner most honourable to himself, and left a record of honesty
and upright conduct with all men, the fairest boon he could leave
to his family.

MR. SAMUEL ROE was born in Crossmolin, Mayo, Ireland, in
1821. At the age of 30 years he came to Canada, settling at
Paris. In 1854 he arrived in Elma, locating on lot 36, concession
12. During his first year in this township he married Margaret
Fullarton, sister to the present municipal clerk. At an early
period he became identified with township affairs, and was elected
councillor in 1859. In 1863 he was chosen deputy-reeve under Mr.
D. D. Hay. This position he held till 1880. He was a life-long
Conservative, and a consistent supporter of the English Church.

DAXIEL D. CAMPBELL, Lieut. -Col. and J. P., of Listowel, was
born near Seafell, in Arran s Isle, in 1832. He was the second
son of Dugald and Mary Campbell, of Lochranza, who emigrated
to Lower Canada, settling in the township of Inverness. Mr.
Campbell received a fair education, having attended school for
several years in the Eastern States. In 1856 he arrived in
Listowel, which at that period was a hamlet of a few log dwellings.
Here he at once entered into commercial pursuits, erecting the first
frame store in the village. Mr. Campbell s life affords a good
illustration of what can be accomplished by perseverance, honesty
of purpose, and a kind disposition. He was the architect of his
own fortune, and, what is better far, he was a man whom the
citizens of Listowel delighted to honour. At one period of his

524 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

life with his mercantile affairs he managed a milling business and
a farm, evincing a fine simplicity of character through all.

When Wallace was separated from Logan and Elma for munici
pal purposes he was appointed returning officer to call the first
meeting. Subsequently for a number of years he served as coun
cillor, and, on Listowel being incorporated, was elected as a
member of the council, ultimately being chosen reeve. He was
also mayor of Listowel for several years, and voluntarily resigned
that honour. On this occasion his fellow-citizens recognized his
long, faithful services by presenting him on his retirement with a
gold-headed cane, gold chain, and seal. To the quiet and unob
trusive efforts of this man, Mr. D. D. Hay, and a few others,
Listowel owes her prosperity. In education he took a deep
interest, using his best efforts in its promotion. On both school
boards, with which he has been connected since their inception, he
is an active worker.

During the Fenian raid in 1866 he organized No. 4 company,
28th battalion of volunteers, to defend his country. This connec
tion with the militia continued until he attained the rank of
lieutenant-colonel.

In 1874 he was tendered the Conservative nomination for North
Perth, but declined. Mr. Campbell has been a useful citizen, and
whether on the magisterial bench, an honour he has long retained,
or in whatever sphere of life, public or private, he may have been
called on to play his part his conduct has been uniformly that of
a good and useful man.

MR. JOHN HICKS, in early days an influential and well-known
man in Perth County, was born in Cornwall, England. When
quite young his father removed his family to Canada, settling at
what is now Holmesville, near Goderich. Mr. William Hicks,
the father, was a person of some means, and may be called the
founder of Mitchell. As early as 1837 the first Hicks house was
erected by him. In all that section of country west of Seebach s
scarcely a settler had located, and Mr. Hicks hotel was far
more in danger of being boycotted by wolves than filled with

SKETCHES 525

guests at that period. Mr. John Hicks, who afterwards became
prominent and played an important part in public affairs, was first
landlord in this new hostelry.

He was a worthy old pioneer, and exerted a great influence in
opening up this section of the Huron Tract. As an index of his
character, in 1843 a Methodist minister was endeavoring to reach
a new settlement in Fullarton to hold services with those few who
had penetrated so far into the forest. Mr. Hicks directed him to
follow the blaze on the trees as being the only hope of his keeping
the way. Next evening at dusk the landlord saw a stranger
emerging from the woods apparently in a rather sorrowful plight.
There were no bridges in those days, and the poor preacher, in
trying to cross a stream over a fallen tree, became an unwilling
participant in baptism by immersion in good cold water from the
Logan swamp. Mr. Hicks performed the part of a Good Samar
itan by supplying such requisites as were needful for his guest s
comfort. Next morning he was asked his charge. " How much
do you get for your work?" said Mr. Hicks. "Little or no
thing," replied the preacher ; " my Master will reward me at His
own proper time; He never forgets." "All right," responded the
landlord, " I ll take your Master for my pay; your bill is settled.
Good-bye. Call again."

During the rebellion in 1837 he volunteered in support of the
Government, and was employed in several departments of the
service. Until his death, in 1872, he was still connected with
that body, having attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He
was one of the first magistrates in Perth County, first district
councillor from Logan, and a member of the township council.
Mr. Hicks municipal life was interesting and important, and my
readers are referred to the historical sketches of Logan and
Mitchell elsewhere in this work for further details regarding this
very prominent man.

SAMUEL WHALEY was born in Tyrone, Ireland, in 1818, and
came to New York in 1840. In 1842 he came to Canada, settling
in North Easthope. He married in 1844 Margaret Trow, a sister

526 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

of James Trow, settling- in Morning-ton in 1848, being- one of the
first settlers. He was for many years a prominent public man,
having- been reeve and also township clerk for several years. He
was also clerk of the fifth division court, holding- that position
till his death in 1876. He was a magistrate and commissioner in
B. R. and a director of the Stratford & Huron railway. He was
active as a politician, acting- with the Liberal party, although not
ag-gressive, which made him personally popular. Through his
long life he was highly esteemed as one of Perth s public men.

JAMES REID, treasurer of Mornington, was born in County
Down, Ireland, April 25th, 1825. In his twenty-second year he
came to Canada, settling in Mornington in 1847, on lot 16, con
cession 6. He was one of the first settlers where Millbank now
stands, it being then an unbroken forest. The record of Mr. Reid
as a township officer is somewhat unique, in so far that he has
retained office for a longer period than any official in this county,
having been appointed treasurer consecutively for 47 years. This
acknowledgment of his services is a high tribute to his integrity,
and a public recognition of his honesty as an officer and his worth as
a citizen. In 1857 he received from His Excellency the Governor-
General a commission as captain in the militia as a testimony to
his loyalty and devotion to British institutions. He is Conserva
tive in politics, and a consistent member of the Presbyterian
church. His life has been quiet and orderly, and his influence for
good has been great, not only in his own family, but with those
he has come in contact in every day life.

JOHN WATSON, township clerk of Mornington, was one of the
first settlers in that township, locating on lot 7, concession n, in
1848. Mr. Watson was born in Newton Stewart, Tyrone,
Ireland, in 1827. In 1847 he arrived in Canada, coming direct to
Mornington. At a very early period he took an active part in
municipal politics, being elected reeve in 1863. This position
he retained till 1868. In 1874 he was appointed township clerk,
which position he has held ever since. Next to Mr. Reid he is

SKETCHES 5 2 7

amongst the oldest of our municipal officers. His character and
conduct as a citizen and private gentleman are above reproach,
and shed a lustre on the name of backwoodsman.

ALEXANDER GOURLAY was born in Galloway, Scotland, in 1804.
When a young man he left his home, going to England, and
entering into mercantile business. Here he remained for some
time, emigrating to Canada in 1843, settling in Ellice the same
year. Mr. Gourlay was a good specimen of the Scotch; energetic
and aspiring, honest and trustworthy. He was a member of the
old district council, and, on the introduction of the Municipal Act
of 1850, took an active part in local municipal government. He
was a member of the first council of Ellice, and sat as reeve from
1851 to 1853, inclusive. Mr. Gourlay was a consistent Presby
terian. During the period he resided in England he married a
sister of the late John Pearson. Subsequent to the death of this
lady he married Miss Riddell, of Paris, Ontario. Mr. Gourlay
died on May 6th, 1879, at the age of 75 years.

ROBERT HENRY, another old pioneer of Ellice, was born in the
County of Londonderry, Ireland, in 1825, and came to Canada in
1843, remaining for two years near Toronto as a farm servant.
In 184; he, along with his father, who had joined him in the
meantime, settled in Ellice, locating on 500 acres on the 2nd and
3rd concessions. Mr. Henry was a person of strong character,
and a prominent man in this county. He was first reeve of Ellice,
and succeeded Mr. Gourlay again in 1854. He was appointed
one of the first magistrates after the organization of Perth as a
separate county in 1853.

JOHN KASTNER was the second son of George Kastner, an old
soldier in the grands army of Napoleon, whose victorious opera
tions struck terror to every nation in Europe, and covered France
with glory. He was born in Alsace, then a French province, in
1818, and came to Canada with his father s family in 1832,
settling on lot 12, in the first concession of Ellice. Mr. John

528 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Kastner was a great man, who, by his own industry and per
severance, raised himself from poverty to the position of an
affluent leading public man. His courage and success furnished
a fine illustration of that steady but sure progress made by the
thrifty pioneer. During the rebellion of 1837 he was created a
sergeant in the volunteer corps, and subsequently promoted to the
rank of captain, which position he held for many years.

He was a fluent speaker, and on the political platform was
effective and often playful with his opponent. He was strongly
sympathetic, and had many qualities of which orators are made.
He understood the use of English well, but never was able to
pronounce it without a strong German accent, which marred his
influence as a speaker to some extent. He was a life-long
Reformer, and of great value to that party in his manipulations of
the electorate.

Mr. Kastner was one of the first J. P s. in the county, and in
1857 was elected reeve of Ellice, giving wav in 1860 to Mr. John
Pearson. Re-elected in 1861, in 1866 he again gave way to Mr.
Pearson, but was once more returned in 1868. He was a man of
great energy, and withal had a vast store of good common sense.
As an early settler in this county, the influence he acquired
amongst his neighbors was retained till his death.

PETER KASTNER, eldest son of the George Kastner we have
mentioned, was also during his life-time a prominent man. The
village of Kastnerville was founded by and named after this
family. Like all the settlers of 1833 he was early inured to the
hardships of bush life, but finally overcame them all, raising him
self by his own unaided efforts to positions of trust and honour
amongst his fellows. He was also a justice of the peace, and
filled every position in the militia from that of private to the rank
of major. He carried on several branches of business, as mer
chant, distiller, and brewer, and was a prominent farmer and
stock-raiser.

JOHN PEARSON, a prominent municipal officer in Ellice, was born

SKETCHES 529

at Ashford, County of Kent, England, in 1826, immigrating with
his father s family in 1841. In 1844 he came to Ellice, and
located on lot 16, in the second concession. For thirty years he
carried on farming on the old homestead, removing to Sebringville
in 1874. Here he engaged in saw-milling and general business,
and was early identified with municipal government. A reference
to the history of Ellice township will show the offices he was chosen
to fill, and the implicit trust the people reposed in his integrity.

ALEXANDER FISHER, J. P., of North Easthope, was born in
Kenmore, Perthshire, Scotland, on March 2nd, 1804. In 1833 he
came to Canada, remaining for a time in the township of Esques-
ing. On removing to North Easthope he settled on lot 32, con.
2, which was his home till his death. He married Elizabeth Mc-
Naughton (daughter of Donald McNaughton, also an old pioneer),
who still survives. During the rebellion of 1837 he was enrolled
in the regiment of Col. Jarvis, his company being under command
of Capt. Brown. He was one of the first magistrates in Perth
County, and during his life-time was a prominent citizen of North
Easthope. He took an active part in municipal organization,
under the Act of 1850, and was township treasurer for a quarter
of a century. His son, Alexander McNaughton Fisher, who be
came township clerk, held that position for 30 years. He, again,
was succeeded by his son in that important office. There is no
other case in this county where one family has held the two most
responsible offices for so. long a period. A faithful and honest
discharge of the duties arising in these positions has won for this
family a feeling of confidence from those they serve which has
been steadily maintained for over half a century.

PETER ROBINSON JARVIS, a pioneer of this county, was fourth
son of Fredrick Starr Jarvis, U. E. Loyalist, and born in the
township of York, August i6th, 1824. His grandfather fought
for British supremacy during the revolutionary war, and at its
termination had to fly for his life to British territory. As a refugee
he came to Fredericton, N. B., in 1808. As a U. E. Loyalist

53 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

his father obtained a grant of land near Oakville, serving in the
war of 1812 and the rebellion of 1837. Subsequently he was
appointed registrar of the Home District, and acted as Gentleman
Usher of the Black Rod in the old Parliament of Canada. Later
he became Sheriff of the Home District.

In 1809 Colonel Jarvis removed his family to Upper Canada,
and in 1818 received his appointment as registrar. Like many
others of our pioneers Mr. Jarvis began his education in a log
school house, where he attended for some time, being afterwards
sent to a grammar school in Cornwall. He seems now like a
connecting link of the past and present, having been taught by
Bishop Strachan, and was a school mate of Hon. John Sandfield
McDonald. Having completed his education he shipped from
New Orleans for China, residing in Canton as representative of
an American Tea Co. Returning from that port he visited the
Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena, arriving safely in Toronto
after a long voyage. For a short period he entered into the mill
ing business at Gait, and in 1847, along with his brother, came to
Stratford.

On his arrival in this new backwoods hamlet he rented from
Mr. W. F. McCulloch a grist and saw mill and a distillery. Thus
he identified himself with the commercial interests of the village,
forming a connection which has been continued ever since. Strat
ford s first assessment was made by Mr. James Woods, who, with
Mr. Jarvis and his brother, made valuations and counted the
houses, while quietly smoking their pipes in a little back office. If
remuneration for performing this important function was not
great, neither did their duties seem very onerous. A brick block
erected by Mr. Jarvis, and known as the Jarvis block, was the first
to be built in Stratford.

In discharging those duties which every good citizen owes to
society, this pioneer had done his part. For many years he
interested himself in educational work, serving with acceptance
on the trustee boards. His connection with Stratford school
boards extended over a period of thirty years, when he resigned
his position as chairman of the high school trustees. At one

SKETCHES 531

period of his career he was a candidate for parliamentary honours,
and in good old orthodox style issued his address to the intelligent
and independent electors of Perth County, but subsequently with
drew. The reader is referred to the local history of Stratford for
further information regarding the municipal work of this man.

Over fifty years ago, when Queen Victoria was young, he
received a commission as ensign of the first Batt. of Perth Militia,
under date March i4th, 1851. This document is fearfully and
wonderfully impressive, opening with an array of titles and dis
tinctions which appears to us like piling up agony. For the
information of our readers we insert it, as follows:

"His Excellency the Right Honourable James, Earl of Elgin
and Kincardine, Governor-General of British North America, and
Captain and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of
Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Island of Prince
Edward, and Vice-Admiral of the same, etc., etc.

"To Peter Robinson Jarvis, gentleman. Greeting: Reposing
full confidence in your loyalty, courage, and good conduct, I do
hereby constitute and appoint you, during pleasure, to be ensign
in the Fourth Batt. of Huron Militia, taking rank and precedence
from the i_}.th day of March, 1852. You are, therefore, carefully
and diligently to discharge the duty of ensign by exercising and
well disciplining the inferior officers and men of the said militia, and
I do hereby command them to obey you as their ensign, and you
are to observe and follow all such orders and directions as you
shall from time to time receive from me or your superior officers,
according to law.

"Given at Toronto the fourteenth year of Her Majesty s Reign.

"By command. Signed, ELGIN & KINCARDINE."

In 1849 Mr. Jarvis married Miss Marion Neilson, the issue of a
long and happy union being a family of ten children. In religion
he is an Episcopalian, and in politics a Tory of the old school.
His life has been peaceful though eventful, and during his career
he has seen all those mighty influences called into existence by the
genius of our great men which has produced such marvellous

53 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

results in the world. He has long- passed three score and ten,
and is -now nearing- that period which some by reason of more
strength are said to attain. Still hale and hearty, however, he
attends to business as he did over fifty years ag-o. He is robust
in health, portly in figure, relishes spinning- a yarn of the long
past, and on the whole is a fine specimen of ye grand old country
gentleman of ye olden time.

ANDREW MONTEITH was born in August, 1823, at Karn-Dreen,
Tyrone, Ireland, and with his father s family came to Canada,
arriving on July 12, 1834. Mr. Samuel Monteith had preceded
this family into the wilderness, and was ready to welcome them
on their arrival at "Little Thames."

Mr. Monteith was an ideal pioneer. Rather over than under
middle size, he was muscular in appearance, quick in his move
ments, decisive in action, and inexhaustable in vitality and
endurance. His countenance could not be called fine according

tj

to the rules of art, but, as a mirror to the thoughts and feelings
of a great man, was impressive, indicating- the presence of a
strong character. He was easily approached, and had no affecta
tion. He was conservative in politics and democratic in principle,
having not one spark of official pomposity by which some sur
round themselves. He was a good chopper, an expert logger,
and a public speaker above the average. His language was plain
but strong always convincing-, because always truthful and
sincere. Intolerant of sham, he made a good friend and a most
enterprising- opponent. Such a character does not need birth and
influence to bear him onward. He never waited for something- to

O

turn up; he went straightway, as all great men do, and turned
something- up for himself. As might be expected from such a man,
he soon attained prominence and great influence in Perth County,
playing a distinguished part in its early history and development.
In 1838 his father opened a general store in Stratford, which
was managed by his brother till 1840. This youth died at 21
years, when Mr. Monteith and his brother Samuel carried on the
business till 1850. His partner having withdrawn, he continued

SKETCHES 533

the business for several years longer, until, his health failing from
close confinment, he retired to his farm in Downie, where he
resided till his death.

It was not in mercantile affairs, however, that nature designed
this man should play his part. The eternal gin-horse sameness
that characterizes business in a country town must have been
irksome to him. Nature did not design him for a vendor of knit
ting needles and red herrings; he was to be a leading man. In
municipal and political life he was prominent from an early period
of his career. This inclination for public business he may have
inherited from his father, who was one ot the six old veterans (all
the voters in the eastern part of the county) who trudged from
Stratford to Goderich in 1841 to record their votes in the Dunlop-
Strachan election. In 1842 when school sections were organized
by Mr. Daly, Mr. Monteith was one of the first trustees in union
school No. i, Downie, Ellice, and North and South Easthope.
From this period, onward to the day of his death in 1896, his
name during those 54 long years was constantly before the
people of this county. To say that he was always successful
would imply that he was more than human. He was irrepressible,
and failure with him was simply an incentive to greater exertion.
In fact, when his opponents succeeded in hedging him in at one
point he simply broke out at another, and with such force and
impetuosity as to overwhelm them all.

His municipal career is already written in the local history of
Downie and that of Perth County, and those of my readers who
desire to follow out the life of this excellent man are referred to
those portions of this work. At Confederation in 1867 he entered
parliament as member for North Perth in the Legislature, his
opponent being- Mr. D. D. Hay, whom he defeated. In 1871 he
contested the Riding against the Hon. Thomas Ballantyne, and
was again elected. In 1874 he resigned his seat in the Legis
lature, and became a candidate for the House of Commons, his
opponent being Mr. James Redford, whom he defeated. On a
petition this election was voided, and he again entered the field,
with Mr. James Fisher, of Stratford, as his opponent, and he was
again successful. In 1878 he retired from active politics.

534 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

There were few institutions in this county with which he was
not to a greater or lesser extent identified. He was elected to the
Stratford school board in 1853, on the retirement of Mr. Peter
Woods, and was also a member of the trustee board in S. S. No.
5, Downie. When the British Mortgage Loan Co. was established
in Stratford he was chosen as its first president, for which his
prominence and integrity eminently fitted him. He was also for a
time its managing director. Although not an official in the Perth
Mutual Fire Insurance Co., he had the honour of taking out policy
No. i in that important institution. In the old days he was also
a member of the Volunteer Fire Co.

In politics he was strongly Conservative, although by no means
aggressive, believing that every man had a right to his own
opinions in matters of conscience. He was a consistent member
of the Church of England, and for many years was church warden.
To one secret society he belonged, and to one only. He was a
representative man in the Orange order, remaining an active
member during his whole life. It is worthy of remark, and is a
high tribute to his character, that he always enjoyed the confidence
and good-will of the Roman Catholics during his political career.

In 1850 he married Jane Dunsmore, then of Huntingdon,
Quebec, to whom were born four sons and five daughters, several
of whom are now dead. Mr. Monteith s career was unique, and
should be a sacred heirloom in his family for all time to come.
He was possessed of those rugged qualities that so often dis
tinguished the men of that generation now nearly passed away,
and who made this county what it is. Those hardy and intrepid
characters seem not to be fashionable now-a-days. That process
of polishing necessary to bring a man up to the modern require
ments of society is apparently fatal to a perpetuation of those
qualities so strongly marked in Andrew Monteith and our pioneers
generally. If such be the case it is to be regretted. Better far
in any country or society to have ruggedness with strength than
polish associated with weakness.

STEWART CAMPBELL, as his name indicates, was a son of the

SKETCHES 535

heather, born in Strathardle, Kirkmichael parish, Perthshire,
Scotland, in 1805. His father, like all glen-folk in that moun
tainous region, took commendable pride in securing for his
children a fair education. At an early age he was sent to the
parish school a noble institution which has done much for Scot
land, and which at that period was possessed by no other nation
in the world. Subsequently he entered an academy, where he
acquired a knowledge of English and mathematics. Without
these two branches no Scottish boy s education could be complete,
and next to the shorter catechism were a foundation on which
rested all his future scholastic acquirements. Having obtained a
moderate store of learning, he took up the ferule for himself in
his native parish, teaching what is known in Scotland as a side
school, until he was promoted to Athol. He did not remain long
in this profession, removing to Dalkeith, where he became super
intendent of a brewery.

In 1843 he turned his steps toward Canada, being recom
mended to come to Stratford by some of his acquaintances who
had preceded him to North Easthope. During the autumn he
reached Ellice, and located on the edge of that great swamp
adjoining Stratford, where he resided until his death.

To one who spent his years in educating himself and others,
life in the woods and that laborious work consistent with it must
have been very distasteful. It is not surprising, therefore, that
he soon turned his attention to other and more congenial pursuits.
In 1846 he was appointed clerk and treasurer of Ellice, which
position he retained till 1869. Mr. Campbell s municipal career is
somewhat singular. At one period he was clerk and treasurer of
Ellice, clerk of Stratford, and county clerk at the same time.

He took an active part in organizing Perth County and in its
separation from the United Counties of Huron, Perth, and Bruce.
With him were associated in this work Messrs. J. J. E. Linton
and J. A. Scott, who also took a prominent part in the agitation.
A great mass meeting was held in Mr. Campbell s field to
facilitate this movement, where funds were subscribed to enable
Mr. Linton to visit the Government for this desirable object. Mr.

S3 6 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

Linton succeeded, the name Perth, which it formerly had in
connection with the United Counties, being: retained.

O

Mr. Campbell was secretary of North Perth Agricultural
Society, only resigning- a year or two previous to his death. He
was a fine type of manhood; in his later years somewhat portly,
but most distinctly in his manner and deportment a repre
sentative Scotchman rather than a Canadian pioneer. Every
idiosyncrasy apparent in his life and character was eminently
one peculiar to a son of "ye ancient kingdom." He was a true
friend, but not very demonstrative in his sympathies either by
word or action. Frequently taciturn, a strong- pecularity of his
.nature, his conduct mig-ht be considered gruff by those unac
quainted with the character of this Gael.

During his residence in Dalkeith he married Mary C. Keiller,
to whom were born six children. On his death in 1878, at the
age of 73 years, Perth County lost one of her oldest and ablest
municipal officers, an old pioneer, and a trustworthy and honour
able man.

PATRICK CLYNE was born in Roscommon, Ireland, in 1817. He
came to Canada with his parents in 1832, settling in South East-
hope. His death in 1901, at 84 years, broke the link connecting
two generations of men pioneers of an ag-e long- past, and those
of a progressive period now present. In 1837 his father sold his
farm of 300 acres in South Easthope, and removed to Downie,
where he had been preceded by Monteiths, Dempseys, Nelsons,
Dunsmores, Robbs, and others. Time has made great changes in
this old family. Its founders, James Clyne and his wife, have long
since passed away. William and John died over a quarter of a
century ago, the subject of this sketch being spared alone to wit
ness all those chang-es resulting from pioneer efforts in the old time.

The history of this family in one respect is somewhat remark
able. By referring to the historical sketch of Downie it will be
found that since municipal organization took place in 1842 one or
other of its members has been continuously connected \vith its
local government. The late William Clyne was for a long- term of

SKETCHES 537

years a conspicuous figure among our public men, having been
honoured, as few men are, with so large a share of public con
fidence. The late James Clyne, a most estimable and kind-
hearted man, was township treasurer till his death in 1900, having
held that responsible position for 32 years.

Like all old settlers Mr. Clyne, in his later years, loved to talk
of old pioneer scenes "barn raisings" and "logging bees," when
prolonged trials of strength and endurance were maintained with
each other. In 1845 he walked to Goderich with his deed in his
pocket to record his vote. From that period till the present I
believe this family have been supporters of Conservative principles.
In religion the family are Catholic, the subject of this sketch
assisting to construct the first church in Stratford. He saw St.
Joseph s congregation grow and expand from a few people located
tar apart in an inhospitable wilderness to hundreds of families,
who worship at its altar every Sabbath day. At his death he was
the oldest member in this congregation. This pioneer was typical
of a class, quiet and unassuming, hospitable and kind to those
who came within his gates, and in every department of life a
worthy and honourable man.

JOHN CORRY WILSON DALY was born in Liverpool, in 1796, his
parents being visiting in that city from the County Monaghan,
Ireland, at that time. He had all the advantages of a superior
education, and was chosen by the Canada Co. to succeed Mr.
Gait as their representative in Stratford. In 1833 he reached the
Huron Tract, and entered on the duties of his office. Although
Mr. Daly was a very early settler in this county, he could scarcely
be called a pioneer, except in the sense that Dunlop and Gait
were pioneers. As the agent of the Company, however, no one
had a better opportunity of noting those hardships endured by the
first settlers than he. Every aspect of backwoods life was familiar
to him as it was to be seen in others, his connection with the
Company extending as it did over a period of 30 years. Mr. Daly
was a public spirited man, taking an active part in every scheme
leading to a development of Perth County. He was an early

S3 8 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

store keeper in Stratford and first postmaster. He was district
councillor for several years, and established the first school
sections in what is now Perth County. The citizens of Stratford
honoured him with positions of trust, and he took an active part
in promoting- their commercial interests. In the militia he attained
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, was an old magistrate and coroner
in this county, and a most charitable man. He died in Stratford
in 1878 at the advanced age of 83 years.

JAMES STEWART, of North Easthope, son of John Stewart and
Mary Crerar, was born in Perthshire, Scotland, and came with
his parents to Canada in 1832, settling in North Easthope. The
Stewart family is an old one in this county, and one of the most
distinguished for the capable and public spirit of its members. By
reference to the lisf of public officers in North Easthope it will be
found that the subject of this sketch was for a long period pro
minent in municpal affairs. During his whole career he was much
esteemed as an officer, a private citizen, and an upright public
man. Peter Stewart, his brother, was for many years closely con
nected with municipal government in North Easthope, and one of
its trusted public servants who did much to develop its resources.
This old pioneer family, along with many other settlers of this
township, had an awful experience in their journey from their
glens in Perthshire to the wilderness of the Huron Tract. Mr.
Peter Stewart, even at . the distance of 70 years from that ill-
starred time, relates with thrilling interest many details of that
terrible voyage across the sea, and that still more terrible journey
to the west. Cholera, with relentless tenacity, hung around those
poor helpless immigrants like an insatiable demon. They were
shunned by people on their journey as being plague-smitten,
and almost every encampment where they rested was marked by
the grave of a victim snatched from those weary and heart-broken
wanderers.

ROBERT CLELAND was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, emigrating
to Canada while yet a young man. He was one of the early

SKETCHES 539

settlers of Elma, and has taken an active part for a long period in
municipal government. In 1867 he was first elected reeve, hold
ing that position for three years. He was again elected in 1876
for two years, and again in 1888 he held that honoured place,
being re-elected subsequently on several occasions. During his
occupancy of this position at the council board in 1867 to 1869,
inclusive, he rendered valuable service to Elma in securing, after
a good deal of difficulty, those payments due the municipality by
the Government in connection with the improvement fund. Since
the inception of the cheese industry he has been an ardent pro
moter of this branch of husbandry, and was elected as president
of the Western Ontario Dairymen s Association in 1889 as a
recognition of his important services to co-operative dairying. He
also was an active promoter of the Elma Fire Insurance Co. in
1884, and was chosen its first secretary and manager. In every
department of public life he has been a conspicuous figure,
devoting his time and ability to the furtherance of those objects
which he believes is for the benefit of the people.

JAMES TROW was born at Newton, Montgomeryshire, Wales,
December i6th, 1826. He received a fair education, and in 1841
emigrated to Canada, settling in North Easthope. Mr. Trow s
success in this county furnishes a good illustration of what can be
attained by courage, perseverance, and a fixed purpose. When
he came here he was penniless, friendless, homeless, and unac
quainted with those hardships inseparable from pioneer life.

In 1842, when North Easthope had been divided into three
school sections, he having travelled on foot to Goderich, and
passed an examination before the superintendent of education,
returned in triumph with a certificate in his pocket as a duly
qualified teacher. He at once applied for and obtained a school
in one of these new sections, and continued as a teacher for ten
years. It was not as a teacher, however, he was designed to
succeed. Although of a more versatile character than any of our
public men in this county, it was as a speculator that he raised
himself and attained to prominence. He was by nature a leader

540 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

and manipulator of men. Under all conditions he was always
calm and collected. He had great penetration of character, and
an intuitive feeling which enabled him to form correct conclu
sions of men s motives. He could sing- a good song, tell a good
story, was genial and sympathetic in his manner, kindly in his
nature, a hale-fellow-well-met sort of man, respected by all, but
really and truly known only to few. It is not surprising, then,
that during his life he was, and continued to be, one of our most
popular men.

Mr. Trow was for a long period of years a useful public man.
His municipal career was brilliant and advantageous to our
people. He was a man of broad views, and on all public
questions stood up manfully, and threw his whole influence in
favour of those measures calculated to ameliorate the conditions
affecting the great mass of the people. He was a fluent talker on
the platform, but by no means a great speaker. He had all those
qualities necessary to successful political life, using them effec
tively during an extended public career. From his first appear
ance as a public man he filled every municipal office, from path-
master to county warden, in 3 manner creditable to himself.

At Confederation, in 1867, he was returned to the Provincial
Legislature for South Perth. His long experience in municipal
affairs fitted him admirably for such a position, and he succeeded
in carrying through several important and useful amendments to
the Assessment and Municipal Acts. In 1871 he was defeated by
Mr. T. B. Guest, of St. Marys, but in 1872 was elected for the
House of Commons. Subsequent to dissolution, in consequence
of the "Pacific Scandal," he was re-elected by acclamation. In
1878 he survived the wreck of his party under Hon. Alexander
Mackenzie, and defeated Dr. Hornibrook, of Mitchell. At the
next two elections he was again triumphant over H. F. Sharp, of
St. Marys. Subsequent to his last contest with Mr. Sharp he
was unseated under a protest by the indiscretion of an agent, and
in 1892 was defeated by Mr. William Pridham, of Fullarton.
This was his last appeal to South Perth, and on September i.^th,
1891, died James Trow, after a successful parliamentary career
extending over nearly 25 years.

SKETCHES

541

During his long- period of service as member of the House of
Commons he was Liberal Whip for 15 years, a position for which
his kindly and jovial nature eminently fitted him. He also
advocated and carried through Parliament several measures in the
people s interest, such as the Railway Passengers Act and the
Act declaring life insurance policies non-forfeitable except under
certain conditions. He was also for years chairman of the
immigration committee. He travelled extensively in our newly-
acquired north-west territory, and did much by his writing to
draw public attention to that "great lone land," now a home for
thousands. Subsequent to a second visit to that new country his
letters were published by Government, and 35,000 copies circu
lated in Great Britain. These letters were the greatest work of
his life, and were much admired by people of literary taste for
their easy, graceful style of composition.

Amongst other positions held by Mr. Trow was that of presi
dent of the Perth Mutual Fire Insurance Co., which he filled for
many years. He was also president of the British Mortgage Loan
Co., of Stratford, president of the Dominion Life Assurance
Co., and a director of the Ontario Life Assurance Co., of Waterloo.
He was an old magistrate, and in every position of trust to which
he was elected his conduct was such as to rank him with the best
men of Perth County. In 1847 he married Mary Moore, of
Blenheim township, a former pupil in his days of teaching school,
to whom were born four sons and one daughter.

JAMES BROWN was born at Nathanfoot, Lanarkshire, Scotland,
in 1805. During his boyhood days he attended the parish school,
obtaining a fair education. In 1820, with his father and other
members of the family, he came to Canada, settling in Dalhousie.
For several years he assisted on the farm, when he became a
school teacher, receiving for his services the sum of ^30 per
annum. As a part of his duties in that capacity he had to collect
his own salary, which, in many instances, was more difficult than
earning it. It will be borne in mind that Canada previous to
1841 had no School Act. During 1846 he removed to Fullarton,
and assisted at raising the first school house in that township, in

32

54 2 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

section No. i, and upon its completion became first teacher in the
municipality. In 1847 he was appointed collector of taxes by the
old district council, retaining- that position until its abolition by
the Act of 1850. When Fullarton was organized he was chosen
treasurer, discharging- the duties of that office till 1860, when he
retired. In 1868 he was appointed auditor, remaining- in harness
till his death. He was an old magistrate, an elder of the Presby
terian church in Fullarton and Dalhousie.

Mr. Brown was a good public speaker, and a life-long sup
porter of the Reform party. His countenance indicated intelli
gence and refinement. He was a man of strong convictions,
sincere and ardent in his conduct, his whole character typical of
the good old pioneer. If) 1827 he married Margaret Park, of
Dalhousie, who was his constant companion through his long life.
Her death was more than he could bear, and it was only a few
months afterwards when he was laid by her side in the quiet
resting place of the dead.

MILNER HARRISON was born near York, England, in 1816. His
father was engaged in the sea- faring business, trading to Russia.
In 1820 the family removed to Canada, settling in London town
ship, which at that period was rapidly being taken up by emigrants
from the old land. In 1842 Mr. Harrison married Catherine
Howard, whose father had come to London in charge of a survey
ing party, and where he afterwards settled in 1822. The Howards
were related to the eccentric Col. Talbot, who founded the Talbot
settlement on Lake Erie. In 1844 Mr. Harrison arrived in St.
Marys, then fast becoming an important trading centre. Here he
opened a general store on Queen street, with a stock of such
goods as were in demand by the settlers. The staple articles of
trade in those early days consisted of potash and black salts, as
being the principal products of a new farm. As time increased
his wealth so his business extended, until he was able to retire
Avith a considerable fortune, the result of hard work and careful
manipulation of his affairs. Mr. Harrison was in many respects
a clever man, with all the qualities that lead to success. If he had

SKETCHES 543

been a farmer he would have been a good one, and made himself
rich. If he had been a labourer he would have earned the highest
wages. He was plain and simple in his tastes, jovial in his
.manner, and had the most perfect contempt for the namby-
pambyism of those who affect what is called high society. He
was honest in his convictions, and in all his transactions. He
knew no standard of manhood but that set up by Burns The
rank is but the guinea s stamp, the man s the gold for a that."

In the discharge of those duties appertaining to public-spirited
citizenship he did his part, and his work in this department will
be found in the local histories of Blanshard and St. Marys.

JOHN SANDERSON, a St. Marys pioneer, was born in County
Cavan, Ireland, in 1823. Coming to Canada with his parents he
settled near Port Hope. In 1848 he removed to St. Marys, as
yet a hamlet on the River Thames, entering into business as a
lumber merchant. In this department of trade he continued during
the whole period of his active life, retiring a number of years ago
with a competency. Mr. Sanderson was a quiet, unassuming
man, honest, reliable, and a good citizen. He is a strict Presby
terian, and took an active part in founding that denomination in
St. Marys. When their present edifice, which crowns the hill on
Widder street, was erected, he took an active part as one of the
construction committee. He is now one of the few remaining
pioneers of the town, nearly all the others having passed away.

JAMES DOUGLAS MOORE, deceased, was born in the Township
of Dumfries, in 1838. Mr. Moore was in no sense a pioneer of
St. Marys, but to him belongs the distinction of introducing a
system which marks an era in the commerce of this country. He
was a son of the shanty, and, like many such, had great obstacles
to overcome in his way to success. His education was limited,
and realizing this condition, he often regretted in after life that he
had not availed himself to a greater extent of the facilities within
his reach. He continued on the farm until 1867, when he removed
to St. Marys, entering on his career as a promoter and successful

544 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

operator of a new system of egg storage. This method has now
attained great prominence, and is of vast consequence to Canada.
Its importance to the husbandman will be recognised when we say
that previous to its introduction this product of our farms had no
commercial value, and could not be sold for money. Old pioneers
will remember when it became known that Mr. Moore would pay
money for fruit of this description, that the females of every house
hold extended their investigations to the most remote corners of
the farm buildings in search of this new source of income. He
was also first to pay money for butter. This product was
formerly sold to store-keepers for goods over the counter, a most
unsatisfactory system for all parties concerned. He also con
structed the first cold storage warehouse west of Montreal, which
proved a great success. Mr. Moore was unpretentious in manner,
although somewhat daring as a speculator. He was a large
employer of labour, and highly respected by those under his
charge. In politics a Reformer, in religion a Presbyterian, tem
perate, industrious, and kindly in his manner, intensely devoted
to the "roaring play," which he continued to enjoy until the last.
He took an active part in municipal affairs, and sat at the council
board for a period of eight years. He died in 1902, and was
much regretted, being one of St. Marys great men.

JOHN JAMES EDMONDSTOUNE LINTON was born at Rothsay, Isle
of Bute, in 1804. He was the son of a gentleman of prominence,
and received a good education. In 1833 he arrived in Canada,
and meeting with Mr. Daly, agent of the Canada Company at
Guelph, he was directed westward to Stratford. He at once
located on lot 7, concession 3, Downie, and began clearing a farm.

In November, 1829, he married Margaret Dallas, who accom
panied her husband in his wanderings, and like a true woman
came with him to his lonely shanty, willing to share his burden
for weal or woe. It is only those who have experienced the trials
and depressing thoughts of other days, or that continuous weeping
of a heart ready to break at the dismal environment of a
pioneer, who can know the bitterness of life in the woods to

SKETCHES 545

people of refinement. For a poor over-laboured hind, who may
have "Begged a brother of the earth to give him leave to toil,"
this change from his daily grind, without hope, in the old land,
was often a relief. But, O ! how sad, how painful it was to look
at the puny efforts of those in clearing land who were unaccus
tomed to manual labour. It seemed like refined cruelty, and in
many cases their utter wretchedness was more than they were
able to bear.

During 1834 Mr. Linton opened the first school in this county,
a short distance west of Stratford. Mrs. Linton also opened a
school in North Easthope. Throughout the winter of 1834 and
1835 a night school was kept in the latter place, where those
youths who had recently arrived from Perthshire, Scotland, re
ceived their education. He soon abandoned this profession, and
entered into business in Stratford. At this time he w r as appointed
clerk of the court of requests, a position corresponding to division
court clerk. He also took an active part in promoting an agricul
tural society, an account of which will be found elsewhere.

During 1847 he was closely associated with Mr. Daly in
agitating for county organization apart from Huron and Bruce.
In this he was successful, visiting the Government on two occa
sions. He was subsequently appointed clerk of the peace, holding
that office till his death in 1869. In him temperance principles had
a consistent adherent and a conscientous supporter. He was fully
possessed of those traits peculiar to all good men, truthfulness
in thought, action, and utterance. In him there was no equivoca
tion nor duplicity; he was sincere. To support his anti-slavery and
anti-liquor principles he published tor many years, at his own cost
and charge, a paper called the Challenge , and which was dis
tributed far and wide, not only in this county but in Ontario.
Many old settlers in Perth will remember that having completed
their period of service attending court as jurors each returned to
his home with a good supply of literature, which the kind-hearted
old clerk of the peace considered was for their good.

He was a man of great goodness of heart, strong individuality
of character, outspoken in his sentiments, firm in resolution, and

546 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

tenacious of purpose. Conventionalities had no effect on his con
duct, and whatever others might do, he acted according- to the
light of his own judgment. The most prominent point in his
nature was benevolence, not of purpose only, but of action. An
illustration of this principle in his conduct will be found in a
report of the relief committee to Stratford council during 1859, a
year in which he found ample scope for his charitable feeling in
relieving the pressing necessities of the poor. He was extremly
susceptible to distress among the helpless, and was often imposed
upon, but unable to resist a pathetic appeal from those who
pleaded for assistance, he was

" Careless their merits or their faults to scan ;
His pity gave ere charity began."

This old pioneer was eminently a good and useful man, an
honour to the place of his birth, and a power for good in the land
of his adoption.

JOHN MclNTYRE was born at Lismore, Argyleshire, in 1788. At
an early age he entered the navy as midshipman, taking part in
several engagements during that distracting period extending over
the first fifteen years of last century. On his retirement at the
close of the Peninsular war he became a resident of Paisley, then
the centre of Radicalism in Scotland. The impetus given to
democratic principles by events transpiring and arising out of the
French revolution had aroused the Scotch. The terrible depres
sion succeeding the Napoleonic wars had stirred the inhabitants of
manufacturing districts to a verge of action against the corn laws
and parliamentary representation. Radicalism, with its sister
principle Chartism, was rampant, and Mr. Mclntyre in such an
elemental maelstrom was soon drawn into the vortex. Paisley
was for a time almost under martial law, and certain speeches he
had delivered in the cause of freedom rendered it necessary for his
safety that he leave his native land forever, and seek in Canadian
woods that liberty of thought and action which was denied him in
his own native Scotland.

SKETCHES 547

In 1820 he arrived in Dalhousie, County of Lanark, and took
up the burden of pioneer life. He was a fine specimen of the
intelligent backwoodsman an ideal white chief of the forest ;
energ-etic, honest, with strong- reflective powers, and of more than
ordinary ability. As might be expected, he soon became promin
ent in the new settlement; was a magistrate, and on one occasion
a candidate for parliamentary honours. A quarter of a century
soon passed away, and he found himself with a large family
growing up around him. He therefore determined to remove to
the Huron Tract, and arrived in 1845, settling in Fullarton. For
the second time he entered the lists against nature, taking up the
burden of toil and severe hardship incident to a new country.
Here he at once attained prominence, and was elected by the
people of Fullarton to the district council in Goderich several
times. When the township was first organized he became clerk,
retaining the position for some years. He was one of the first
magistrates in the county, and on one occasion walked through
the woods to St. Marys to assist Mr. Christie in trying a case, he
being the nearest justice of the peace at that period.

Mr. Mclntyre was a good specimen of a Scotch Highlander-
stern and immovable in his principles, and an unflinching advocate
of equal rights to all men. Although he could not speak English
until he had passed his twelfth year, he became a master of the
language, his writings being characterized by a simplicity and
lucidity of expression we would scarcely expect in one whose
cradle tongue was that of the Gael. He was a person of high
literary taste, and if his lot had been cast under a more propitious
star would have distinguished himself as a writer of pure English.
He was typical of a class who entered the woods, few in number,
and scattered here and there over the Huron Tract, the memory
of whose worth it is our privilege to record.

WILLIAM H. HACKING was a pioneer of Listowel, and was born
in Yorkshire, England, in 1810. His father was a Congregational
minister, who emigrated to Canada with his family, settling in
Whitchurch, County of York, where he took up land. Subsequent

548 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

to Mr. Hacking s leaving his home he resided five years in Guelph,
and came to Listowel at an early day. He opened the pioneer
store, and was appointed first postmaster. For other information
regarding this pioneer see the history of Listowel and chapter on
post offices.

ALEXANDER FERGUSON MACLAREN, M. P. for North Perth, was
born in Perth, County of Lanark, on February 3rd, 1854. He is
the son of John MacLaren, his mother being Ellen Buchanan
Ferguson, whose brother Alexander, of Hibbert, was for many
years a prominent public officer of that township. In 1855 the
family came to Mitchell, residing there for two years, when they
removed to Cromarty, then a rapidly growing Scotch settlement.
Here young MacLaren was sent to school for a short period, the
only education he ever received. His parents were, like many
other pioneers, not over-burdened with a stock of this world s
goods, leaving home and kindred because they were poor.

When still a boy, and before he reached his twelfth year, stern
necessity compelled him to go out amongst the farmers and earn
a living for himself. This condition, while it may have in some
respects been vinfortunate, was an excellent training for such a
character as his. It taught him self-reliance, and the importance
of hard and ceaseless labour, if he was ever to accomplish any
thing. If he were asked now the causes which have contributed
to raise him to the distinguished position he has attained, his
reply would be honest effort and hard work. That is the
old, old story of all great men.

At seventeen he relinquished farm life, and engaged with Mr.
George Hamilton, a pioneer dairyman in Hibbert, to learn cheese-
making. He remained there only for a short time, however.
Meantime Hon. Thomas Ballantyne had gradually worked his
way to the front, not only as a manufacturer of cheese, but as one
of the largest exporters in Western Canada. In 1877 Mr. Mac
Laren accepted a position with Mr. Ballantyne as a buyer, con
tinuing in his employ for seven years. He was then offered and
accepted a similar position with an Ingersoll Co., remaining there

D. K. Erb, M. P.

A. F. MacLaren, il. I .

J, C. Monteith, M. P.jP. V. Stock, M. P. P.

MEMBERS DOMINION AND PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENTS, 1902.

SKETCHES 551

till 1890, when he established an export trade of his own. During
1892 he introduced a new product now known over the entire
world as "MacLaren s Imperial Cheese." For disposing- of this
product offices have been established in Toronto, New York,
London (England), Chicago, Detroit, Mexico, China, Japan, and
Africa.

.His success as a cheese-maker and judge of dairy products
brings his skill into active demand at all great central exhibitions
on the American continent. Although a young man, he was
chosen as sole judge in the cheese department at the World s
Fair, Chicago, where Canada carried off so many honours. At
the Pan-American, in Buffalo, in 1901, he was sole judge, and
in his own country he fills that important position at all our great
exhibitions. It is most honourable to his conduct in this capacity
that, notwithstanding the high standard of equality of the goods
on exhibit, his awards have been received with a universal feeling
of confidence.

Previous to 1895 Mr. MacLaren, though quite decided in his
opinions, had taken no active part in any political contest. During
that year he was nominated by the Conservative party, and elected
to Parliament for the North Riding of Perth, a Reformer having
been previouly returned. In 1900 he was again elected by an
increased majority.

Mr. MacLaren is a busy man, and, besides attending to his
parliamentary duties, is a director in the Continental Life In
surance Co., a director in the Equity Fire Insurance Co., and
a director in the National Cement Co., capital $1,000,000. He is
president of The A. F. MacLaren Imperial Cheese Co., limited;
president Imperial Wood Fibre Plaster Co., of Toronto ; president
Imperial Veneer Co., Toronto and Sudbury; director of Slate and
Cement Co., Atlanta, Georgia, U. S., capital $2,000,000; director
Industrial Fair Board, Toronto, and chairman of Dairy Com
mittee ; he was also president of the Western Dairymen s Associa
tion in 1896 and 1897.

On April 29th, 1885, he married Miss Janet McLeod, and has
one son, Kenneth Ferguson. Mr. MacLaren is still youthful and

552 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

robust, and has apparently many years of useful work before
him, which, if we accept his past record, will be honourably
employed in extending- Canadian influence and enhancing- the
value of her products, exemplifying in his own life that great suc
cess can only be attained by unremitting toil and unswerving
integrity of purpose.

VALENTINE STOCK. M.P.P., was born June 3Oth, 1852, in East
Zorra, County of Oxford, of German parents. His father and
mother came to Canada in the early forties, and worked with
farmers in North Easthope until 1850, when they married, settling
on lot 31, concession 16, East Zorra. At the age of six years
Mr. Stock was sent to school, not knowing a word of English.
A few years subsequently he was retained at home to assist his
father on the farm. At 17 he swung the cradle in harvest, having
along with one of his sisters for several years previous bound all
their crops. When 16 years of age he began teaching in the
Sabbath school, in a little log church erected on his father s farm,
in which laudable vocation on Sabbath days he still continues. In
those old times he did his share of severe manual toil in clearing
land, chopping cord wood, and ditching and underdraining with
basswood and pine slabs in the swamps, as his humble position
required that he should do. At 22, from certain injuries he had
received, he returned to school to qualify himself as a teacher.
In this he was successful, and taught nearly seven years in
section No. 13, East Zorra, and one year in Tavistock. In 1884
he entered into business in Tavistock without experience or know
ledge, and although having to come into competition with other
established firms, through energy and upright conduct found his
way into public confidence. In 1901, with another young man of
Tavistock, he org-anized the Tavistock Flax Co., thus affording-
profitable labour to many citizens of the village.

In 1889 he was chosen clerk of South Easthope, which office he
still retains. Hitherto he had not devoted much interest to
politics, but in 1891 was solicited to address meetings in North
Perth. This led to his nomination in South Perth in 1899 as can-

SKETCHES 553

didate in the Reform interest against Mr. Nelson Monteith. On
this occasion he was defeated. In 1902 he was again chosen as
the Reform candidate, with Mr. Monteith as his opponent, and in
this contest was elected. Mr. Stock is truly what we call a self-
made man, having- by his own unaided efforts raised himself from
obscurity to a position of dignity and honour. He is a good
public speaker, a true patriotic Canadian, and a worthy citizen.
He says, "T am a farmer s son, raised on a farm, spent my young
days there, and their welfare is mine also." Mr. Stock is still a
young man, and has many days of usefulness before him.

OILMAN KINSEY ERB, M.P., was born in the township of Wool
wich, County of Waterloo, July, 1857. He is eldest son of the
late Isaac Erb. His great-grandfather, Daniel Erb, emigrated
from Pennsylvania in 1807, and located in Waterloo County,
Ontario, near what is now the village of Bridgeport. The family
is of Swiss descent. He was educated at the Bridgeport public
school and at S. S. No. 3, Wilmot, and at the age of 18 he began
life as a teacher, which profession he followed for eight years,
during the last five of which he was principal of the New Dundee
public school. In 1885 he moved into the township of Downie, in
the County of Perth, where he started farming. In 1887 he was
elected school trustee and secretary-treasurer in his section, which
positions he has held continuously up to the present. He was
elected township councillor in 1892 and again in 1893. The
following three years he was deputy-reeve. In 1892, when the
Sebringville Flax Co. was organized, he was elected its first
president, which office he filled four years. About this time he
was made a justice of the peace. In February, 1895, he was
chosen by the Liberals of South Perth to be their candidate at the
next Dominion general election. He was elected to represent
South Perth in the House of Commons in June, 1896, defeating
Mr. William Pridham, of Fullarton, and re-elected at the general
election in November, 1900, again defeating Mr. Pridham. In
1881 he married Phcebe, the youngest daughter of the late John
S. Huber, of Blenheim township. County of Oxford. Mr. Erb is

554 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

strictly temperate in his habits, and a good public speaker, being-
possessed of many of those faculties requisite to a successful
public man. In Farmers Institute work he has taken an active
part, and both by precept and example has done much to
encourage tree planting on the farm. Mr. Erb is still a young-
man, and has many years of usefulness before him.

JOHN C. MONTEITH is descended from good pioneer stock, being
a son of the late Andrew Monteith, for many years one of the
most prominent men of this county, and was born in Stratford
in 1853. In Stratford schools he received a fair education, and
his close connection with public men and public affairs in his
youth gave him a distinctive aptitude for business. At an early
period he assisted his father, being for a number of years deputy-
treasurer of this county. In his public career he served the City
of Stratford for many years first as a councillor and during
1893 and 1894 as mayor. In the days when Stratford was a
country town he acted as reeve and deputy-reeve, serving in the
county council for several years. Mr. Monteith s record during
this period in his discharge of the functions devolving upon him
evinced caution and economy ; at the same time he was ready to
promote and support any measure to benefit his constituents.
During his period of service he was chairman of several important
committees, and has discharged the important duties of secretary
to the collegiate institute board for 18 years. His conduct in
these responsible positions attracted the attention of the people,
and he was nominated by the Conservative party of North Perth
to contest the Riding at the election in May, 1902. In this con
test he was elected, defeating Mr. John Brown. A protest was
entered, and the courts declared the seat vacant on a technical
point regarding the vote of an elector. Subsequently Mr. Mon
teith and Mr. Brown were again placed in the election to be held
on January yth, 1903.

Mr. Monteith, true to his family traditions, has been a life-long
Conservative; he is Episcopalian in religion, and considered by all
an honest and energetic business man.

SKETCHES 555

JOHN CORRIE was born in Appleby, Westmoreland, England, in
1832. Although he cannot be considered a pioneer of this county,
yet, during a period of nearly 50 years, he has been so active in
promoting- industrial progress that few names are more closely
connected with its material development. Mr. Corrie is an ideal
specimen of a kind-hearted Englishman, and in every sense is a
self-made man. Emigrating to America at the early age of 22
years, he settled near Toronto. Here he engaged in bridge build
ing on the G. T. railway, then in course of construction. Subse
quent to this he was employed as track inspector on that road for
ten years. During his inspectorate he located in Stratford, where
he has resided ever since. Mr. Corrie has been a busy man during
his life. He served for several years in the town council, and was
one of the first license commissioners appointed under the Crooks
Act. He was inspector of county roads for many years, until the
office was relegated to the county representatives. He was an
active promoter of the Stratford Gas Co. and the Electric Light
and Waterworks Co., of which he was president. He is a director
of the Perth Mutual Fire Insurance Co., and has important
interests in several of those large manufacturing establishments
to which Stratford owes so much of her prosperity.

GEORGE LEVERSAGE, of Fullarton, a pioneer of that township,
and for many years a prominent man in this county, was born in
England, in 1830. At an early age he came to Fullarton, settling
near where is now the village of Carlingford, and entered on the
laborious work of clearing a farm. He was a person of great public
spirit, and while still a young man began his public career in
being elected to the first council of Fullarton, in 1850. In 1866
he sat as deputy-reeve, and became clerk in 1873. In 1879 he
succeeded Mr. William Davidson as reeve, till he was appointed
county treasurer in 1896. He was a Conservative in politics, and
opposed Hon. Thos. Ballantyne on two occasions, being defeated
in both contests. Mr. Leversage was a consistent advocate of
temperance during his whole life. As a Methodist he was long a
prominent man, and few men of any denomination were more

556 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

loyal in their conduct to the faith they supported. He was a
conscientious and honest man, kind and affable to all, and by his
death in 1900 this county lost a faithful old servant, society an
exemplary man, and his church a well-tried and devoted member.

WALTER MURRAY was born in the parish of Kilpatrick, Dum
friesshire, Scotland, in 1823. He was a son of John Murray, and
came to Canada in 1841, settling on lot 16, concession 6, Downie.
He was the first pioneer in this section, and followed the Avon into
the woods, far remote from any other settler. I need not detail
the hardships endured for several years subsequent to this, and
which were inseparable from backwoods life. Suffice it to say
that Mr. Murray has met with abundant success, and, like many
an old pioneer, has reason to rejoice that he came to Canada in
search of a home. In 1853 he married Elizabeth Ballantyne, to
whom were born eleven children, several having settled around
the old place. Mr. Murray is a Presbyterian in religion, a
Reformer in politics, and in principle an honest man.

JOHN WALDRON SCOTT was born in Darlington, Durham
County, in 1837. His father was a native of Edinburgh, Scot
land, and on coming to Montreal engaged in the fur trade,
ultimately settling in Darlington, where he closed a useful life
in 1857.

Mr. Scott received a good education in the public schools and
subsequently at Victoria college, when he entered on agricultural
pursuits in Darlington, continuing on the farm until 1862. Mean
time a new country had been opened up in this county, and
Listowel was fast growing to be a place of importance. During
this year he came to Listowel, and entered into partnership with
Mr. Halstead as a general trader, also conducting a grist and saw
mill. This continued only for a few years, however, when a dis
solution took place, Mr. Scoot remaining in the merchandising
vocation with success until 1873. At this period he retired from
that business and established a private bank in Listowel, which
he has conducted ever since.

SKETCHES 557

Mr. Scott has managed his affairs with judgment and tact,
resulting in success. He has also been active in discharging
those duties our local system of self government demands from
public spirited citizens. He has been elected for many years to
the council board, and occupied the mayor s chair for some time
with acceptance to the people of Listowel and credit to himself.
In those improvements which have done so much to build up the
town he has been an active promoter. He was an effective
advocate of the Stratford & Huron R. R. , and was one of its
directors. He is also a director of the British Mortgage Loan
Co., of Stratford. He was the principal promoter of the piano
factory, of which he is president, and has contributed of his time
and means in support of other institutions which have made his
adopted town next to Stratford as a manufacturing centre. In
religion he is a Methodist, and, as will be noted elsewhere, was
one of the original organizers of that denomination in Listowel.
In politics he is a Reformer. Mr. Scott is a typical man of
business, well informed, and of good intelligence; a useful man,
and has well earned his high position in the community as a
reward for his integrity and enterprise.

HON. THOMAS BALLANTYNE was born at Peebles, Scotland,
August 2gth, 1829. His ancestors were originally shepherds, a
vocation in Scotland singularly conducive to a strong type of
character and stalwart physical form. His father having resigned
his position as a keeper of sheep, retired to Peebles, where he
engaged in trade. This enabled him to secure an education for
his family, unobtainable in those remote valleys where Scottish
shepherds had their homes. Mr. Ballantyne, therefore, having
his mind to some extent cultured by acquiring a knowledge of
reading, \vriting and arithmetic, and the foundation of his
character laid by a proper understanding of the doctrinal points
laid down in the shorter catechism, with a fine stalwart person
and a good constitution, was ready for life s great battle. He,
therefore, emigrated to Canada in 1852, settling in Downie. Here
he taught school for eight years, when he laid down the ferule

HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

and became a farmer. So far, beyond a display of dexterity in
his vocation, and a gradual increasing interest in public affairs,
his life or conduct indicated no adaptability for the great work he
was afterwards called upon to perform. Like other prominent
men in this county, he began his career of usefulness in the ranks
of those who were then struggling for success against many
obstacles and great disadvantages. In his early days he was
without fame, without wealth, without influence, and without aid.
He had, however (as all men have who ever accomplish much in
this world), the elements of greatness within himself. I believe
heaven gives every man his work to do, and supplies him with
faculties to accomplish it. He must exercise them that his man
hood may be developed, and his power of execution as he
advances will be increased, enabling him to discharge those
greater functions and responsibilities he is called on to perform.
In Mr. Ballantyne s life this principle is illustrated in a marked
degree.

In 1855, or exactly three years subsequent to his arrival in this
country, he began his public career by being appointed auditor of
township accounts in Downie. In 1856 he succeeded Mr. James
Redford as clerk, retaining that position (from some unexplained
cause) for two years only. In 1859 he was again auditor, con
tinuing in that office till 1865, when he was chosen clerk. This
he retained for two years. In 1867 he was elected reeve, this
being the first time that reeves and deputy-reeves were elected by
direct vote of the people. He was now fast attaining prominence,
and putting on his harness for that great work of his life in which
he did so much to distinguish himself, and which we shall notice
later on. He continued in the reeveship during four years, at a
time when several important questions were settled by the county
council. I refer my readers to another chapter for an account of
his work in connection with a settlement of the municipal loan
fund indebtedness, and his action towards constructing the Strat
ford and Wiarton railway, both of which have been of great
advantage to this county. In regard to his policy in supporting a
bonus to this road, he met with a storm of opposition, being

SKETCHES 559

the only representative from a southern municipality who sup
ported it when it was adopted by one of a majority. Had he
opposed this by-law it would undoubtedly have been defeated,
and a great wrong- perpetrated on a section of our county at that
time not able to help itself. On his return for re-election he was
defeated. In Blanshard, Fullarton, and Hibbert he was looked
upon as one whose interest was wholly centred in Stratford. He
bent beneath the storm for a time. He defended his conduct on a
principle positively true. Public feeling, in its blind fury, would
receive no explanations. Now that 30 years have passed since
those events transpired, I am constrained to say that we in the
south have cause to blush at our stupidity. No measure ever
passed by this county has been productive of greater good to our
ratepayers than this much repudiated by-law. To Mr. D. D.
Hay and Hon. Thomas Ballantyne Perth County is now under
obligations for its success.

In 1871 he entered on the broader sphere of provincial politics,
contesting North Perth against Mr. Andrew Monteith, but was
defeated. In 1872 he was unanimously chosen by the South
Perth Reform Association as their candidate for the House of
Commons, but for private reasons could not accept. In 1875
he was chosen for the Legislative Assembly, and in this con
test defeated Mr. George Leversage, of Fullarton. In 1879 he
was again elected, defeating Mr. Jacob Brunner, then reeve of
Downie. He held the seat continuously till 1894, meantime
having defeated Mr. W. R. Davis on two occasions, and Mr.
George Leversage a second time. In this latter year he was in
turn defeated by Mr. McNeil, of Fullarton, since which he has
not been a candidate. During his last four years in Parliament
he was honoured by being chosen Speaker of the House, a
position which, from his long parliamentary experience, he was
admirably qualified to fill.

So far this is a record to which few men ever attain in any
country. Popular as a man he certainly was, but this was not
his proper work, and on his success as a politician his fame will
not rest. As a matter of fact he was not a politician at all. He

33

560 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

was simply a member of parliament. He has not a single quality
essential to a successful politician. Mr. Ballantyne is a man of
strong convictions, sincere in his conduct and professions, truth
ful and honest ; nay, stern in advocating those principles he
believes to be correct. He could not prevaricate successfully if
he tried. He has not a particle of humbug in his nature. When
a few complications, therefore, arose in his election, which to
our professional politician would only have added zest to the con
test, his honesty and contempt of those tactics adopted by his
opponents wrought his defeat.

In an age when great events are being agitated before the
people his qualities would be invaluable. With such a man as
William Lyon Mackenzie stern, lion-hearted, and sincere, stand
ing like a giant in the way, fighting for the rights of the people-
Mr. Ballantyne would have been a power. In the rottenness of
our present Canadian politics he could have no act or part. To
be a successful politician now a man must be equivocal in his pro
fessions, cat-like in his conduct, and supremely foxy in all his
relations with those he is pleased to term his dearly-beloved sup
porters. Political favour is not now bestowed as a matter of fit
ness in its recipient for an appointment, but is given through fear,
or for services rendered in party interest, irrespective of public
good. \Vith these qualities as being requisite to political success,
it is a matter of surprise that Mr. Ballantyne remained in parlia
ment as long as he did. None of these qualities did he possess,
and his sincerity, his open avowal of principle, his devotion to
truth and detestation of sham, effected his political fall.

As we have already intimated, his future fame will not rest on
his political attainments, but on that great interest it has been the
end and aim of his life to uphold and build up. His efforts in
behalf of co-operative dairying have done.more to enrich individual
Canadian farmers in Ontario than any or all governments have
done since Canada became a United Dominion. It has been said
that he was a man of one idea, and could not see beyond a cheese-
box. On this string he harped, in season and out of season, any
where and everywhere, in all circumstances, and under all con-

SKETCHES 56 I

ditions ; improving our cheese product was his theme. For this
every farmer engaged in dairying- ought to be thankful. It was a
blessing for Canada that he was possessed of this idea, for. pre
vious to his time Canada had none. Every man who has accom
plished anything great and good has been a man of one over
powering idea. His mind can have room only for one thought,
which is constantly. pressing itself on his attitude like something
waiting to be borne into a material thing. This must be so evident
to all intellgent readers that I need not illustrate it by individual
examples.

In co-operative dairying he fought his battle alone for a number
of years, investigating, examining, teaching, and exhorting,
determined to succeed in spite of apathy and carelessness in
his co-workers. Never wearying, confident of ultimate success,
he worked on. Light did not dawn on his efforts till the
Centennial Exhibition was held at Philadelphia in 1877, when he
brought back to Perth County the gold medal for the best cheese
made on the American continent. He was now recognized in
Canada, and largely in the U. S., as being not only an authority
on dairying, but the great promoter of an industry which now
brings to the Canadian farmer each year a sum amounting to
$13,000,000. Let it not be forgotten, therefore, by those who
attempt to belittle his work, that no such distinction had ever
been received in Canada before. During the next twelve years
he had made still greater efforts in regard to improvement, and at
Chicago World s Fair he had the satisfaction of seeing the fruition
of his labours in Canada being crowned with honour, this county
again holding a conspicuous position.

During 1867 he led the way in Perth County by erecting Black
Creek cheese factory, and by his example stimulated others to
follow in his steps. He attended the first dairy convention, at
Ingersoll, in 1867, and was elected a director. He was chosen
president in 1872, 1873, 1879, l882 l88 3> l88 5> l88 6, 1887, and
1891, after which he retired. As a mark of respect, and in recog
nition of his valuable services, he was appointed first honorary
president, which office he still retains.

562 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

All this had not been accomplished without difficulty, Mr.
Ballantyne says, "About 1870 we had given everything up for
lost.- We had expended more money than we could afford to
expend from our private funds in our efforts to produce a high
class of goods. In our dilemma we appealed to Hon. John
Carling, then Minister of Agriculture in Toronto. He promptly
responded by granting $800 per annum to assist in prosecuting
our enterprise. This gave us new hope, and stimulated us to
greater exertion." Mr. Ballantyne suggested the principle of
employing instructors, which has done so much to improve the
quality of our product. Professor Arnold was engaged, but
unfortunately for some unexplained cause did not succeed. The
Association were unwilling to retain his services. Mr. Ballantyne
had full confidence, however, in his work, and retained him at his
own expense for another year. Results have surely justified his
experiments, and the number of instructors now employed and the
quality of goods made all bear testimony to his zeal and judgment
in support of co-operative dairying.

Again I may be permitted to say that it is extremely doubtful
whether dairying without Mr. Ballantyne s continuous exertions in
its behalf would not have collapsed in Ontario as it did in some
sections even of our own county. One thing may positively be
affirmed, that it would not have reached its high standard of
excellence in so short a period of time without his aid, if it ever
attained it at all. But the influence of his life-work extends beyond
co-operative dairying, in so far that it taught the farmers of this
country the great advantages arising from united action. Indi
vidual effort on their part could never have produced such extra
ordinary results as has arisen from our factory system. It has
created a confidence in one another never before existing, and
taught them this never-to-be-forgotten lesson, that by mutual aid
and concerted action they can exalt their calling to yet higher
points of usefulness. But this is not all. It is conceded that
dairying has been most successful of all Canadian industries." Of
eight or nine hundred cheese factories in Canada all, or nearly all,
are controlled and managed by farmers themselves, thus giving

SKETCHES 563

to the world a display of commercial ability second to none. The
tendency of all this is to develop the latent faculties in our
agricultural population, and their expansion must result in untold
benefits to this country.

Having- thus far reviewed the efforts of this man, before closing
our imperfect sketch it might be well to look at him and those
motives by which he was actuated in prosecuting this great work.
To men of sordid minds it appears inexplicable that any one should
devote either his time or his talent for the public good without
hope of pecuniary reward. All such characters in themselves are
of little use in the world except to carry clay that men of better
minds may make brick. To measure the labour of great men by
so mercenary a rule is to subordinate their high aspirations to
a standard of material things. Human greatness is human
spirituality, and no great man ever reduced the sum of his efforts
to a few pennies. Howard had no hope of financial reward.
Booth had no hopes of reward. A man who plunges into a raging-
flood to save his drowning fellow-man has no hope of reward.
He only sees his duty, and if heaven has given him the power to
save others, in heaven s name let him exercise it. I believe no
great men ever for one moment think of reward as they move
onward to the higher functions, waving- their light aloft that
those afar off may see its brig-htness and follow onward. I believe
in the beg-inning- great men are endowed with certain faculties, so
overpowering as to impregnate their every thought, and so be
come crystalized into action, and will continue to evolve great
things without consideration or hope of reward. On no other
principle can I account for the work accomplished by this pioneer.
As an exporter his profits might have been equally large without
his making- any efforts on behalf of dairying. All his experiments
in its interest, his payment of Prof. Arnold from his private purse,
all his investigations into new systems and theories, were made
without hope of reward. In view, therefore, of these things it
must be conceded that his only motive was a noble ambition to be
instrumental in improving- an important branch of farm husbandry
as a benefit to his country.

564 HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF PERTH

As a man he was exemplary in his conduct, kind to his friends
and family, although somewhat restless and enterprising amongst
those who were his opponents. He was prompt in business,
having good administrative faculties. He was ever ready to assist
and draw from obscurity young men of ability, and more than one
Canadian who now sits in high places owes his advancement to
Thomas Ballantyne. During his busy life he has filled many
positions of trust, and is now president of the British Mortgage
Loan Co. and vice-president of the Perth Mutual Fire Insurance
Co. In politics he is a Reformer, in religion a Presbyterian ;
he is an excellent public speaker, a gentleman in appearance, and
a fine specimen of a public man.

In 1856 he married Miss Mary Ballantyne, daughter of Robert
Ballantyne, then reeve of Downie. This lady was his cousin. To
them were born seven sons and one daughter, all of whom are
living, the eldest being Professor Ballantyne, of Knox College,
Toronto. It is with pride he says "No son of mine has sought a
home under the Stars and Stripes ; Canada is good enough for
them ; here, I trust, they will remain and contribute towards
building up that empire of which we form so conspicuous a part."

On December 3ist, 1902, Mrs. Ballantyne was taken from him,
and to her memory he is now carrying out the noblest work of
his life. While this history is being published a beautiful build
ing is being erected at great cost by him for a nurses home, and
bequeathed to Stratford hospital as a lasting memorial to her who
was his faithful companion for so many long years.

Verily, verily, I say, Hon. Thomas Ballantyne s name is one
which may be added to the illustrious sons of "Auld Scotia."

As I must close these sketches, so I shall finish the work I had
designed to do. Even now I only stand at the beginning of this
old story of pioneer life. What I have written, I have written.
One mightier than I has expressed himself, "As standing on the
shore gathering pebbles, while the great ocean of truth lay before
him undiscovered," so I have gathered only a few fragments from
those days which are now past and gone. I trust some one with

SKETCHES 565

greater powers than I can boast may continue a work whose
stores of incident to me seem inexhaustible. As I opened this
history with remarks on pioneer life, let us return to the old
shanty once more. There it still stands, a relic of the past. Into
its forsaken chamber, now sacred to dear memories, let our old
pioneer enter. He is now wrinkled and grey, but let him stand in
that spot where his chair stood for so many years, dream dreams,
and see visions of early days. There is that in our nature which
inclines us to ling-er where events have transpired that have left
their footprints on the chart of our remembrance. In declining
years memory feeds itself on scenes of other days. To live again
our former lives is to exist in the subdued light of the past. It is
like waiting- in the ineffectual rays of a setting sun and dreaming
of his noontide glory.

What wonder, then, if the thoughts of those lyart veterans
return to the old ruined walls that sheltered them in youth, and
see in their sagging wreck those marks of decay now inseparable
from their own frail and time-worn frames.

Farewell, then, I say to you old pioneers. With you and
amongst you I spent my youthful days. While I remain here
amidst the foot-hills of life I try to gather up broken remem
brances of a time which is gone. These I have written in a scroll
wherein I have also inscribed your names, therein to remain as
long as this book shall last.

THE END.

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